...Monopoly Money The article I choose to use came from The Washington Post and was titled Smithsonian Documents Detail Chief’s Expenses. The author, James Grimaldi, analyzes the financial report provided by the inspector general detailing expenses “deemed by the Smithsonian Board of Regents as authorized and “reasonable” under the terms of Small’s employment agreement.” The article revealed that Small was the eleventh secretary at the Smithsonian, earning more than 900,000.00 a year in compensation, 500,000.00 more than the president. “Under the terms of his housing allowance, Small was allowed to be reimbursed for half of his actual housing cost, up to 150,000.00 for the first year. He was required to provide receipts of his expenses, but the inspector general in her review found that he was allowed to stop filing receipts after a few months for “administrative ease.” Every year of his tenure, Small has collected to maximum reimbursement, which has grown to 193,000.00 this year.” The inspector general also found unauthorized expenses from 2000-2005 including: charges for chartered jet travel, a tip to Cambodia for Small’s wife, hotel rooms, luxury car service, catered staff meals, and expensive gifts. Small spent nearly 160,000.00 redecorating his office, buying 2000.00 chairs, a 13,000.00 custom built conference table, and spending 31,000.00 for upholstery. After being presented with this information, the Smithsonian Board of Regents met again and decided to establish...
Words: 673 - Pages: 3
...Market Structure and Maximizing Profits There are four structures that exist within a market. These four are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, monopoly, and oligopoly. I will explain each market structure, and define what they are. I will also discuss how each structure works, and how each form maximizes the companies’ profits. I will also explain how to find the maximum possible price for an object before the company will start to lose money. If the company is not making a profit the company may go bankrupt. The company must pay attention to its market structure along with its own profit margins. The following are some characteristics of a company’s market structure. “These characteristics are: (a) number of firms in the market, (b) control over the price of the relevant product, (c) type of the product sold in the market, (d) barriers to new firms entering the market, and (e) existence of non-price competition in the market” (Sahu, pg.1, 2010) By determining how many companies are in a specific market you can determine the amount of competition there is producing the same product. What the product is will determine if the item is being supplied in a competitive market structure or a monopoly. This will also determine the amount of profits made by the company on the item. There are a few barriers that can hinder a company from entering a market. These barriers are product availability, ownership, patents, and if the company owns the items original location...
Words: 1168 - Pages: 5
...Rent-Seeking-the pursuit of a gain greater than the “normal” return or profit from the market-oriented production and sale of a product to consumers. It has sometimes been referred to as political profit-seeking, rather than market-based profit seeking. Market-based profit-seeking is based on private business devoting time, money and resources to making new, better, and less expensive goods and services to sell to consumers. Profits are earned by doing better than competitors in satisfying consumer demands. Political profit-seeking (or “rent-seeking”) is based on using time, money and resources to gain privileges, favors, subsidies, and anti-competition regulations from the government at the expense of consumers and potential competitors. It is the method of special interest groups trying to use government to benefit themselves. Resources, money, time go into political manipulation and influence, rather than market-oriented production. P1 and Q1 would be the price and output produced by a competitor in an open, competitive market. But suppose it was possible to influence the government to have a regulation passed making you the single-selling monopolist, and all other sellers would be regulated out of the market. P1 and Q1 would be the price and output produced by a competitor in an open, competitive market. But suppose it was possible to influence the government to have a regulation passed making you the single-selling monopolist, and all other sellers would be regulated...
Words: 708 - Pages: 3
...DEFINITION OF 'MARKET' 1. A medium that allows buyers and sellers of a specific good or service to interact in order to facilitate an exchange. The price that individuals pay during the transaction may be determined by a number of factors, but price is often determined by the forces of supply and demand. 2. The general market where securities are traded. 3. People with the desire and ability to buy a specific product/service. INVESTOPEDIA EXPLAINS 'MARKET' 1. Markets do not necessarily need to be a physical meeting place. Internet-based stores and auction sites are all markets in which transactions can take place entirely online and where the two parties do not ever need to physically meet. 2. If a broad market index (such as the S&P 500) fell, people might say that "the market was down," using the S&P 500 as a proxy to represent the overall market's performance. 3. For example, "the widget market" is referring to all the people who will buy widgets. 7. Macroeconomics - Nominal vs. Real GDP, and the GDP Deflator The main difference between nominal and real values is that real values are adjusted for inflation, while nominal values are not. As a result, nominal GDP will often appear higher than real GDP. Nominal values of GDP (or other income measures) from different time periods can differ due to changes in quantities of goods and services and/or changes in general price levels. As a result, taking price levels (or inflation) into account is necessary when...
Words: 4581 - Pages: 19
...Nicholas Messina Econ201 What are some of the different types of barriers to entry that give rise to monopoly power? Give an example of each. Should government let monopolists exist or not? What are the benefits of monopoly market structure and what are those shortcomings related to monopoly? What is your opinion? (At least two pages and write down the answers to each question asked) In a perfectly competitive market, there are many firms, none of which is large in size. In contrast, in a monopolistic market there is only one firm, which is large in size. This one firm provides all of the market's supply. Some conditions that determine a monopolistic market is the fact there is only one firm competing and has entire control over supply of product with no close substitutes. The second is that there must be a high barrier to entry to explain why other firms have not yet entered the market. What are some of the different types of barriers to entry that give rise to monopoly power? Barriers to entry are defined as legal, technological, or market forces that may discourage or prevent potential competitors from entering a market. There are many different types of barriers that include government barriers, control of a physical resource, technological advancements, and large start-up costs. Governments may erect barriers that prohibits or severely limits new competitors. This is done in many cities and states that may allow a household to only use one certain energy, water...
Words: 849 - Pages: 4
...Economic Environment of Business Assignment 1. “PEST analysis is used by businesses around the world to devise a strategic approach to their activities”. Discuss this statement highlighting the various components of the said analysis (25 marks) In this new age of economics there are several environmental factors other than industrial factors that affect a company’s performance. As a matter of fact the companies need to keep up their competitive advantages, like increasing product value or setting contingency plans for threats. These external factors can be manipulated in such a way that the company beneficiates from its impact. Environmental factors can be market, weather, client and internal factors are employees, assets of the company. To evaluate the power of those external factors, most organization performs the PEST analysis. It is a simple analysis that helps the management body to get a bigger picture of the Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors that affects the company. The study of PEST analysis concludes how the company will react to environmental change by setting up new strategies. Those external factors affects important variable in the organization that simultaneously affect the organization’s supply and demand level and eventually cost of the product. The PEST analysis is an important tool that explains the market growth or decline. It also states where the company is standing, its potentials and what or who the best business targets are...
Words: 3744 - Pages: 15
...This prevents producers that high unit costs from remaining in the industry as the market price is driven down by their competition. (Riley, n.d.) In order for a long-term perfect competition to be able to sustain its optimal level all of the characteristics must hold steady, not only in their own market, but in related markets as well. (Riley, n.d.) According to most studies the only areas that approximate this theory are the buyers and sellers in some auction-type markets like commodities or some financial assets In any market there is the potential for a monopoly. A monopoly is when one company or firm has the entire market share. For example all widgets are sold by a single manufacturer. There are different reasons and ways that a monopoly can be formed. “A natural monopoly is an industry in which a single firm can produce at a lower cost than can two or more firms” (Colander, 2013). The government can create a monopoly by using laws to restrict...
Words: 1107 - Pages: 5
...marketstructure, upsurge the team’s interest. Thus, this week’s team deliverable focuses on pure monopoly, monopolistic competitive markets, oligopoly, and pure competition. In economics, market structure refers to the number of firms producing identical products or services. In a pure monopoly there is only one! The team pinpointed some key terms that helped us differentiate this type of market from the other three structures. A“single seller” monopoly is one where a single firm is the sole producer of a good or service. A “no close substitutes” is a company that sales a product and there is nothing in the market the can be used as a substitute, therefore everyone have only one place to go to buy the produce. The “price maker” is when a firm has control over the quantity supplied; consequently they will have control over the price of the product they are producing. The “blocked entry” limits competitors from entering a market due to certain barriers such as economic or legal, things such as patents or licenses (McConnell, Brue & Flynn, 2009).A monopoly exists when there is only one supplier of a good, with no close substitutes; the smaller the number of firm in this industry, and the larger those firms are, the more power that exists in that industry around control and prices. As a result, the greater the market share the more power the firm will have over the industry.Today, a few examples of monopolies are Microsoft, Wal-Mart, and the United States Postal Service (Simpson,...
Words: 501 - Pages: 3
...each market * Price discrimination applicability * Market power * Different customer groups * Resale is not possible Imperfect market : * There are four types of imperfect markets: - Monopoly (only one seller) * Oligopoly (few sellers of goods) * Monopolistic competition (many sellers with highly differentiated product) * Monopsony (only one buyer of a product) In this market scenario, the seller enjoys the luxury of influencing the price in order to earn more profits. Monopoly: A market in which a single firm sells a product and that does not have any close substitutes. Characteristics: Market power | The ability of the firm to affect the price of its product | Barrier to entry | Something that prevents firms from entering a profitable market | Patent | The exclusive right to sell a new good for some period of time | Network externalities | The value of a product to a consumer increases with the number of other consumers who use it.It inhibits the entry of new ones. | A natural monopoly occurs when the scale of economies in production are so large that only a single large firm can earn a profit. If a second firm enters the market both will loose money. Pricing strategy: 1. the firm breaks buyers into groups based upon their price elasticity of demand eg: Students, senior citizens for travel, ... (railway half-price identity card isalso an exampleof two-parttarifs–seebelow) Airlines...
Words: 1140 - Pages: 5
...level in which a product has a substitute, price, entry and exit ease, and the level of mutual dependence. These structured variables are classified in the following market structures: perfectly competitive markets, monopolistically competitive markets, monopolies, and oligopolies (Colander, 2010). A perfectly competitive market exists when every contributor is considered a “price taker”, and none of the contributors influences the price of the product it sells or purchases. Two examples of a perfectly competitive market would be milk and gas. There could be many suppliers of both products, and if one supplier wants to raise their price higher than the price the market determines, consumers will go elsewhere to purchase the item in need. Other characteristics could include: zero entry and exit barriers, zero transaction costs, profit maximization, homogeneous products, and perfect factor mobility (Colander, 2010). In a competitive market price is determined the quantity of product, marginal revenue, and the marginal cost. If the marginal revenue is higher than the marginal cost then the firm can set the price based on those numbers. If the marginal cost outweighs the marginal revenue, then the firm begins to lose money. The firm is looking for the right number that will maximize profits by having a higher revenue...
Words: 1177 - Pages: 5
...and fixed and the firm faces a multitude of competitors, all producing perfect substitutes. In these circumstances, the purely competitive firm may sell all that it wishes at the equilibrium price, but it can sell nothing for even so little as one cent higher. Monopoly power also depends upon elasticity of the demand curve. If the demand curve is less elastic the monopolist has a greater degree of control. As the demand curve becomes more flexible or flatter the monopolist’s control starts declining. Question # 6 * There are many factors involving in the price change in pure competitive and monopoly firms. The producer can face different price from both firms. Competitive firm have many competitors so that they cannot increase or decrease price as they want but in monopoly they can. The producer always interested to get higher price so monopoly firm can pay producer more to get the products. Economics of scale may be such as to ensure that one large firm can produce at lower cost than a multitude of small firms. This is certainly the case with most public utilities. And in such industries as basic steel making and car manufacturing, pure competition would involve a very high cost. On the other hand, monopolies may...
Words: 905 - Pages: 4
...Minimum Wage This assignment is to address the minimum wage within the market structure and maximizing profits. The market structures are competitive market, monopoly, and oligopoly. Minimum wage had been established to protect the work force from employers paying them low wages and to allow the employees to maintain a minimum living standard to protect against poverty. The United States Federal Governments current minimum wage is $7.25 an hour. Many states use this figure or increase the wage due to their cost living. California has increased theirs to $8.00 an hour. The cost of living is high in California and businesses have higher expenses compared to some other states. Many individuals have moved out of California because they cannot afford to live here. The minimum wage is still too low for one to maintain a normal living standard. They are unable to keep a roof over their head and food on the table. When there is an increase in the minimum wage the employees rejoice but the companies that have to pay it are not as happy. This increase is an added expense and the companies need to decide how the cost will be recouped. They will either pass on to the consumers by increasing the sell price of the goods to be sold or they will cut the difference in wage increase from another area. Companies will look at reducing their work force which may reduce the amount of production and/or the customer service the buyer would receive. Those with fewer skills and with less experience...
Words: 1180 - Pages: 5
...Chapter 20 – Elasticity: A Measure of Responsiveness #1 - Page 432 – Answer question #2.4 (MADD Beer Tax…). Show your computation. If the goal of MADD is to decrease highway deaths by 39% then they would need to increase beer taxes by 30%. I arrived at this conclusion by taking 39% (because the highway deaths are proportional to the beer consumption) then I divided this number by 1.3 (the elasticity of demand) this brought me to the answer of 30% (change in price). #2 – How can we use the price elasticity of demand to predict the effect of taxes? In the example of the beer and highway deaths, we can use the concept of price elasticity to predict the effects of a change in the price of beer on drinking and highway deaths. Since the price of beer is directly related to consumption among young adults and the consumption is directly related to the highway deaths, if one changes they all change. Since the government cannot force beer manufacturers or retailers to increase the price of beer. However, the government does have control over taxes and they can increase the price through tax increases. This will lower beer consumption and ultimately lower highway deaths. Chapter 21 – Market Efficiency and Government Intervention #3 - Page 456 – Answer question #1.3 (In Figure 21.1…) Tupak’s consumer surplus is $9, compared to $6 for Thurl. #4 – How does a minimum price (floor price) affect the market? A minimum price creates an excess supply within the market because...
Words: 1098 - Pages: 5
... Sector is: The Sole trader: A sole trader is a business that is owned by one person. It may have one or more employees. It is the most common form of ownership in the UK. (e.g. Window cleaning, and Plumbing, etc.). Nowadays lots of people are setting up their own businesses by creating small web-based companies working from home. The Partnership: In a partnership, partners are personally liable for the debts of the business, although partners in a limited partnership (not to be confused with a limited liability partnership) who play no part in the management of the business, may have a limit on their liability set out in the Partnership Deed.. Companies: are owned by shareholders that each contributes a stock of money into a central pool. This pool of capital is then used to provide a core sum of finance, which is then added to by borrowing and other forms of finance. Directors run the company on behalf of shareholders who receive a share of the profits as dividends. Examples include Portakabin, Argos, Polestar and Cadbury Schweppes. Franchises: are licensing arrangements whereby an individual or group can buy the right to trade and...
Words: 5576 - Pages: 23
...PFIZER’S POWER: Pfizer is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Their enormous size and well-know products allow Pfizer to control much of the pharmaceutical industry. They base their company on research throughout the world in order to discover and expand new products. Pfizer’s products can increase the quality of life in living with a medical disorder or actually cure the sickness. The company believes it has the tools to lead the way into the next generation of the industry. Growth and pertinent resources will allow Pfizer to bring consumers the opportunity of better health and well-being. They influence health in over 150 countries and strive to enhance the health of humans in underdeveloped countries. Pfizer seeks to achieve these goals by specializing into four separate groups: Pharmaceuticals group, Consumer Healthcare, Global Research and Development and Animal Health Group. (www.pfizer.com) GROUPS: | FUNCTION: | Pharmaceutical | Produce and market pharmaceutical products | Consumer Healthcare | Produce goods to meet consumer demands including both over-the-counter and generics | Global R&D | Scientists research and produce innovative drugs. | Animal Health | Develop and market drugs to help improve the health of animals | PFIZER’S FOUR GROUPS: 1. Pharmaceutical Group: The Pfizer Pharmaceutical Group produces five of the world’s top-selling medicines, and nine are #1 in their therapeutic class in the U.S. market. Eight...
Words: 6215 - Pages: 25