...Part 1 | Part 2 If drugs were to disappear from the bodybuilding scene, in what state would this leave the sport? How would the inevitable "down-sizing" of competitors' affect the marketability of what is essentially a pursuit of extremes? Competitors and the paying public alike have increasingly puzzled over this dilemma as the sport has evolved into a quest to out-size the next guy, an activity where winning at all costs has become the main aim. In fact, never in the history of sport in general and bodybuilding in particular has there been a more contentious issue: drug use among the elite. In many respects the lay public and, more disturbingly, the media, even tend to associate bodybuilding, and bodybuilders with drug use, like the two are somehow inextricably connected. The truth is, there are two definite camps on the issue: one that considers a drug-free approach the best option for all concerned, and those who support the individual's right to use every advantage to win. While some feel that a drug-free stance would sanitise the sport to where it is more publicly accepted, thus helping to remove the sideshow status it is often encumbered with, others feel any professional sport has its risks and that all advantages must be taken to win at the highest level. And although anabolic drugs such as anabolic/androgenic steroids, insulin and Human Growth Hormone do help the bodybuilder to achieve their full potential as athletes, reported drawbacks to the use of such...
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...Personal Investigation - Resistance training specific to the demands of fast bowling in cricket. SECTION A Introduction and definitions Professional cricket is a team sport played around the World. Cricket consists of three main formats; multiple-day cricket, which is played over three to five days, and one-day cricket played over 50 and 20 overs format. Motion Analysis has established that fast bowlers cover the most ground in all formats (Hulin et al, 2013). Compared to other positions in cricket, fast bowlers covered between 20 and 80% greater distance and exerted two to seven times greater high intensity, (more distance and less recovery time between high-intensity efforts), Peterson et al, (2010) cited in Hulin et al, (2013, p708). In addition to this fast bowlers are required to laterally flex, extend and rotate, whilst absorbing forces as high as eight times their body mass during their delivery stride, (Hulin et al, 2013). A full needs analysis of cricket suggests that elite players need a high aerobic and anaerobic capacity. In addition, there are a number of multi-directional powerful movements and repeated eccentric contractions involved that require a good degree of strength, speed and explosive power for elite performance and injury prevention, (Lee, N. n.d.) This investigation will take into account the demands of fast bowling throughout a county domestic season and evaluate the importance of a planned periodised training schedule to, not only, increase...
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...Muscle Contruction 2014 Assist. Prof. Dr. Yekbun Adıgüzel Istanbul Kemerburgaz University School of Medicine MED 121 Cell Tissue and Organ Systems I Biophysics Lecture Percentage Contributions of/in Muscles • Muscle composes 40 percent of body weight in adults, and 50 percent, in children • Muscle contains – 75 percent water – 20 percent protein – 5 percent organic and inorganic compounds • 40 percent of body is skeletal muscle • 10 percent of body is smooth and cardiac muscle CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLES LOCATION http://biochem.umn.edu/muscle_lectures%5CLec13_Barnett2.pdf NEURAL CONTROL Voluntary ANATOMY OUTPUT TYPICAL ACTIVITY Normally relaxed Skeletal Attached to the skeleton High Cardiac Involuntary Heart High Rhythmically active Normally contracted Smooth Involuntary Viscera Low Modified from: http://www.physioweb.org/IMAGES/sk_musc_macro.jpg, http://www.physioweb.org/IMAGES/neur_musc_junc.jpg Spaces between the myofibrils are filled with intracellular fluid called From:http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma. sarcoplasm, containing large quantities of potassium, magnesium, ultranet/BiologyPages/S/sarcomere.png and phosphate, plus multiple protein enzymes. Also there are tremendous numbers of mitochondria… n Myofibril is composed of about 1500 adjacent thick (myosin) filaments and 3000 thin (actin) filaments, which are large polymerized protein molecules that are responsible for the actual muscle contraction...
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...Portfolio Task: Module 3 (546 Words) “Give a detailed description of the theory that explains how a muscle fibre shortens” Sliding-Filament Theory proposes that a muscle shortens or lengthens because the thick and thin myofilaments sliding past each other without filament lengths being affected. Thus, muscle, fibre, and myofibrils change lengths, but not myofilaments. Processes of muscle contraction: First Stage: The first stage is when the impulse gets to the unit. The impulse travels along the axon and enters the muslcle through the neuromuscular junction. This causes full two to regulate and calcium channels in the axon membrane to the open. Calcium ions come from extra cellular fluid and move into the axon terminal causing synaptic vessels to fuse with pre synaptic membranes. This causes the release of acetylcholine (a substance that works as a transmitter) within the synaptic cleft. As acetylcholine is released it defuses across the gap and attaches itself to the receptors along the sarcolemma and spreads along the muscle fiber. Second stage: The second stage is for the impulse spreads along the sarcolemma. The action potential spreads quickly along the sarcolemma once it has been generated. This action continues to move deep inside the muscle fiber down to the T tubules and the action potential triggers the release of calcium ions from the sacroplasmic reticulum. Third Stage: During the thrd stage calcium is released from the sacroplasmic reticulum and actin...
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...anatomy/physiology of muscle contraction. Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: A single skeletal muscle, such as the triceps muscle, is attached at its • Origin to a large area of bone; in this case, the humerus. • At its other end, the insertion, it tapers into a glistening white tendon which, in this case, it’s attached to the ulna, one of the bones of the lower arm. As the triceps contracts, the insertion are pulled toward the origin and the arm is straightened or extended at the elbow. Thus the triceps is an extensor. Because skeletal muscle exerts force only when it contracts, a second muscle a flexor is needed to flex or bend the joint. The biceps muscle is the flexor of the lower arm. Together, the biceps and triceps make up an antagonistic pair of muscles. Similar pairs, working antagonistically across other joints, provide for almost all the movement of the skeleton. The Muscle Fiber Skeletal muscle is made up of thousands of cylindrical muscle fibers often running all the way from origin to insertion. The fibers are bound together by connective tissue through which run blood vessels and nerves. Each muscle fibers contains: • An array of myofibrils that are stacked lengthwise and run the entire length of the fiber; • Mitochondria; • An extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) • Many nuclei (thus each skeletal muscle fiber is a syncytium). The multiple nuclei arise from the fact that each muscle fiber develops from the...
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...BBE 517 - ERGONOMICS FOR CONSTRUCTION MAMAGEMENT CLASS ASSIGNMENT THE HUMANCAPABILITY AND LIMITATIONS IN LIFTING MATERIALS AT ACONSTRUCTION SITE 17TH NOVEMBER 2014 HUMAN LIFTING CAPABILITY AND LIMITATION ON CONSTRUCTION SITES 1.0 Introduction Ergonomics is the science and art of fitting the job to the workers. There are numerous activities that take place on site that enable realization of the structure being constructed. Generally construction involves the utilization of materials in undertaking the works. This will involve labour of the workers to put in place the materials as per the design are it mixing, lifting and placing them in place, installation, delivery and storage of the materials. Material handling can be by machines/equipment or directly by the workers themselves. Handling and storing materials involves many different activities such as hoisting, manually carrying bags or material and stacking supplies. Employees can be injured by improperly lifting materials (manually and by machine), falling objects and improperly stacked supplies. This paper concentrates on the human ability in the movement and placement of materials and other facilities as work progresses on site. An examination of activities on an active site have been undertaken to inform this paper on the practicability and applicability of researched theories relating to human lifting capability on site. The following sites have been examined and findings discussed later in this...
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...| Chapter 8 Muscular System | |The Muscles: Each muscle is an organ, comprised of skeletal __muscle__ tissue, several ___connective____ tissue coverings, __nervous_ tissue to cause it | |to contract, and __blood___ to nourish it. | | Connective Tissue coverings: | |The muscle has several dense connective coverings. | |Layers of dense connective tissue, called __fascia___, surround and separate each muscle. | |This connective tissue extends beyond the ends of the muscle and gives rise to cord like | |__tendons___ that are fused to the periosteum of bones. | |Sometimes muscles are connected to each other by broad sheets of connective tissue called | |___aponeuroses___ ...
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...disorder that causes a hypermetabolic state after administration of volatile anesthetics. When a patient is under anesthesia, the muscles are usually relaxed, but when a patient is experiencing Malignant Hyperthermia crisis, certain IV anesthesia causes the opposite effect. Most inhaled anesthetics other than nitrous oxide, cause or trigger Malignant Hyperthermia. More specifically, the anesthetic agents: Halothane, Chloroform, and Succinylcholine. The genic condition of Malignant Hyperthermia only becomes apparent when a patient is exposed to certain anesthetics such as halothane, which causes muscle rigidity. During the relaxed phase of muscle contraction, adenosine triphosphate and phosphate (ADP and Pi) are bound to the myosin S1 fragment, which is in a strained vertical position. Depolarization to the sarcoplasmic reticulum occurs followed by the depolarization of the triad region which initiates the release of calcium into the cytosol. This calcium then binds to troponin. A conformational change in the actin-tropomyosin interaction is induced by the troponin-calcium complex, which allows myosin to bind to actin. The binding allows the S1 to move to the unstrained position, causing muscle contraction. During this process, ADP and Pi are released. The muscle contraction results from the shortening of every sarcomere in every muscle fiber of the motor units that is recruited. ATP, if available, then binds to the S1. The ATP is then broken down to ADP and Pi...
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...1. Muscle spindles - Provide sensory information about changes in muscle length and tension of muscle fibres - They primarily respond to any stretch of a muscle and, through reflex response, initiate a stronger muscle action to reduce the stretch - Two sensory afferent fibres and one motor efferent fibre services the spindle 2. Golgi Tendon Organs - Golgi tendon organ connects up to 25 extrafusual fibres near the tendon’s junction to the muscle - Golgi tendon organs discharge impulses under two conditions: - 1: in response to tension created in the muscle when it shortens - 2: in response to tension when muscle is stretched passively - When stimulated the Golgi receptors conduct their signals rapidly into the spinal cord to elicit reflex inhibition of the muscles they supply -...
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...Norah Carr Co-ordination and movement Lo3. March 2012. 3:1 eplain the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction with reference to the antagonistic muscles of the upper arm. 3:2. Draw and label a diagram of a synovial joint, explaining the functions of each structure. 3:3. Distinguish between a hinge, pivot and a ball and socket joint with reference to named examples, shapes of bones and the ranges of movement possible. To understand the sliding filament theory, one should first look at the muscles. All movement through the body is created and stopped by muscles. Muscles work in antagonistic pairs, that means that when one muscle relaxes, it antagonistic pair will contract and vice versa. Muscle fibres are found in bundles wasting very little space. The muscle fibres which have bunches of myofibrils, which house myofilaments within.(thick myosin and thin actin filaments). Once the brain decides it wants to contract a muscle, it sends a series of electrical impulses via chemical reactions called Action potentials, down to motor neurons which innervate muscle fibres. through a process called 'lateral inhibition' the brain will send an exictatory (contract) signal to one motor neuron and an inhibitory (relax) signal to the other. Once the 'signal' (action potential) reaches the muscle fibre a series of events takes place, and very quickly: The Action potential travels along the axon of the motor neuron to the synaptic end bulb. This is an area of the neuron...
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...domestic pig is the main reservoir host for T. spiralis. This species is significantly higher in prevalence in people living in certain parts of Europe, Asia, and Southeast Asia than in the United States. It is now considered endemic in Japan and China. A large outbreak of trichinellosis occurred in Lebanon in 1997, infecting over 200 people.5 Trichinella spiralis infection in humans has been reported from Korea for the first time.6 In contrast, trichinella infections in wildlife within the United States are now thought to be largely due to the T5 strain, tentatively designated T. murrelli.7 Life Cycle Infection is initiated by ingesting raw or undercooked meats harboring the Nurse cell-larva complex (Fig. 21.1). Larvae are released from muscle tissue by digestive enzymes in the stomach, and then locate to the upper two-thirds of the small intestine. The outermost cuticular layer (epicuticle)...
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...BIOL 2010 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. 1.7. 2. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 2.7. 2.8. 2.9. 2.10. 2.11. 2.12. 2.13. 2.14. 2.15. 2.16. 2.17. 2.18. 2.19. 2.20. 2.21. Describe the physical organization of the human body and explain how interaction between body components is critical for the maintenance of homeostasis. Define the terms anatomy and physiology in reference to the human body. (LECT & LAB) Describe each of the following levels of organization of the human body: chemical, cellular, tissue, system, organism. (LECT & LAB) Identify the principal systems of the body. (LECT & LAB) Describe the standard anatomical position of the human body. (LECT & LAB) Compare common anatomical terms used to describe the various regions of the human body. (LECT & LAB) List by name and location the principal body cavities. (LECT & LAB) Define homeostasis and explain the effects of the lack of homeostasis on the body's function. (LECT & LAB) Describe the chemical level of organization of the human body. Describe the interrelationship of matter, elements, and atoms. (LECT) Identify by name and symbol the principal elements of the human body. (LECT) Diagram and label the structure of a typical atom. (LECT) Describe the function of electrons located in incomplete outer energy levels. (LECT) Define the terms isotope and radioisotope and give their functions. (LECT) Describe the three types of chemical bonding (ionic...
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...Muscular System The muscular system is made up muscles, joints, tendons, bones, ligaments and connective tissue that help to support the body’s internal organs. They work together to perform a variety of functions. These include; stability, posture, motion, heat, circulation and digestion within the body. Essentially the muscular system provides power for movement of all body parts. It is the muscles within our body which provide us with movement via contractions and without this vital system life would completely stop. Stability and posture Our skeletal muscles attach to our bones through tendons where bones act as levers. This causes our muscles to contract, relax, effectively it controls the bone. Muscles also provide strength for stability and posture by allowing the bones to align properly. If muscles are too tight or loose then this causes the bones to become misaligned which creates poor posture. Skeletal muscles can be stretched or strengthened to support the bone correctly, allowing maximal stability. Finally, skeletal muscles are also important for providing the body with balance and coordination which is also important because they aid fluid body movement for physical skill performance which is key when taking part in sport. Good balance and coordination also improves posture and prevents injury because you will have good postural responses to a stimulus e.g putting your hands in front of your face to protect yourself. http://www.childdevelopment.com.au/home/90 ...
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...Cell Theory Cell Theory is a way to describe the biology of living things. Cell theory says that the cell is the basic unit of life. Cells by themselves are alive, but they can also be part of a larger living thing. The smallest living organisms (like bacteria but not viruses) and the biggest ones (like humans and whales) are all made of cells. Very small organisms like bacteria and amoebas are only made of one cell each, so they are called unicellular organisms ("uni" means "one"). Larger organisms are made of many cells, and they are called multicellular organisms. Definition: The Cell Theory is one of the basic principles of Biology. Credit for the formulation of this theory is given to German scientists Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, and Rudolph Virchow. The Cell Theory states: * All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular. * The cell is the basic unit of life. * Cells arise from pre-existing cells. The modern version of the Cell Theory includes the ideas that: * Energy flow occurs within cells. * Heredity information (DNA) is passed on from cell to cell. * All cells have the same basic chemical composition. Animal Tissues 1. Epithelial: In Greek, ἐπί (epi) means "on" or "upon", and θηλή (thēlē) means "nipple". Epithelial layers are avascular, so they must receive nourishment via diffusion of substances from the underlying connective tissue, through the basement membrane. Epithelia...
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...Broussard Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 2: The Effect of Stimulus Voltage on Skeletal Muscle Contraction Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated (stimulated) by You correctly answered: c. motor neurons. 2. A single action potential propagating down a motor axon results in You correctly answered: d. a single action potential and a single contractile event in the muscle fibers it innervates. 3. In resting skeletal muscle, calcium is stored in You correctly answered: c. the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 4. During the latent period for an isometric contraction You correctly answered: c. the cellular events involved in excitation-contraction coupling occur. 11/10/14 page 1 Experiment Results Predict Question: Predict Question: As the stimulus voltage is increased from 1.0 volt up to 10 volts, what will happen to the amount of active force generated with each stimulus? Your answer : c. The active force will first increase and then plateau at some maximal value as the stimulus voltage increases. Stop & Think Questions: What do you see in the active force display when the stimulus voltage is set to 0.0, and why does this observation make sense? You did not answer this question. Correct answer: a. 0.00 g; there was no activation of skeletal muscle fibers by this stimulus. What is the lowest stimulus voltage that induces active force in the skeletal muscle? You did not answer...
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