...Abdul-Rahman This paper provides a practitioners perspective on the overwhelming need for prudent management of liquidity and development of Islamic money market instruments. Islamic banking and financing is gaining momentum world-wide. Many of the international RIBA banks are now focusing on LARIBA banking and financing to gain a significant market share of the funds and the deals which insist on LARIBA dealings. Many estimate the LARIBA funds looking for halal investing and banking to be from $ 50 billion to $80 billion. Most of these funds are now handled in Europe; mainly in the London financial markets. In 1996, Citibank has started "Citibank Islamic" in Bahrain and is now providing limited Islamic financing windows out of its international operations in New York & San Francisco. Islamic banks world-wide have not yet come up with the competitive financial instruments and products which allow them to provide valid avenues to the LARIBA owner of funds and which compete in quality and security with instruments offered by other RIBA banks and investment companies in the world. Yahia Abdul-Rahman 1. The Problem of Liquidity Management Liquidity is the ease by which an asset can be exchanged for another with little or no loss of value; usually cash. Liquid assets are those held in cash or are invested in instruments which can be converted rapidly into cash like deposits in cash with a bank as a current demand deposit, deposits in other banks and investments in short term liquid government...
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...Current financial crisis Economic growth involves metamorphosis of the financial system. Forms of banks and bank money change. These changes, if not addressed, leave the banking system vulnerable to crisis. There is no greater challenge in economics than to understand and prevent financial crises. The financial crisis of 2007-2008 provides the opportunity to reassess our understanding of crises. All financial crises are at root bank runs, because bank debt—of all forms—is vulnerable to sudden exit by bank debt holders. The current crisis raises issues for crisis theory. And, empirically, studying crises is challenging because of small samples and incomplete data. *Written as a contribution for Trade, Globalization and Development: Essays in Honor of Kalyan Sanyal, edited by Sugata Marjit and Rajat Acharya (Springer Verlag; forthcoming). Some of this essay draws from material in my book Misunderstanding Financial Crises (Oxford University Press; forthcoming November 2012). I worked at AIG Financial Products as a consultant from 1996-2008. I thank Doug Diamond, Bengt Holmström, Arvind Krishnamurthy, and Guillermo Ordoňez for comments.1 1. Introduction Economic development does not result in the elimination of financial crises. The recent financial crisis of 2007-2009 in the United States and Europe shows that market economies, however much they grow and change, are still susceptible to collapse or near-collapse from financial crisis. This is a staggering thought...
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...bank Money Market and a Dual Banking System : The Malaysian Experience Bacha, Obiyathulla I. INCEIF the Global University in Islamic Finance 2008 Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12699/ MPRA Paper No. 12699, posted 13. January 2009 / 09:41 The Islamic Inter bank Money Market and a Dual Banking System: The Malaysian Experience. (1st Draft : June 2007) (1st Revision : September,2007) (This revision: March, 2008) Obiyathulla Ismath Bacha Dept. of Business Administration College of Economics and Management Sciences International Islamic University, Malaysia obiya@iiu.edu.my ………………………………………………………………………………………….. The author gratefully acknowledges Rahmatina Kasri for her research assistance, as well as that of participants of the 2nd International Islamic Financial Markets Conference, Bahrain, for the useful comments Abstract This paper examines the operation of an Islamic Inter-bank Money Market (IIMM), within a dual banking system. The paper argues that even though an Islamic money market operates in an interest-free environment and trades Shariah-compliant instruments, many of the risks associated with conventional money markets, including interest-rate risks are relevant. The empirical evidence, based on Malaysian data, points to Islamic money market profit rates/yields that are highly correlated and move in tandem with conventional money market rates. Given the dynamics of fund flows and cross-linkages, an IIMM operating within a dual banking system...
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...FATWA ON BANKING AND THE USE OF INTEREST RECEIVED ON BANK DEPOSITS BY UMAR IBRAHIM VADILLO October 2006 FATWA Fatwa on Banking | The Use of Interest Received on Bank Deposits Table of Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................3 2. The Issue .............................................................................7 3. Understanding Riba ...........................................................10 3.1 A world shaped by Riba.................................................... 10 3.2 What is Riba? ................................................................. 11 4. The Misunderstanding of Riba............................................20 4.1. Religious reformism and capitalism ................................... 20 4.2 The Islamic Reformers ..................................................... 23 4.3 The followers of Reda ...................................................... 27 4.4 The misunderstanding of Riba an-nasiah today.................... 28 4.5 Equating Riba to interest in a loan ..................................... 33 4.6 Islamic Banking .............................................................. 34 4.6.1 Islamic Banks are banks ............................................. 34 4.6.2 Murabaha: what it is and what it is not ......................... 38 4.6.3 How the Islamic Bank’s version of the contract of Murabaha came into being ..............................................................
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...1. Open-market operation: 9 1.2. Discount, rediscount tool: 10 1.3. Required reserve: 11 1.4. Frame of interest rate 12 1.5. Selective credit control: 13 1.6. Imposing credit limit: 13 1.7. Supply fiat money: 13 2. How State Bank in Vietnam applied these tools in its activities ? 14 2.1. 2008 Monetary policies 14 2.2. Monetary policies in 2009 15 2.3. 2010 monetary policies 16 3. Comparison between State Bank of Vietnam and Federal Reserve (FED) 17 Conclusion 21 Reference 22 Introduction The State Bank of Vietnam is the central bank in Vietnam, which is a state agency management of currency in Vietnam. This is the agency responsible for issuing currency, managing monetary policy and advise the relevant currency for the government such as issuing currency, exchange rate policy, interest rate policy, management of foreign exchange reserves, the draft bill on banking and credit institutions, to consider the establishment of banks and credit institutions, management of state-owned commercial banks. Established in 1951 under the name National Bank and renamed in 1960, the State Bank of Vietnam has gradually grown and developed, contributing important role in building and strengthening, perfecting currency, credit and banking system in Vietnam, actively serving the construction and defense. In addition to its national financial responsibilities, the State Bank also assumed some of the duties of a commercial bank. The State Bank of Vietnam defines...
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...Islamic Money Market Definition Most of the firms, company and individuals are seeking for the pure markets, which eliminate interest and other prohibited products. In consequence to this, Malaysia especially Central Bank of Malaysia has made an effort of making the Islamic Money Market as one of the vital market as compared to conventional money market. The underlying philosophy of the Islamic Money Market is to further strengthen the institutional structure of Islamic banking operations. Achieve through channeling surplus liquid resources for investment, and to meet short term liquidity needs. Market for trading short term Islamic Instruments that are liquid but also offer a return on the investment. Market also provides a pricing mechanism or platform form trading these instruments by communicating information to all participants. All instruments are “asset based” and therefore shariah compliant. The Islamic Money Market refers to the market where the activities are carried out in ways that do not conflict with the conscience of Muslims and the religion of Islam. Instruments in the Islamic money market shall be adhered to principles established by the Shari'ah or the Islamic law as revealed in the Qur'an and Sunnah. In Islam, it is required that all products involve in the sale and buying (including the instruments in the financial markets) shall be from the ethical sectors or in other words, the profits gained shall not be in or from the prohibited activities. These...
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...Bangladesh - MONZUR HOSSAIN∗ -MD. SHAHIDUZZAMAN∗ Abstract Non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) represent one of the most important parts of a financial system. In Bangladesh, NBFIs are new in the financial system as compared to banking financial institutions (BFIs). Starting from the IPDC in 1981, a total of 25 NBFIs are now working in the country. As on June 30, 2001 the total amount of paid up capital and reserve of 24 NBFIs stood Tk.6901.8 million (BB, 2002). The NBFIs sector in Bangladesh consisting primarily of the development financial institutions, leasing enterprises, investment companies, merchant bankers etc. The financing modes of the NBFIs are long term in nature. Traditionally our banking financial institutions are involved in term lending activities, which are mostly unfamiliar products for them. Inefficiency of BFIs in long-term loan management has already leaded an enormous volume of outstanding loan in our country. At this backdrop, in order to ensure flow of term loans and to meet the credit gap, NBFIs have immense importance in the economy. In addition, non-bank financial sector is important to increase the mobilization of term savings and for the sake of providing support services to the capital market. The focus of this paper is to highlight the necessity and importance of NBFIs to strengthen the financial system for rapid economic development of the country. 1. Introduction Building a sound financial system is an immense necessity for the economic development...
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...FATWA ON BANKING AND THE USE OF INTEREST RECEIVED ON BANK DEPOSITS BY UMAR IBRAHIM VADILLO October 2006 FATWA Fatwa on Banking | The Use of Interest Received on Bank Deposits Table of Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................3 2. The Issue .............................................................................7 3. Understanding Riba ...........................................................10 3.1 A world shaped by Riba.................................................... 10 3.2 What is Riba? ................................................................. 11 4. The Misunderstanding of Riba............................................20 4.1. Religious reformism and capitalism ................................... 20 4.2 The Islamic Reformers ..................................................... 23 4.3 The followers of Reda ...................................................... 27 4.4 The misunderstanding of Riba an-nasiah today.................... 28 4.5 Equating Riba to interest in a loan ..................................... 33 4.6 Islamic Banking .............................................................. 34 4.6.1 Islamic Banks are banks ............................................. 34 4.6.2 Murabaha: what it is and what it is not ......................... 38 4.6.3 How the Islamic Bank’s version of the contract of Murabaha came into being ..............................................................
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...Money Importance of Money Money is an essential and basic necessity in a modern economy. In the beginning of human existence, human needs were so simple that they could be satisfied by barter system , i.e., exchange of goods for goods. In baster system, an individual produces some goods in greater quantity than what he could consume and then exchanges the extra units with another individual for something he needed in return. Barter system suffered from lack of double coincidence of wants, lack of common measure of value, difficulty in stored of extra goods and indivisibility of goods. The main advantage of using money is that it decomposes a single barter transaction into two separate transaction of Sale andPurchase. People can hold their wealth in the form of money as a generalised purchasing power which can be utilised to buy goods and services as and when they desire. Money s a pivot around which the whole economy revolves. It alone has the power to buy things directly in the market. It does not require to be spent. All economic system-Capitalist, Socialist and Maixed-need money. 1. Money may not produce anything, but without it, nothing can be produced. 2. With the help of money, consumers make payment for goods and services. 3. With the help of money, producers can but raw material, plant and machinery. They can settle their debts and pay corporate taxes. 4. Money has contributed to economic growth all over the world because it has removed trade barriers...
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...DEVELOPMENT OF MONEY Multiple Choices 1. The rule in the primitive society a. individualism b. barter economy c. legal tender d. social interaction 2. Gave rise to the institution of social contract, wherein man took care not only of himself but of an entire family whose needs he had to meet a. money b. social interaction c. utility d. coin 3. The direct exchange of one commodity for another of goods for goods, services for services goods for services or vice versa a. barter b. barter economy c. money d. utility 4. Exchange of goods a. barter b. barter economy c. money d. utility 5. Medium of exchange and this quality of as its most significant purpose a. coin b. utility c. bank money d. money 6. Defined money as anything that is commonly used as a medium of exchange or as a standard of value a. Ludwig b. Francis Lusac c. Raymond Kent d. Terence Gaugh 7. The object or commodity should be used in its original context and must possess intrinsic value a. utility b. stability c. portability d. divisibility 8. The commodity itself could be cut into smaller portions a. utility b. stability c. portability d. divisibility 9. The object or commodity must be of general acceptance, allowing passage from one hand to another without question of origin a. utility b. stability c. divisibility d. general acceptability 10. Refers to the change in the value of money being circulated ...
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...frequency in recent decades has been double that of the Bretton Woods Period (1945-1971) and the Gold Standard Era (1880-1993), comparable only to the Great Depression. Nevertheless, the financial crisis that started in the summer of 2007 came as a great surprise to most people. What initially was seen as difficulties in the US subprime mortgage market, rapidly escalated and spilled over to financial markets all over the world. The crisis has changed the financial landscape worldwide and its costs are yet to be evaluated. The purpose of this paper is to concisely survey the literature on financial crises. Despite its severity and its ample effects, the current crisis is similar to past crises in many dimensions. In a recent series of papers, Reinhart and Rogoff (2008a, 2008b, 2009) document the effects of banking crises using an extensive data set of high and middle-to-low income countries. They find that systemic banking crises are typically preceded by credit booms and asset price bubbles. This is consistent with Herring and Wachter (2003) who show that many financial crises are the result of bubbles in real estate markets. In addition, Reinhart and Rogoff find that crises result, on average, in a 35% real drop in housing prices spread over a period of 6 years. Equity prices fall 55% over 3 ½ years. Output falls by 9% over two years, while unemployment rises 7% over a period of 4 years. Central government debt rises 86% compared to its pre-crisis level. While ...
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...Sangeeta Bishop March 8, 2010 Abstract This paper will illustrate the affects of The Fed, the creation of money and the monetary policy. The monetary policy has a direct impact upon aggregate demand, gross domestic product, unemployment, inflation, and interest rates. Monetary Policy and Its’ Effect on Macroeconomic Factors In earlier times traders used gold for transactions, and realized that it was inconvenient so they began to make deposits with goldsmiths. The goldsmiths provided the depositor a receipt for the value of their deposit of gold and people began to use the receipts as payments. The goldsmiths backed their receipts fully with the gold that they held in their vaults. These receipts were used as the first kind of paper money. Today, gold is no longer used as bank reserves. This was the beginning of the fractional reserve system of banking, in which reserves in bank vaults are a fraction of the total money supply. The creation of checkable deposit money by banks, limited by the amount of currency reserves that the banks feel obligated to maintain, or are required by law, to keep. Banks that operate on the basis of fractional reserves are vulnerable to panics or runs (McConnell & Brue 2004). However, a bank panic is highly unlikely if the banker's reserve and lending policies are prudent. The reason that the banking industries are highly regulated is to...
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...Financial Markets and Institutions ULAB 12/28/2011 Department: USB Section: 01 Islamic banking system Letter of Transmittal December 28, 2011 Shahriar Kabir Lecturer Financial Markets and Institutions ULAB Subject: Request to Accept Term Paper regarding “Islamic Banking System” Dear Sir, We are very pleased to submit the term paper on “Islamic Banking System”. We were assigned to prepare and submit this term paper as the partial fulfillment of the course Financial Markets and Institutions (Course Code: Bus 421). We have tried our best to prepare this term paper perfectly. Nevertheless, this paper has been suffered by time and other resource limitation. We will be obliged, if you kindly accept this term paper. We are ready to make you clear regarding any confusion or further clarification from this term paper. Sincerely yours, Nasrin Akter (On the behalf of all the group members) Table of contain Title | Page no | Executive summary ……………………………………....……4Introduction ……………………………………..….………….5History………………………………….…………….…...........5Features of Islamic bank………………………………………..6Who follow……………………………………………………...6Who are the customers ………………………………………….6Principles of Islamic banking……………………………………6Worldwide Islamic banking ……………………………………..7Activities of Islamic Banks...
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...Role of Banks for developing the Economy of Bangladesh Role of Banks for developing the Economy of Bangladesh Introduction Banks over the years, have become a significant aspect of an economy. With the on going financial depression, the position of banks have become all the more important in the course of working of the money market and hence the economy of a nation. The banking sector forming a portion of the financial sector primarily works as a financial intermediary generating money supply. From the different macro economic models , banks have been found to be a part of the supply side of the economy . However, over time banks have transformed from merely money generating organizations to a multi tasking entity. In this paper, we shall deal with the role of banks in the context of the world economy as well as the Bangladesh economy . The first section will illustrate the functions of a bank along with its classification. In the second section, we shall discuss the role of a banks as a major component of the service sector rendering to the economy as a whole. In the third section, we would like to empirically validate our hypothesis with a comprehensive data analysis. The recession in the US market and the global meltdown termed as Global recession have engulfed complete world economy with a varying degree of recessional impact. World over the impact has diversified and its impact can be observed from the very fact of falling Stock market, recession in jobs availability...
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...Legal Environments of Business Final Exam Essay SHADOW BANKING SYSTEM We hear a lot of talk about the “shadow banking system” and its crucial role in the financial crisis. But are we taking the time to step back and ask some basic questions: What is shadow banking, where did it come from, how did it operate, what role did it play in recent financial crisis and how do we deal with it going forward? Shadow Banking System definition The financial intermediaries involved in facilitating the creation of credit across the global financial system, but whose members are not subject to regulatory oversight. The shadow banking system also refers to unregulated activities by regulated institutions. Comprising Entities The Shadow banking system entities that make up the system is made up of non-depository banks as well as other financial entities which included insurers, hedge funds, investment banks, money market funds, structured investment vehicles, conduits and monolines. Two examples of well-known shadow banking institutions are Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers. Shadow banking institutions are usually the middle men between the investors and borrowers making it possible for both parties to meet. For instance, if a corporation is looking for funds to borrow, at the same time an institutional investor like Bear Stearns or Lehman Brothers may be willing to lend money. This is where the shadow banking institution steps in to create a passage of funds from investor to the...
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