...total war existed between the Axis and Allied powers. Fascism would spread herself throughout Europe and Asia. Soon enough, the Axis powers influence would reach North Africa as well. Italy with Nazi Germany’s influence would attempt to gain control of North Africa and the Mediterranean. Fighting stretched from Morocco all the way to Egypt. During this struggle, the combined coalition of British and American forces succeeded in driving the Italian and German forces out of North Africa. This paper will explore how the Italian and Germans lost North Africa, and...
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...Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini is a name you probably hear often, but you don’t really know much about him except that he was an evil man and that he was sort of similar to Hitler. Mussolini was the creator of the Fascist Movement/Fascist Party in Italy in 1919. He made himself prime minister and ruled from 1922-1945. He had ideas pretty similar to Hitler and even started his own anti-Jew laws in Italy. While he may not have done as many horrid things as Hitler, he was still incredibly evil. But, we’ll talk more about that later. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was born on July 29, 1883, in Dovia di Predappio, Forlì, Romagna, Italy. He was the oldest child of three from his parents, Rosa Maltoni Mussolini and Alessandro Mussolini. His father was a passionate socialist and blacksmith. His mother was a Catholic schoolteacher, and she provided most of the family income because the father was busy doing political things and spending money on his mistress (not Benito’s mom, scandalous!). Mussolini was a very bright and...
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...How far did Mussolini achieve his aims in Foreign Policy? One of the first things that Benito Mussolini wanted to do was to expand Italy and give it and empire to rule over like France and Great Britain. He wanted Italy to be recognized as one of the dominant forces in Europe. The first of his conquests was Abyssinia. This he begun on the 40th Anniversary of the humiliating defeat Italy suffered at Adowa under the Liberals: Mussolini wanted to complete a fete that the Liberals couldn’t. As a means of propaganda to show that Italy was more powerful and united under Fascism than it had been under the Liberals. Mussolini gloried and reveled in the creation of an East African Empire. Britain and France, who Italy were allying with secretly allowed for and gave concession to his Abyssinian war. However, because they were both democracy’s, under internal condemnation and pressure, they had to publicly criticize Mussolini and Italy’s actions. This really infuriated Mussolini at the sheer hypocrisy shown by the 2 countries, as they both had large empires. This was also done because the public saw this as a brutal violation of another League of Nations country. Furthermore, in private Britain and France tried to mediate a deal, the Laval Pact. But this didn’t help the situation, because they had to side with the League of Nations, who enforced sanctions on Italy. However, this made Mussolini immensely popular at home, what one might call his finest hour. The sanctions didn’t include...
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...Some people are born to be athletes, think of LeBron James. Others, like Albert Einstein are born to be physicists, and then there are people like Michael Jackson who are born to be performers. Benito Mussolini, the father of Fascism, was born for a life in politics . He was even named after Benito Juarez, who was a Mexican leftist leader. His two middle names, which are Amilcare and Andrea, come from two Italian Socialists named Amilcare Cipriani and Andrea Costa (Greenspan). During the early parts of his life, those names seemed fitting. Before he founded the Fascist party, Mussolini was a harcore Socialist. His political views were greatly influenced by his father, who was the town blacksmith. Aside from being a blacksmith, Alessandro Mussolini was also a writer for a...
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...How successful was Mussolini's foreign policy in the years to 1939? During the years 1922-39 Mussolini committed to many different foreign policies. Mussolini’s foreign policy aims for Italy were to build national prestige, increase domestic support for the regime, gain dominance over the Mediterranean, and spread fascism abroad to establish his empire. He had to consider factors whilst formulating his foreign policy plans such as trading, alliances (military back-up/defence), resources within the empire and war to ensure that his regime would be a success. In many ways, Mussolini’s foreign policy was a success in the short term. His foreign policies can be judged whether or not to be successful by looking at his aims, as previously stated, and if these aims were achieved. Mussolini entered the Spanish Civil War in 1936 as part of an anti-Bolshevik campaign and to help spread fascism abroad, one of the clear aims of Mussolini. Italy sent planes and troops to help nationalist General Franco’s revolt against Spain’s socialist government and despite Mussolini expecting a short war it lasted 3 years. Mussolini’s intervention of this war was to achieve dominance over the Mediterranean, to spread fascism abroad, stop French left-wing influence in Spain and to gain an ally in a strategic area. In the battle of Guadalajara, in March 1937, Italian troops were defeated and 400 soldiers were killed and 1,800 wounded, 500 were taken prisoner and 25 artillery pieces, 10 mortars,...
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...Kaitlyn Daignault December 2, 2012 Research Paper Hitler and Mussolini The relationship between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini helped to instill fear throughout the rest of Europe through the 1930s and 1940s. The powerhouse duo was very similar in many ways including persuasion and public speaking; however they also had different key qualities to make them unique. Having risen to power years earlier during the 1920s, Benito Mussolini was the senior of the two, and an initial inspiration and mentor for a young Adolf Hitler. Mussolini’s ideas of a fascist Italy became a building block for Hitler and Nazi Germany. However, early on their relationship was not a good one as Mussolini saw himself as superior. Mussolini had little respect for Hitler and the Nazi Germany as a whole. He did not agree with Hitler’s beliefs regarding racialism and his desire of an Aryan race. As time continued Mussolini’s view of Nazi Germany and Hitler would change completely. As the Germans became the powerhouse of Europe, Mussolini was forced to take a backseat to Hitler throughout World War II. A young Benito Mussolini began his rise to power in Italy as early as 1918. It is then that he realized that in order for Italy to grow as a dominant force in Europe, a dictatorship was necessary. With his good looks and his persuasive speeches, a young Mussolini was able to gain the support of the Italian people. Although the content of his speeches was often incorrect, opinions contradictory...
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...How far do you agree that Mussolini’s economic policy in the years 1922-39 was a complete failure? Having come to power in 1922, an immediate concern for Benito Mussolini was the current state of the Italian economy, specifically its obvious inability to support military expansion and move into a state of total war, with the aim of creating and developing an Italian Empire, which was Mussolini’s chief aspiration. Furthermore, the weak economy maintained and strengthened the north-south divide, due to its negative effects being focused on the poorer south, while some northern industrialists benefited from the increased focus on production. Therefore, in order to counter the depression and prepare the Italian economy for conflict, Mussolini employed several policies, in order to stimulate the financial system and cut public spending, specifically increasing production and revitalising the Lira. As well as revaluating the inflated currency, these policies included boosting food production and converting to self-sufficiency, or autarky, all the while promoting nationalism and strengthening commitment to the regime. Whether these were a success is debatable, while Italy did convert to total war in 1939, the consequences were far reaching and crippling. Therefore a deep, detailed analysis, of Mussolini’s policies, their aims and effects, is necessary in order to gauge to what degree, if any, his economic policies failed. An example of Mussolini’s economic policy would be the sharp...
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...1. Why did "everyone regretted acting against Italy"? (166) The nations most powerful in the league had no direct reason to act against Italy. The imperialism of Africa did not damage them in any way and action against Italy would only negatively impact them. For example, Britain believed that a conflict in the Mediterranean would weaken their imperial defenses at a time when Japan was beginning to expand again. In addition the French had established good relations with Italy, which allowed for the possibility of removing forces along their northeast frontier. A new conflict would ruin this possibility and not allow franc to transfer forces towards protection from Germany. Finally, there was the fear that Mussolini would turn towards Hitler. A war with Italy could result in the collapse of the fascist regime, causing social upheaval and, possibly, the rise of the Bolsheviks. 2. Explain the role of propaganda in understanding the Italian-Ethiopian War. (168) Italian propaganda attempted to describe Ethiopians as “vicious uncivilized barbarians”. However, this view never really managed to overpower the popular romanticized sentiment in which people saw Ethiopians as free and noble people. The Time magazine naming Haile Selassie the Man of the Year demonstrates this view. As a result of this perspective the league imposed sanctions against Italy. The public’s want to aid Ethiopians forced the league to implement the policy of collective security and to test the power of...
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...The Italian attack on the British forces in Egypt was first to agree with Operation Sea lion. the planned but never happened German sea invasion of Britain in 1940. When it had become possible to Mussolini that Sea lion was put on hold forever, he ordered Marshal Rodolfo to launch his 10th army, consisted of seven divisions, into combat across the Egyptian border from Libya. Field Marshal Graziani led his large number of major Italian forces across the Libyan-Egyptian border in September 1940 against a smaller but powerful mobile British enemy. The campaign was a disaster, and by December of that year, the Italian forces in Northern Africa were on the verge of a certain collapse. Although German Field Marshal Rommel’s leadership skill and...
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...SIMULA Ang Pagsiklab ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig Noong tag-araw ng 1939, sinalakay ni Hitler at ng kanyang hukbo ang Austria at Czechoslovakia upang gawing teritoryo ang mga ito.Tinangka rin niyang kunin mula sa Poland ang Baltic Port at angPolish Corridor.Tumanggi ang Poland kayat nagkakrisis.Unang araw ng Setyembre 1939, nang ang puwersa ng Nazismo sa lupa at himpapawid ay sumalakay sa Poland. Ipinaglaban ng magigiting na taga-Poland ang kanilang kalayaan. Nang mabatid ito ng Britain at France, sila ay nagpahayag ng pakikidigma sa Germany. Noong ika-17 ng Setyembre, ang Russia na may lihim na kasunduan kay Hitler ay sumalakay rin sa Poland sa gawing Silangan. KASUKDULAN Ang Digmaan sa Europe Sa kanlurang Europe, ang mga hukbong Pranses at Ingles ang nagabang sa likod ng Maginot Line. Hindi kaagad sumalakay dito ang mga Aleman pagkatapos nilang masakop ang Poland. Noong Abril 1940, ang Phony War ay biglang natapos sapagkat sinimulan ni Hitler ang kanyang blitzkrieg (biglaang paglusob na walang babala). Ang mga taga-Norway ay lumaban subalit madaling natalo samantalang ang mga taga-Denmark ay hindi lumaban. Noong ika-10 ng Mayo 1940, biglang sinalakay ng mga Nazi ang neutral na mga bansa ng Belhika, Holland at Luxembourg. Binomba ng mga eroplanong Aleman ang mga bansang ito na kung tawagin ay Low Countries at sinira ang mga paliparan, pahatiran, at tulay. Umurong sa tabing-dagat ng Dunkirk ang Hikbong Pranses. Sa ganitong gipit na kalagayan, ipinasya ng Punong Ministro...
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...give them more advantages and chances to be victorious. This essay will focus on Italy. It will trace totaliarism, evaluate the cause of World War II and Italy’s involvement. This essay will continue on to explain the Holocaust and Italy’s undertones, discuss new technology that was introduced, and the major leaders of Italy during those times. Totalarism Let’s begin with tracing totaliarism in Italy. Between the years of 1918 and 1939, Italy joined alliances with Germany and began being regarded as a fascist structure. Italy’s goal was a structure that we later defined as totalairism. By definition, totaliarism is when one man or group has total, absolute control of a nation (Grierder, 2007). In Italy, Prime Minister Bentio Mussolini and the fascist party had that type of absolute control of the government in Italy. One might as how is that possible with a nation as large of Italy. Well after World War I, the nation was depleted. They fought hard and well during World War I but didn’t receive the prizes or recognition they thought they would have received. Italy’s resources, capital and physical presences gave its all in World War I that they returned home to barely any resources. The citizens were suffering with famine, lack of money and a failing economy. All of these factors made the nation of Italy primed for submission and takeover to totalairism. Because the people needed a strong leader, the fascist stepped in at the right moment. Even the King, Victor...
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...The League of Nations In this module you will learn: The FOUR aims of the League of Nations [SIDE]. How many members the League had in 1919 and in the 1930s. The names of THREE countries who weren’t members of the League (and why). the four main members of the league. Four strengths of the League. THREE weaknesses of the League. FOUR powers of the League. EIGHT parts of the League’s organisation. NINE successes of the League in the 1920s. FOUR failures of the League in the 1920s. TWO failures of the League in the 1930s – and their effect on the League. SEVEN reasons why the League failed in the 1930s [WAS DUMB]. You must do the following written work: A spidergram showing the main aims of the League. Written notes on the League’s powers. Written notes on the League’s organisation. An essay: ‘How strong was the League of Nations?’ Written notes on the work done by the League. Written notes on Manchuria, 1931 Written notes on Abyssinia, 1935 A 35-word ‘last word’ comment on the League. Written answers to 15 questions on the League. Have you read: Peter Moss, History Alive 4, page 29. T Rea and J Wright, International Relations, chapter 4. Christopher Culpin, Making History, chapter 11. J Traynor and I Dawson, The Struggle for Peace, chapter 5. N deMarco and R Radway, The Twentieth Century, pages 148–155. | | |Source A | |The League of Nations ...
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...Ethiopia Name Course Tutor Date Ethiopia’s profile Colonial History and Current Political Context Capital City Addis Ababa Colonial History Ethiopia is among the first independent African republics. In 1935, during the Fascist rule of Benito Mussolini, the Italians invaded Ethiopia. At the time, Ethiopia had a traditional polity comprising a feudal political system. In rebellion to the Italian occupation, Ethiopians engaged in a multi-dimensional ‘patriotic resistance’ in efforts to banish the invaders from their country. The Patriots (Arbegnoch) fought against many odds, such as the indifferences from the West and the League of Nations to establish the indigenous resistance movement. The resistance lasted for five years while Haile Selassie, the then Ethiopian Emperor, took part in an ineffective diplomatic struggle during his period in exile. Under the leadership of Haile Selassie Italians were defeated and withdrew from Ethiopia and as a result, Ethiopia became a sovereign nation (Berhe, 2008, p. 2). Present Leader Mulatu Teshome Current Political Context: In August 2012, Hailemariam Dessalegn was appointed the successor of the Ethiopia’s Prime Minister, Meles Zenawi, representing a historical moment in the nation’s politics. Ethiopia embarked on a constitutional and peaceful transition of power for the first time in her contemporary history. During the 20th century, the country was predominantly under regimes of highly centralized governments...
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...Reflection Essay #6: What Are You Guys, On Dope? Let us first look into the event where Italy took Ethiopia. By the year 1935, most of Africa was already overwhelmed with European imperialism. However, Ethiopia was one of the few African states that seemed to have dodged the bullet. Around this time is when Italian fascist politician Benito Mussolini said, “Hey, my regime is full of youth! It’s full of vigor! I ought to show this off to the world and make Italy a big man on campus! I think I’ll take one of these little freshman punks and terrify him into giving me and my gang his lunch money every day from now on. Wait, do I see that scrawny little punk Ethiopia? Is he just walking through the halls without a bully on his back? Yo, Ethiopia, come here…” Ethiopia may have been poorly equipped, but they still put up an amazingly feisty fight with their spears and shields. Still, their capital, Addis Ababa, fell to Italy’s military might and fresher technology and tactics in 1936 (Hunt, An Age of Catastrophes 846). How did the League of Nations respond to this? They were disappointed enough to vote sanctions against Italy. Regardless of that, Britain and France kept the sanctions from going into effect since they didn’t want an embargo on oil (Hunt, An Age of Catastrophes 846). I also believe these two nations thought, “We still don’t want to lose Italy like this! If Germany goes crazy, we might need Italy to back us up against this monster! Snap out of it, Italy, and come back...
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