...John Stuart Mill and Benito Mussolini: On the Nature of Social and Economic Progress of a Nation. Eric Joo April 27, 2015 SS 102 Professor Marr Word Count: 1659 -Mill: As for the matter of liberty, it’s clear that individual liberties must be upheld as of utmost importance. Its diminution comes at the price of social, economic, and political progress. -Mussolini: What about the state interests? Is that not of utmost importance to you? Social and economic progress can only come when the individual serves the interests of the state. All other alternatives simply a hinderance to the notion of progress. -Mill: It is actually USEFUL for society if its individuals have maximum diversity and variety of opinion. Even if those opinions are dissenting or outright “wrong.” All opinions have value in that they all lead to social progress....
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...fascism? Fascism is a hard ideology to define because nearly every modern government or political movement has been called ‘fascist’ by somebody. (The writer has directly addressed the essay question in the topic sentence of the first paragraph, noting how it can be identified as being ambiguous, and how it is difficult to define.) I contend that fascism was a political movement unique to the early 20th century, especially in Europe, because its worldview was shaped by events and philosophical ideas from the late 19th century until the interwar period. (Evidence that the writer has considered the words meaning in terms of context and knowledge of what periods of time are referred as) Some people have called states like Saddam Hussein’s Iraq ‘fascist’, but I believe that there is a big difference between authoritarian dictatorship and genuine fascism. (Additional evidence of acquired knowledge, saying that it is the writer’s belief that there is a difference between the two terms ‘authoritarian dictatorship’ and ‘genuine fascism’.) So how did fascism originally develop? (There is a conversational tone, to the topic sentence of each paragraph, asking relevant key questions that the writer has considered. Note, how this afforded question is compatible with the main essay question. The conversational tone, is effective in portraying the fact that the writer has attempted to acquire and integrate knowledge. The first sentence of the second paragraph, has a conversational...
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...NUMBER: C1420893 MODULE CODE: ML8293 MODULE TITLE: Memories of Fascism COURSEWORK ASSIGNMENT: Memories of Fascism Assessed Essay WORD COUNT: 1843 * * * In what ways could it be argued that fascist foreign policy led directly to the fall of the regime? Do you agree with this assessment? This essay explicitly explains the ways in which Mussolini’s fascist foreign policy did in fact lead to the fall of the regime in 1943. The three most significant factors of causation were Imperialism, Italian involvement in the Spanish Civil War and an alliance with Germany. Despite achieving some domestic and foreign short-term success, Imperialism as an Italian fascist foreign policy was truly destructive for fascism. Modeled upon the old Roman Empire, Mussolini strived to ensure that the idea of ‘Romanità’ was deeply engrained within fascist ideology and culture, predominantly through propaganda. He made no secret of his desire to make Italy ‘great, respected and feared’ (Urmila Sharma, S.K. Sharma Page 388), often alluding to the power and dominance of the Roman Empire as a tool to inflame national patriotism. In order to sustain this idea, Mussolini wanted a spectacular foreign policy achievement that would boost the popularity of the fascist regime whilst diverting attentions away from unpopular domestic policies (Page 57, Mussolini and Italian Fascism, Hamish Macdonald). In this way, an invasion of Abyssinia had perfectly logical long-term nationalistic aspirations;...
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...World War II Research Paper - Italy HST 114 November 2, 2015 World War II Research Paper - Italy World War II was a continuation of discord in the world. Everyone wanted control and power and all were willing to fight to gain it. There were alliances formed that each nation felt, at the time, would give them more advantages and chances to be victorious. This essay will focus on Italy. It will trace totaliarism, evaluate the cause of World War II and Italy’s involvement. This essay will continue on to explain the Holocaust and Italy’s undertones, discuss new technology that was introduced, and the major leaders of Italy during those times. Totalarism Let’s begin with tracing totaliarism in Italy. Between the years of 1918 and 1939, Italy joined alliances with Germany and began being regarded as a fascist structure. Italy’s goal was a structure that we later defined as totalairism. By definition, totaliarism is when one man or group has total, absolute control of a nation (Grierder, 2007). In Italy, Prime Minister Bentio Mussolini and the fascist party had that type of absolute control of the government in Italy. One might as how is that possible with a nation as large of Italy. Well after World War I, the nation was depleted. They fought hard and well during World War I but didn’t receive the prizes or recognition they thought they would have received. Italy’s resources, capital and physical presences gave its all in World War I that they returned home...
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...The League of Nations was created in the harsh circumstances of the post-war period. As it was Wilson who gave to life the idea of the League it was discussed greatly at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. The US president came up with the idea of the organization and so it was him that produced its regulations, also known as the Covenant. This Covenant decided which situations were of concern and how decisions on these were to be reached. At the same time it also decided how the organization as to act in order to achieve and to secure the aims set out. The league was incorporated into all of the peace treaties of the Paris Settlement and aimed at promoting international co-operating and to achieve international peace and security. It also aimed at promoting what became known as “collective security’ which is the guarantee that the states incorporated in the league would protect each other in case of aggression. The league faced many obstacles in achieving peace as some countries were not satisfied with the terms of the peace treaties and wanted to change them. On the other hand, the ones who had made gains in the war period wanted to maintain these and so acted in a manner that would not bring disruption. Having said this, nobody could be certain if all of the members of the league were ready to maintain the order that was achieved after the war. The three main channels of the policy of the League were moral persuasion, economic sanctions and the use of military force...
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...first time Mussolini used the term ‘totalitarian’ was in a speech at the Fascists Party’s fourth national congress in 1995*1 , he declared the ‘goal that is defined as our ferocious totalitarian will be pursued with even greater ferociousness’*1 . There is no doubt that Benito Mussolini was a very determined dictator. His aim was to create a long lasting Fascist Italy*1. In order to achieve his aim he required the total involvement and participation of every member of the state, in other words he needed to ‘Fascistize the masses’*1. Unfortunately Fascism was a very ambitious plan that failed to properly execute its aims*2. In order to delve deeper into the ways that Mussolini failed in his totalitarianism aims, we must first define what totalitarianism is. The essence of totalitarianism can be seen as a regime’s total control of the everyday life of its citizens, of its control, and more particularly of their thoughts and attitudes as well as their activities *3. A totalitarian dictatorship must have an elaborate ideology, a single mass party which is led by the ‘dictator’, a system of terror, near complete control over weapons of armed combat, control over all means of effective mass communication including the press, radio and cinema, and finally central control over the entire economy*3. While Mussolini dabbled in all of these areas he failed to execute them in an effective manner. It is interesting to note Hannah Arendt’s theories on totalitarianism, like Mussolini, she believed...
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...History Revision Aug 1914 – Nov 1918 The cost of WW1 to Britain - $35,334,012,000 (highest of all the allied powers) and 994,138 British people died. April 1919 Treaty of Versailles – Germany had to accept the blame for starting the war (Clause 231) and pay £6,600 million in reparations. She was forbidden to have submarines or an air force and could only have a navy of six battleships and an Army of just 100,000 men. She also lost territory to Britain and France. The League of Nations – an international organisation designed to preserve the peace and solve international disputes by arbitration; based on a system of collective security (article 10). 42 countries joined at the start and by the 1930s this became 60. The covenant of the League of Nations was agreed as part of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 held at Versailles – it aimed to stop war, improve people’s lives and jobs, disarm and enforce the Treaty of Versailles). In May 1920, the US Senate voted against Versailles (due to isolationism) and did not join. Summer 1919 John Maynard Keynes published ‘The Economic Consequences of the Peace’ – said that the Treaty of Versailles was ‘economic insanity’ and an example of a ‘Carthaginian Peace’. It sold 60,000 copies in the first 2 months, 100,000 copies in the first 6 months and was translated into 14 languages. Aug 1919 – 1934 ‘Ten Year Rule’ – British spending was only £102 million on defence in 1932, compared to £760 million in 1919 – 1920. March 1921 Anglo-Soviet...
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...A partir de 1939, con la firma del Pacto de Acero, Mussolini perdió gran parte de su apoyo a pesar de sus mejores esfuerzos para utilizar la propaganda y dar vuelta a la opinión pública a su favor. Mussolini firmó el Pacto de Acero con Hitler en 1939 no sólo contra la opinión pública, sino incluso contra sus generales y asesores. La opinión pública en Italia era fuertemente anti-germánico y una creciente ola de oposición desarrollada contra una guerra inminente, una crisis económica, y cualquier ingenio enlace nazismo. Mussolini se dio cuenta de que era cada vez hiba tomando mas decisiones que el público no estaba de acuerdo con, sin embargo era demasiado orgulloso, Según el historiador económico Richard Overy que es de Inglaterra y es editos del epridico de The Time. En los ultimos años, la popularidad de Mussolini disminuyó aún más y su imagen como un "gran líder" hiba disminuyenda cada vez mas. El dice que Mussolini era demasiado orgulloso como para aceptar que lo que estaba haciendo era en contra de la opiniun publica, perdió una gran parte de su apoyo y destruyó su imagen como "defensor y salvador" de Italia. En 1940, Mussolini tomó la decisión de ponerse del lado del Axis Powers, que er la unión con la Alemania nazi y japon 'en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, sin embargo, la decisión se retrasó y aun cuando Mussolini hizo enviar tropas en el "fatalmente debilitado Francia", como Overy se refiere a ella, los generales alemanes eran generalmente esquivos de...
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...Mussolini in Africa Going Solo, Roald Dahl's memoir of his work in East Africa and his service in the RAF, covers much of the buildup to World War II. In the book mention is made of Mussolini. Mussolini plays a large role in the memoir as he is allies with Hitler who started World War II. Dahl says about Mussolini that, "Hitler and Mussolini were entertaining to watch them do their antics." (Dahl 39). In fact, Mussolini is important because of the role he plays in World War II. Mussolini was an Italian dictator. According to History.com, "Originally a revolutionary Socialist, he forged the paramilitary Fascist movement in 1919 and became prime minister in 1922." After that he sought out military glory in Italy. After all his military conquests from 1935-1939 his military was exhausted. So, in 1939, he became allies with Hitler. He did this to try and get his leadership position to grow. When Hitler first decided to declare war in September 1939, Mussolini was not ready for that. According to History.com, "Mussolini planned for war in 1943-1945. But Hitler started World War II in September 1939, giving only one week’s warning to the Italians and forcing an enraged, humiliated Mussolini to declare non-belligerence." After this occurred he watched Hitler very closely and eventually decided to join the war. According to Britannica, "When Germany...
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...The Dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera and Francisco Franco had many similarities as well as many differences. The way they intended to lead Spain shows how they would employ similar strategies as well as different ones. I will discuss their intentions of how they thought was the best way to fix a broken Spain, the way they treated the working class, their tactic to improve economy, fascism, the use of military in their regime and the roles of women in their society. Firstly, it was argued by authors such as Raymond Carr and Francisco J. Romero Salvadó that Primo only intended to rule Spain for a short amount of time in order to find quick solutions to deal with Spain’s illnesses such as social disorder, economic recession and the Colonial War in Morroco (Romero Salvadó,1960, pg 52). In contrast it was argued that Franco intended to rule Spain for a long amount of time. Franco wanted to find long term solutions to resolve Spain’s issues and make a new clean Spain. Due to these differences, it is inevitable that the strategies employed in the dictatorships of Primo de Rivera and Franco are going to differ somewhat. In addition, the way the working class was treated was different amongst the two dictatorships. The author, Raymond Carr argued that Primo’s regime aimed to improve social justice. In Primo’s dictatorship, there were many schemes for cheap workers. Many social services and housing benefits were offered to the working class (Carr Raymond, pg 102). However, it...
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...How successful was Mussolini's foreign policy in the years to 1939? During the years 1922-39 Mussolini committed to many different foreign policies. Mussolini’s foreign policy aims for Italy were to build national prestige, increase domestic support for the regime, gain dominance over the Mediterranean, and spread fascism abroad to establish his empire. He had to consider factors whilst formulating his foreign policy plans such as trading, alliances (military back-up/defence), resources within the empire and war to ensure that his regime would be a success. In many ways, Mussolini’s foreign policy was a success in the short term. His foreign policies can be judged whether or not to be successful by looking at his aims, as previously stated, and if these aims were achieved. Mussolini entered the Spanish Civil War in 1936 as part of an anti-Bolshevik campaign and to help spread fascism abroad, one of the clear aims of Mussolini. Italy sent planes and troops to help nationalist General Franco’s revolt against Spain’s socialist government and despite Mussolini expecting a short war it lasted 3 years. Mussolini’s intervention of this war was to achieve dominance over the Mediterranean, to spread fascism abroad, stop French left-wing influence in Spain and to gain an ally in a strategic area. In the battle of Guadalajara, in March 1937, Italian troops were defeated and 400 soldiers were killed and 1,800 wounded, 500 were taken prisoner and 25 artillery pieces, 10 mortars,...
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...Extended Project To what extent / How did Adolf Hitler's childhood affect and shape him later in life? Why was the rise of fascism in Europe so popular in the 1930’s? Assess did Hitler become the war mongering man he was due to his childhood or was it events leading up to World War II that made him bring the Nazi’s to power and become a dictator. Was Hitler’s intention to save Germany from the economic depression it was in through military power and expansion or was it more based on the ideology of the Aryan race and the deluded hatred he had towards the Jews? Or was it both? Be sure to talk about his ancestry, his parents and schooling. Anything leading up to World War II such as Hitler’s 9 month imprisonment Include how bitter he was after World War I and resented the new German government (Weimer Republic) Include how previous personal encounters with Jews made him hate them. Explain how not only the General German public hated the Jews because of propaganda but how most of the Western world resented the Jews in the early-mid 20th century. Include Austria and events that might have happened in Austria which could have affected Hitler as a child. Hitler: The man and his ideas Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 in a little Austrian town called Braunau am Inn. His father was a customs official who Hitler did not get on well with. Also Hitler didn’t particularly excel at school and did not enjoy his schooling except for History lessons. In 1907 Hitler...
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...Kaitlyn Daignault December 2, 2012 Research Paper Hitler and Mussolini The relationship between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini helped to instill fear throughout the rest of Europe through the 1930s and 1940s. The powerhouse duo was very similar in many ways including persuasion and public speaking; however they also had different key qualities to make them unique. Having risen to power years earlier during the 1920s, Benito Mussolini was the senior of the two, and an initial inspiration and mentor for a young Adolf Hitler. Mussolini’s ideas of a fascist Italy became a building block for Hitler and Nazi Germany. However, early on their relationship was not a good one as Mussolini saw himself as superior. Mussolini had little respect for Hitler and the Nazi Germany as a whole. He did not agree with Hitler’s beliefs regarding racialism and his desire of an Aryan race. As time continued Mussolini’s view of Nazi Germany and Hitler would change completely. As the Germans became the powerhouse of Europe, Mussolini was forced to take a backseat to Hitler throughout World War II. A young Benito Mussolini began his rise to power in Italy as early as 1918. It is then that he realized that in order for Italy to grow as a dominant force in Europe, a dictatorship was necessary. With his good looks and his persuasive speeches, a young Mussolini was able to gain the support of the Italian people. Although the content of his speeches was often incorrect, opinions contradictory...
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...Many would think that two of the most regimented states of the nineteenth century would have very similar platforms. But alas, this is not the case in regards to Mussolini’s and Hitler’s views on the formation of their ideal states. The head of Italy believes in an ethical, Fascist state, while Germany’s totalitarian leader looked to fuse the state under the idea that one group of people were responsible for the world’s worst problems. Mussolini is in favor of “…the state to be strong, organic, and at the same time founded on a wide popular basis” (Mussolini 238). In this state “…the individual is not suppressed, but rather multiplied.” (Mussolini 239). Namely, he advocates for the state of Italy to become strengthened through the collective...
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...• Mussolini differed from Hitler in regard to Jews and Homosexuals and other groups from power. • Mussolini faced more opposition from Liberals and leftist groups, while Hitler adopted totalitarianism with a lot of nationalistic pride. • Both used something called Secret policy. • Yet both policies were different in nature. Hitler focused more a pollution of the German state and influences from the Aryan race. While Mussolini utilized bandits and hooligans to keep and strengthen his power. • Hitler and Mussolini placed fear into the hearts of the general public. Trepidation was present but for different reasons. • People beneath Hitler were afraid of not fitting in. conformity took over and wanted to be apart of the Aryan race. Because if you did not fit in, the consequences were grave such as death camps, and so...
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