...women sometimes do not show or have symptoms of cervical cancer it can be found with a regular Pap test; women should have regular Pap tests done annually, starting at the earliest age of 21. A Pap test is a procedure where cells are scraped from the cervix and looked at through a microscope. Women who have unusual bleeding, post menopausal bleeding, bleeding after intercourse, unusual vaginal discharge, or pain during intercourse should all be examined and tested for cervical cancer because these are all symptoms of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is usually caused by human papillomavirus infection, also known as HPV. HPV does not always cause cervical cancer but is known to be one of the leading causes. There are two main types of cervical cancer: adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas. Adenocarcinomas makes up for 10 to 20 percent of cervical cancers, and squamous cell carcinomas makes up for 80 to 90 percent of cervical cancers. Each type of cervical cancer is distinguished by the look of cells, taken from abnormal Pap tests, under a microscope. There are many risk factors of cervical cancer besides HPV. Pregnancy, family history, sexual history, smoking, oral contraceptive use, diethylstilbestrol, and a weakened immune system are all risk factors of cervical cancer. Teens under the age of 17 who have had a full term pregnancy, and women who have had three or more full term pregnancies are twice as likely to develop cervical cancer. Women that have a sister or mother...
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...screening 1 with Pap smear and liquid-based cytology,2 only 72% of women in the Texas-Mexico border and 82% of women in the US undergo such regular screening.3 Hispanic women in this region have one of the highest cervical cancer mortality rates in the nation.4 Previous studies have identified barriers to screening in this minority population such as lack of access to healthcare, fear of pain during the gynecological exam and embarrassment.5 Persistent infection with oncogenic Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types is necessary for developing cervical cancer.6 Thus, HPV testing of women 30 – 65 years of age has been added to the cervical cancer screening guidelines in addition to Pap/cytology (co-testing).2 Self-sampling is a novel approach to detect HPV infection, it allows women to collect their own cervical specimen with a brush in the clinic or in their own homes.7 It has high sensitivity (74%) and specificity (88%) compared to physician collected samples.8-13 Women that deem it acceptable cite reasons such as privacy, costs, and lack of need for an office visit.13-21 However, Pap/cytology has been preferred over self-sampling among some groups because of low confidence in self-sampling accuracy and uncertainty over performing it correctly.13,17,20,22,23 Self-sampling has been least likely to be preferred by Hispanic women and those with lower educational levels.13,17 Interventions using a community health worker for group or one-to-one education have effectively increased Pap/cytology...
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...historical context of Singapore’s political scene which has been dominated by the People’s Action Party (PAP) since its independence in 1966. In fact, from 1966 up to 1981, there was not a single opposition Member of Parliament (MP). Among other reasons, one compelling fact was the boycott of the Barisan Socialis in the 1968 elections, allowing the PAP to sweep the polls, capturing all 58 seats and garnering 84.4% of all votes. Since then, the PAP has not looked back, dominating all Parliamentary General Elections while the opposition has failed to make any significant inroads in the political scene. However, it should be noted that over the years, the PAP has had a few upsets along the way with J. B. Jeyaratnam breaking the PAP’s monopoly of the Parliamentary seats with an unexpected victory in the 1981 Anson by-election. The next 3 elections in 1984, 1988 and 1991 then saw a downward swing in PAP’s popular vote, culminating in the PAP garnering only 61.0% of votes and losing 4 seats in 1991. This was significant in the fact that firstly, it was the lowest percentage of votes garnered by the PAP and secondly, it was the most seats lost to the opposition post independence. These trends at that time seemed to suggest that Singaporeans was ready to embrace the opposition after years of effectively living in a “One Party State”. However, that notion was overwritten almost immediately as the PAP came back strongly and reversed the decline, gaining back more than 65% of the votes in the next...
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...1964 evidently displayed the severity of the racial tensions between the Malays and the Chinese. s National Organization). They tried to create a social hierarchy where Malays were superior to all other races. For instance, there are spots which are specially reserved for bumiputeras, who are the indigenous people of the Malay Archipelago, in post-secondary learning institutions. This evidently is not fair to the other races and is an obvious show of prejudice and discrimination. We cannot exactly blame the people for being upset, resulting in riots. JA (Yanqi): Hey! What do you mean it is UMNO’s fault? I am not one to mince words. There was strong, valid discontent among the Malay population on the way Mr Lee had treated them. To take my speech out of context and to suggest that I (and UMNO) instigated the riots is not fair reporting. In case you are unaware, under the Malaysian law, Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia, the King of Malaysia is responsible for safeguarding the special positions of the Malays. TAR ( TCC (Lydia): We campaigned for “Malaysian Malaysia” because we wanted equality for all, no matter their race or religion. Equal treatment of people is very important when running a country. It could have helped...
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...Cervical cancer begins in the cells lining the cervix. The cells do not suddenly change into cancer over night, they gradually develop and change into cancer over time. Every person’s body is different, so the timing is different. There are two main types of cervical cancers: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Almost all cases of cervical cancer are squamous cell types, which means the cancer begins where the exocervix joins the endocervix. Cervical adenocarcinomas has become more common in the past 20 years, it develops from the mucus gland cells of the endocervix. So to put it in easier terms, cervical cancer occurs when abnormal cells on the cervix grow out of control. Most cervical cancer is caused by a virus called human papillomavirus, also known as HPV. You can get HPV by sexual intercourse or contact with someone who has it. Not all types of HPV cause cancer, a pap test can help prevent the cancer from developing and spreading. HPV is the most common and important risk factor when it comes to cervical cancer. It can infect cells on the surface of the skin, anus, mouth, throat, and genitals with warts. Also abnormal spotting of blood from the vaginal region and frequent pains or cramps can be factors. Smoking can cause women to be twice as likely to develop cervical cancer. Tobacco products have been found in the cervical mucus of women who were diagnosed with HPV. It is simple, if you do not smoke you will be less...
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...incumbent, People’s Action Party (PAP) returned to power, won its best results since 2001, and regained its electoral dominance from the previous election in 2011. It was an unexpected blown away for the opposition parties as it was expected for the opposition’s presence in parliament to improve. Worker’s Party, the most successful opposition party in Singapore suffered too as many voters feared that it might outperform itself to the detriment of the incumbent party. This essay aims to study the factors that results in the ruling party’s landslide victory and regain its electoral dominance in GE2015, where electoral dominance refers to two thirds of the seats won by a party. Keywords Singapore, General Election 2015, PAP, WP, Lee Kwan Yew, Opposition parties, Introduction A political party is a group of people who has or wants political power by appealing to the masses with to support their campaigns, differentiating themselves from other parties by having disparate views, stands and focus. The Parliament of Singapore is unicameral which includes three types of Members of Parliament: elected Members of Parliament (MPs), Non-constituency Members of Parliament (NCMPs), and Nominated Members of Parliament (NMPs). Of these, MPs are chosen by universal suffrage or popular election under a "first-past-the-post" system, while NCMPs are chosen from among the candidates of political parties not forming the Government. In Singapore, People’s Action Party (PAP) has been successfully leading...
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...dysfunction such as atonic bladder, incontinence, incomplete bladder emptying, and other urologic complications such as ureteric stricture or stenosis, hydroureteronephrosis, vesicovaginal or ureterovaginal fistula, and hemorrhagic cystitis. Digestive system is also affected and complications may result in bowel dysfunction and other gastrointestinal symptoms such as acute/chronic proctitis, an inflammation of the lining of the rectum, which causes diarrhea, fatty stool, mucus discharge, urgency, tenesmus (feeling of incomplete defecation), fecal incontinence, and rectal bleeding. In addition, impaired sexual function, menopausal symptoms, and lymphedema, which may result in leg heaviness and discomfort and skin tightness, are also potential long-term complications. Lastly, besides the physical complications, patients with cervical cancer may also develop complications from...
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...Cervical Cancer Leilani S. Haynes Miller-Motte College Research dedicated to the memory of my late grandmother, Ms. Susie Pittman. Cervical Cancer Cancer is a disease caused when abnormal cells divide uncontrollably in any part of the body. Cervical cancer is a gender specific disease that originates in the lining of the cervix; located in the lower part of a woman’s womb. This area is called the uterus. The women affected will also face a number of other life altering challenges. These challenges include, but are not limited to, infertility. Although it is unclear what the definite cause of cervical cancer is, HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) is a known culprit. HPV is a very common virus among women, but not all women will develop cancer. Researchers have identified some inherited factors that can lead to the genetic connection of cervical cancer, however, it has not been scientifically proven to be a genetic disease. Although some women will skate through life without knowing or experiencing cervical cancer, it affects millions of women: Cancer of the cervix is the second most common cancer in women worldwide and is a leading cause of cancer-related death in women in underdeveloped countries. Worldwide, approximately 500,000 cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed each year. In the United States, routine screening has decreased the incidence of cervical cancer—approximately 12,900 cases are diagnosed and 4,100 deaths occur each year. (Cervical Cancer, 2015) Knowing the...
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...I decided to take the cervical cancer health risk assessment. I chose this particular one because, when I was pregnant with my son and was having regular pap smear . I was told by my doctor that I had been exposed to one of the main causes of cervical cancer which is HPV(Human Papilloma Virus). I will get to what HPV is in a moment. Cervical cancer is cancer that forms in the tissues of the cervix. It is a disease in which the cells of the cervix become abnormal and start to grow uncontrollably, which can cause tumors to grow. HPV is a cause of at least seventy percent of all cervical cancers. HPV is a sexually transmitted disease and is one of the most common. It is so common that every man and women at one point in their lives will get it. There is some evidence that suggest that another sexually transmitted virus, the genital herpes virus also may be involved in cervical cancer. More than six million women in the United States have persistent Human Papilloma Virus infections. HPV does not have a current cure. Another fact, most women do not have any sign or symptoms of cervical cancer until it is invasive. When the cells grow uncontrollably and into the deeper layers of the cervix it is then invasive. Several risk factors for cervical cancer include family history, Immunosuppression which is HIV and having a chlamydia infection can also increase your risk. Sexual behaviour can also play a part and put women at risk for not only HVP infections which lead to cervical...
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...discomfort. Both characters feel the need to escape from oppression of some type; Huck from physical abuse at the hands of his alcoholic father and Holden from what he feels is the oppressive, “depressing” atmosphere of Spencer’s room and Pencey in general. In both extracts the reader feels the anxiety of the main character. However, the two characters are quite different. Huck is practical, resourceful and admirably cheerful whereas Holden is portrayed as neurotic and judgemental. We seem to be presented with a hero in Huck and an anti-hero in Holden. Both characters reflect their social and historical contexts. Huck, a product of poverty in 19th century Missouri, is trying to survive in a society with which he finds it impossible to come to terms. He is presented as a child of nature who has no time for Miss Watson’s rules where he has to “eat on a plate” and stop “cussing”. And, although he is “comfortable”, with no “books nor study”, he soon finds...
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...Mei Chew Professor Casprowitz SCN 195/7752 January 14, 2012 Advocacy Letter Dear Dr. Thomas A. Farley, Commissioner, Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, My name is Mei Chew and I am a Nursing student at LaGuardia Community College. I am currently taking Community Health course whereby we have an assignment to look into the health issues in our neighborhood. In examining the Community Health Profiles, Second Edition-2006, from New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, I noticed one major concern in my neighborhood that I would like to offer suggestions on. As we know, New York City is made up of 42 different neighborhoods. Since I reside in Flushing, Queens, the community I belong to is North Queens. According to the Community Health Profile, the population of North Queens in year 2000 was 255,500. Residents of North Queens are slightly older than other parts of Queens and New York City overall. Those in the age range of 45-64 years is 24% in North Queens compared to 22% in Queens and 21% in NYC, and those age 65 and older is 16% in North Queens compared to 13% in Queens and 12% in NYC. In terms of education, this community has higher percentage of college graduates (28%) than Queens (24%) and NYC overall (27%). North Queens has much higher proportion of white (43%) and Asian (35%) residents than Queens (white 33%, Asian 17%) and NYC overall (white 35%, Asian 10%). The percent of residents living below poverty level in this community is 13%, which...
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...Mark Twain: Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The public debate surrounding Mark’s Twain’s Adventure of Huckleberry Finn has fair ground to be disputed in terms of context. However, to band the novel for the use of its language being brought in the text of the story may not be so justified. In order to get a positive understanding, you would have to take into the consideration Mark Twain’s possible motive, and question yourself if his true intention was to just depict the life of individuals along the Mississippi river before the civil war or was he trying to portray a difficult time in American history, and reveal how society in that time contradicted themselves in terms of their own personal morale? Surely, today I would not recommend reading the book to put my child to sleep at night, but I would not band the privilege of allowing other at certain grade levels to analyze Mark Twain’s story, and try to find what his main intentions were. My position would be not to band the novel and to change the words, but to use the book to reference a land mark in American history for older student to learn. In depth, the book has a bigger meaning and valuable lesson to learn about history, life, humanity, morale, society, law system, race and religion. The novel was published in England in December 1884 and takes place forty to fifty years ago from when it was published. Evidently, this took place well before the civil war period and what was mostly disturbingly common in society during...
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...result in a realistic solution and would not be as effective as a vaccine. No: Law Professors Gail Javitt and Lawrence Gostin and physician Deena Berkowitz believe we do not have enough data and history to mandate this vaccine currently. Although clinical trials have some information, they contend it is widely known these trials cannot represent all aspects that may be harmful, resulting from a particular product such as Gardasil. Because of these and many other concerns they do not support this drug being instituted in a mandatory way to teenage girls. I wrestle with my own personal opinion regarding this topic for several reasons. HPV is transmitted through sexual activity and directly linked to Cervical Cancer. Data shows an increased occurrence in younger woman in their child bearing and child rearing years. I personally experienced the fear of this virus in my early thirties as I had numerous “pap tests” come back with suspicious cell changes that ultimately resulted in a hysterectomy. I was tested for this virus and the results were negative. Although I understand, and consider myself a proponent of eradication of diseases that plague our country in the most expedient manner possible, I am hesitant to get on a band wagon of...
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...Introduction Industrial conflict is caused by the disputes and disagreements between the employees and employers in the working environment. Such conflicts can be manifested into covert or overt industrial actions. In Singapore, industrial conflict is greatly suppressed due to government intervention and trade unions. Instead of displaying resistance as a group, forms of covert industrial actions are expressed individually among workers such as absenteeism, low work productivity, attempts in sabotage and various forms of unpleasant conduct to show their dissatisfaction. (Petzall et al. 2007) Overt or collective actions such as strikes and other movements of resistance have gradually ceased to exist in Singapore due to the combination efforts of the government and the tripartite alliance as well as the transformation of its labour movement. In contrast with the past, it is evident that Singapore has turned about its condition from inactive trade unions to establishing employment laws and trade union movement. Take the case of the Hock Lee bus strike in 1955 which escalated into a bus riot, causing four people to be killed and thirty-one injured (National Trades Union Congress 2011). This was a collective form of industrial conflict. After going through political changes and the introduction of collective bargaining through the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), such overt actions were visibly reduced. However, this does not mean that workers do not have their dissatisfaction...
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...when it comes to financial choices, a survey has found. In the face-to-face survey of 1,400 Singaporeans aged 15-29 by Ngee Ann Polytechnic, it was found that 44 per cent had life insurance, and of those who did, a quarter had between two and four policies. Also, 28 per cent of the respondents had some form of medical or hospitalisation insurance, with 20 per cent of this group having between two and four policies. 'These figures were quite surprising,' said Henry Koh, a lecturer at Ngee Ann's School of Business and Accountancy, yesterday. 'A lot of these were students, yet the percentage of people (who have policies) is quite high. I think it shows some concern over financial security in the future and that they're more savvy in terms of insurance.' The survey, which aimed to give insights into Singapore's 'Generation Y', also found that 7 per cent of interviewees had invested in either unit trusts or mutual funds, with 22 per cent of this group having between 2-4 investments. The top three companies for both life and medical insurance were AIA, Prudential and NTUC Income. And being young hasn't stopped Singaporeans from owning credit cards either. According to the survey, 29 per cent of those interviewed were either primary or supplementary card holders. 'Credit cards are a way of life these days, and it gives this group more spending power,' Mr Koh said. 'I think it's also considered cool at that age to have one.' Singapore youth also showed strong entrepreneurial...
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