...AS History Unit Two – 6522E Italy; The rise of Fascism: 1918- 1925 Summary The main focus of this topic is how the changing political situation in Italy after the First World War led to the rise of Fascism in the years to 1922 and the ways in which the Fascist Party established itself in power in Italy in the years 1922-1925: ▪ Weaknesses of the Liberal state, 1918-1922 ▪ Mussolini, the message and appeal of Fascism, its changing focus from 1919-1922 ▪ Support for, and opposition to, Fascism among different social groups ▪ The consolidation of Fascist power, 1922-1925 Examination You will be required to tackle one two-part structured question from a choice of two. The first sub-question (a) will be worth 20 marks, whilst the second sub-question (b) will be worth 40 marks. The total mark for this exam is 60. The examination will last for 55 minutes and can be taken in either January or June. There is a difference between question (a), which is a ‘describe’ question, and (b) which is an ‘explain’ question. This can be briefly outlined as follows: ‘Describe’ These will ask you to select information from your memory and describe what happened. They may ask you to describe a series of events, the way in which something, or someone was important, or the way in which something changed over time. Your answer should contain: 1) A very short introduction with an outline of your overall argument. 2) A series of different...
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...Kaitlyn Daignault December 2, 2012 Research Paper Hitler and Mussolini The relationship between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini helped to instill fear throughout the rest of Europe through the 1930s and 1940s. The powerhouse duo was very similar in many ways including persuasion and public speaking; however they also had different key qualities to make them unique. Having risen to power years earlier during the 1920s, Benito Mussolini was the senior of the two, and an initial inspiration and mentor for a young Adolf Hitler. Mussolini’s ideas of a fascist Italy became a building block for Hitler and Nazi Germany. However, early on their relationship was not a good one as Mussolini saw himself as superior. Mussolini had little respect for Hitler and the Nazi Germany as a whole. He did not agree with Hitler’s beliefs regarding racialism and his desire of an Aryan race. As time continued Mussolini’s view of Nazi Germany and Hitler would change completely. As the Germans became the powerhouse of Europe, Mussolini was forced to take a backseat to Hitler throughout World War II. A young Benito Mussolini began his rise to power in Italy as early as 1918. It is then that he realized that in order for Italy to grow as a dominant force in Europe, a dictatorship was necessary. With his good looks and his persuasive speeches, a young Mussolini was able to gain the support of the Italian people. Although the content of his speeches was often incorrect, opinions contradictory...
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...Why was the rise of fascism in Europe so popular in the 1930’s? Assess did Hitler become the war mongering man he was due to his childhood or was it events leading up to World War II that made him bring the Nazi’s to power and become a dictator. Was Hitler’s intention to save Germany from the economic depression it was in through military power and expansion or was it more based on the ideology of the Aryan race and the deluded hatred he had towards the Jews? Or was it both? Be sure to talk about his ancestry, his parents and schooling. Anything leading up to World War II such as Hitler’s 9 month imprisonment Include how bitter he was after World War I and resented the new German government (Weimer Republic) Include how previous personal encounters with Jews made him hate them. Explain how not only the General German public hated the Jews because of propaganda but how most of the Western world resented the Jews in the early-mid 20th century. Include Austria and events that might have happened in Austria which could have affected Hitler as a child. Hitler: The man and his ideas Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 in a little Austrian town called Braunau am Inn. His father was a customs official who Hitler did not get on well with. Also Hitler didn’t particularly excel at school and did not enjoy his schooling except for History lessons. In 1907 Hitler moved to Vienna where he did little except ‘daydream’ and was supported by his relatives whilst there. In...
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...Italy. In Germany, the National socialist party was conducted by Adolf Hitler, while Benito Mussolini conducted the fascist party in Italy. Italy and Germany’s future was based on the education in the schools, since education played an important role between these two nations. The people’s image of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler as two leaders was profoundly the important factors to their popularity. The most essential tool that was allowed in both countries and played a very important role in both political parties was propaganda, which gave both parties the ability to influence the perspectives of the people to their partiality. Italy and Germany are two natural allies, but however they are both different from each other and can be connected in many salutations. “Largo ai Giovani”, Italian for "make way for the young" (Clayton, 2009) was just one of the mottos that was used by Benito Mussolini’s regime. Mussolini’s saying highlights one of the most important aspects during the Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany’s education system. The education system in both countries was not just used for learning but also was the key element to creating their future soldiers. The education system had another important element and that was the presence of the after school movements that went on among the youth. The role of females are another interesting aspect in the education system when under dictatorships. Therefore, Mussolini’s Italy and Hitler’s Germany were both identical when it came to...
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...personality cult was used to perpetuate Mussolini as Il Duce and Italy as a Fascist state, while presenting Il Duce as a mythic hero who could do no wrong. The “Cult of the Duce” was in many aspects the unifying force of the Fascist regime, and acted as a common denominator for various political groups and social classes in the Fascist party and Italian society. Through massive organized rallies, early teachings with revised textbooks in elementary schools, and various forms of media propaganda, the “Cult of the Duce” was created, and presented Fascism with a model of centralized power and authority that solely revolved around the mythical and spectacular authority of one man, Il Duce. The emergence of the “Cult of the Duce” was to create an idealized, heroic, and at times god-like public image of the Italian dictator. The focus of this operation was to prove Mussolini as the sole Fascist savior of Italy and to gain the support and loyalty of the Italian people. Declining post war conditions helped develop a need for the “Cult of the Duce”; “The parliamentary paralysis, social disorder, and economic difficulties of the first years after the Great War greatly enhanced the popular appeal of a youthful and energetic politician like Mussolini who projected the image of a “strong man” capable of rescuing the nation, restoring stability, and leading the Italian people into a glorious new era”(Cardoza, 75). The Fascist “Cult of the Deuce” demanded that Mussolini embodied both the physical presence...
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...George Orwell’s political views have been developed throughout his life based on personal experiences, although some may argue Orwell had no political label, due to his many different facets and aspects. Orwell witnessed Stalin’s Soviet Russia, the dictatorships of Mussolini and Hitler, the Spanish civil war and World War 2. Orwell’s literary works such as 1984 and many others, touch on aspects of imperialism, anarchism, socialism, Nazism, capitalism and totalitarianism. “The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical” in 1984, is a text within a text that Winston reads to understand many things about the totalitarian world he lives in. The purpose of the text within a text is to parallel the corrupt socialist world of 1984 with that of Stalin’s USSR, expand on Orwell’s ideas of imperialism, and to sound an alarm to warn readers of what a worst case scenario totalitarian world could be like. Firstly, “The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical” was to provide greater insight, for Winston and the reader. Goldstein’s text takes apart each section of the party’s slogan “War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery, Ignorance is strength” (Orwell, 1), and explains what they mean to the party. After reading the text, Winston learned some new things, but the text mostly just reinforced things he already assumed or knew. Secondly, when thinking from a political standpoint, one could say that the point of this text within a text was to parallel the corrupt socialist world of 1984 with that of Stalin’s USSR...
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...Wiki Loves Africa: share African cultural fashion and adornment pictures with the world! Fascism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the original version of the ideology developed in Italy, see Italian Fascism. For the book edited by Roger Griffin, see Fascism (book). "Fascist" redirects here. For the insult, see Fascist (insult). Part of a series on | Fascism | | Core tenets[show] | Topics[show] | Ideas[show] | People[show] | Literature[show] | Organizations[show] | History[show] | Lists[show] | Variants[show] | Related topics[show] | * Fascism portal * Politics portal | * v * t * e | Fascism /ˈfæʃɪzəm/ is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism[1][2] that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. Influenced by national syndicalism, fascism originated in Italy during World War I, in opposition to liberalism, Marxism, and anarchism. Fascism is usually placed on the far-right within the traditional left–right spectrum.[3][4] Fascists saw World War I as a revolution. It brought revolutionary changes in the nature of war, society, the state, and technology. The advent of total war and total mass mobilization of society had broken down the distinction between civilian and combatant. A "military citizenship" arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner during the war.[5][6] The war had resulted in the rise of a powerful state capable of mobilizing millions of people to serve on the front lines or provide economic...
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...share of the treaty. This fact led to self interest in countries proving that they were the top leaders (Kershaw, 2000. Germany and some parts of Europe preached and advocated for Nationalism and Fascism with the party building its empire on extreme nationalism. Fascism kept on promising people the restoration of their economy and this was one of the factors that popularized Hitler, Mussolini and many others as nationalists with the mind of their countries looking forward to see great improvement in their economy. As per Miron (2011)Fascism as a type of government maintained very tight control measures over all the government institutions as well as citizens. It comes as a result of nationalism, ethnic and racial purity over all other things. Rising of fascism and Adolf Hitler in Germany is rooted in the after effects of World War I. Germany was the main blame in this war, with victorious allies imposing very tough penalties on Germany. These included making Germany pay for their wartime expenses as well as its own. These crippled Germany’s...
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...that the Italian Neo-Realist movement juxtaposes the decay of a shattered nation with the disturbing beauty of destruction: transforming turmoil into art, encapsulated in De Sica's observation that the destruction of Italy was "beautiful for artists, but ugly for Italians". Neo-Realism follows the ordinary lives of the citizens of Italy, the mundane and the neglected; despite being a short-lived era, it is regarded as the 'golden age' of Italian cinema and continues to fascinate scholars. Key figures such as Rossellini, De Sica-Zavattini, Visconti and Fellini removed the rose-tinted glasses which coloured the perception of Italian society and encouraged younger generations to break free from the chains of convention. Under the rule of Mussolini, Italian cinema had created 'colossal historical epics and sentimental upper-class melodramas', known as white-telephone films, which critics referred to as 'artificial and decadent' (Bordwell and Thompson, 1992, pg.477). The social commitment of the Neorealists to examining life as it is, resulted in 'the thematic concerns of their films shifting from resistance narratives to examining the social problem of reconstruction' (Chapman, 2003, p. 233). Ultimately, they were a catalyst for a new, sober reflection on the futilities and struggles of existence; for Rossellini, Neo-Realism gives expression to "a need that is proper to modern man, to tell things as they are, to understand reality, I would say, in a pitiless, concrete way". (Chapman...
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...tAccess to History Online Edexcel Unit 1 – E3/F3 The Collapse of the Liberal State and the Triumph of Fascism in Italy, 1896–1943 Edexcel – AS GCE Unit 1: Historical Themes in Breadth Option E and F E3/F3 The Collapse of the Liberal State and the Triumph of Fascism in Italy, 1896–1943 General Advice for Unit 1 General Advice for Unit 1 Approaching Unit 1 Unit 1 answers require you to produce a reasoned, analytical essay that comes to a judgement as to extent, significance, importance etc. To reach a Level 5 answer of 25–30 marks you need to write an evaluative or integrated essay that answers the essay question set, showing direct understanding and backed up by detailed, accurate supporting evidence spread across the time period specified. You will almost certainly need to achieve at least one High Level 4 and a Level 5 answer to gain an A grade. Most candidates produce an essay which provides some of the above qualities but not all, achieving at least Level 3 (starting at 13 marks). You will almost certainly need to produce two Level 3 answers to gain an E grade. The key to gaining a good grade is to try to produce an essay with all the required qualities. However, before you can write your essay it is essential that you know your topic. In the specification (exam guidelines) each topic is divided into four bullet points across a specified period of time. You need to revise all the information for your topic because the questions asked can be about the whole topic...
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...left the government and economy of Italy unstable and a fertile ground for revolutionaries. Decisions made at the Paris Peace Conference denied the large territorial gains the Italian government expected after the war. In 1921, Benito Mussolini founded the National Fascist Party and rose up as a revolutionary leader. * Fascism was based on a foundation of authoritarianism and nationalism. For Mussolini, the most important aspect of a nation or state was the unity and survival of that state. Mussolini rejected democracy because he thought different political views and political parties weakened the unity of the state. * Taking Fascism on the Road Fascists disagreed with the communist belief that private property and businesses should belong to the state. The Fascists also believed that the nationalism of a state must be aggressively exported to other countries. In other words, the Fascists maintained that a nation had a right to invade and conquer a weaker nation. Mussolini proclaimed himself as dictator of Italy. He came to power in October of 1922 and took control of all aspects of the Italian government, society, and economy in 1925. He served until he was overthrown on July 25, 1943. * Roman Empire Revived Mussolini wanted to return Italy to the glory days of the Roman Empire and gain colonies for Italy. In 1935 and again in 1936, he...
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...An explanation of why Churchill found himself in the wilderness in the 1930s. The Conservative Party lost the General Election in the spring of 1929, as a result of this Winston Churchill stepped down as the Chancellor of the Exchequer. He had served in nearly every major British Cabinet post except two: Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister. Part of his unpopularity was due to political reasons; Churchill was never very popular with the Conservative Party’s rank and file or its leaders. There were also personal reasons which aided in his dislike by many. Many of his enemies considered him unsound and felt he lacked in his judgement. Churchill made the decision to wander into the political dessert; as a result the 1930s were referred to as his wilderness years. Churchill’s persistent attacks on the progression of the Indian constitution and his defence of Edward VIII earned him a public backlash. Mussolini was admired very much by Churchill and he had sympathized with Franco during the Spanish Civil War. He never offered up many ideas on the significant economic questions of the day such as unemployment, protection and recovery. Despite his growing unpopularity, Churchill took up the cause of resistance of Nazi Germany during the 1930s. There were many obstacles that were related to this and the British government was well aware of them; pacifist settlement after the First World War; belief in the League of Nations; sympathy for Germany’s desire to rewrite the treaty of Versailles;...
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...Essay Topic: “Up to 1939, why did many Germans support Hitler and his Nazi dictatorship? “ In modern day history, Hitler is widely viewed as one of the world’s worst political leaders as his racial, fascist and totalitarian actions directly contributed to the outbreak of World War II which posed detrimental consequences on the entire world. From a second-hand analytical view, Hitler is perceived as an epitome of evil and the world still continues to battle the effects of the election of such a monstrous leader by German citizens. However, it is evident that the reasons why Germans supported Hitler and his Nazi dictatorship up to 1939 can be justified. Thus, as a result of his many favorable leadership qualities and characteristics (his excellent oratorical skills together with his promises to the German people, organization of the Nazi party and his intense propaganda), the Great Economic Depression of 1929 after the Collapse of Wall Street, the ineptitude of the Weimar Constitution, and ultimately the fear of communism, Germans continued to support Hitler up to 1939. By 1939, Adolf Hitler had become a very inspirational and charismatic leader as his great skill in public speaking had won over the loyalty and support of many German nationals. Hitler filled German people with a sense of hope that had been long lost for a very long time. Hitler attempted to please all aspects of life as he promised exactly what each group wanted. He promised to pay farmers higher prices for...
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...way, goes the way, and shows the way. —John Maxwell. Thirdly, Leadership is lifting a person’s vision to high sights, the raising of a person’s performance to a higher standard, the building of a personality beyond its normal limitations. —Peter Drucker. Fourthly, Leadership is the key to 99 percent of all successful efforts. —Erskine Bowles. Finally, as we look ahead into the next century, leaders will be those who empower others. —Bill Gates. Leadership is “setting vision” is working in the future vision, to upgrade and producing new strategies to create a new ways to achieve the organisation’s goals. “Inspiring” is communicating direction, collaboration, and energizing the people to drive the organisation to the success, and achieve personal goals and group vision. “Coaching” is mentoring and training workers so they acquire the skills and attitudes required...
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...Benefits of Fascism Fascism is a type of governance where the government controls politics, social behavior and economy. Under fascism political system, the individual rights of the people are greatly minimized, with the nation being glorified. Citizens are supposed to only work for the government and it is a system that promotes dictatorship. Below are key benefits of fascism. 1. Enhances security The military plays a vital role in a fascist system since it is required for protecting national security as well as fighting enemies. Most of the nation’s resources are given to the military in spite of domestic problems and policies. Fascism gives more significance to the state in contrast to the citizens’ rights and thus military productivity is a vital state interest. This leads to a better military, thereby increasing security. 2. Promotes patriotism Fascism is essential concerned with the protection of national agendas. Individual rights normally take second place, while national policies are provided first priority. Since patriotic symbols, flags and slogans can be seen everywhere, fascism encourages patriotism. The citizens will thereby be united so as to eliminate any perceived threat to the state. 3. Limits media Sometimes media are credited with reporting biased news that causes conflicts amongst the population. In the fascist system, the government has great control over mass media. There are very strict polices placed on media and the government typically...
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