...Discuss the view that fixed date elections for the House of Commons are a good idea (30 marks) On 15th September 2011, the Fixed Term Parliament Act was given royal assent. Under the provisions of the Act, parliamentary elections must be held every five years. Previously the Prime Minister had the power to call a general election whenever he/she wanted, as long as there was at least one every five years. This act has numerous advantages, including electoral fairness, prevention of needless speculation and greater stability. However there are also many disadvantages, such as benefits to the government of the day, longer campaigns and prolonged terms. The major criticism of the traditional system of flexible-term elections is that they gave the prime minister a significant and unfair advantage at election time. This is because the PM could dissolve Parliament to call an election at a time that is most favourable to their own party, as indicated by polling trends, as done so by Tony Blair in 2001. Fixed date elections remove the element of surprise for the opposition, since all parties know when the election will be held, and not just the Prime Minister and the governing party. Furthermore, fixed date elections prevents the media from speculating and stops the diversion of serious business in government. This leads to more stability in the government, politically and economically. The government tends to lose direction in regard to policies and the implementation of programmes...
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...Somebody said that: all laws in Australia are made by the Federal Parliament. However, this statement is not true. The reason for this becomes clear in the next section. The source of law making in Australia divided into two descriptions: common law and Acts of Parliament which declared by courts and parliament respectively. The Australian legal system is based on the English legal system and is known as a common law legal system. Common law in known as precedent, case-law and judge-made law. At the same time, laws made by parliament are called Acts of Parliament, statutes, or legislation. Parliament also delegates the power to make certain laws to other bodies such as government departments and local councils. These bodies are called delegated bodies or subordinate authorities and the laws they make are called delegated or subordinate legislation. In making laws, the role of the federal/state parliament is very important. Firstly, the proposed law must be put into the form of statute by the office of the parliamentary counsel. The proposed law is called bill when they are in draft form. Secondly, the bill must be passed by a majority in both houses of parliament. During this section, there will be a lot of discussion and debate and various amendments will be proposed. Along this way, bills can be initiated in either house of parliament. They are very necessary steps in making laws. In fact, not only the federal/state parliament has important roles, but also common law...
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...M4 – Development Process Meetings If the policy is needed and the idea is good it becomes subject to a great deal of discussion in governmental meetings such as cabinet meetings and parliamentary committees and subcommittees. If the idea is still considered to be worthwhile after these discussions then the procedure becomes more formal – the idea is put into a green paper. Green Paper A green paper is a document about a proposed change in the law which is distributed to interested parties to gather their views on the change and open up a period of consultation and debate. This debate might take the form of public meetings, specialist consultation meetings or open enquiries. White Paper These contain a set of formal proposals on the new law or policy. White papers are the drafts of what will become known as bills in later stages of development. Representation from outside government Ways in which the new public policy can be influenced from outside government include: • Letters to MPs • seeing an MP in their surgery • taking into account the views of the opposition. Bills All potential statutes begin life as a bill. A bill is a proposal for a piece of legislation. There are three kinds: • Public bill • Private bill • Private members bill. Public bill A public bill is usually a proposal for a large piece of legislation which will affect the whole country. They are created by the government currently in power. They are sometimes preceded by a green paper which...
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...of the member states of the EU, which could cause a lot of problems if they make a wrong decision since they would have a large uproar on their hands. ▪ Central government, The central government is the main layer of government that operates across the whole of the country; the central government is always located in the centre of the country in that country’s capital city and it handles very specific responsibilities that no other group or government can carry out. Some of these responsibilities include signing treaties or certain types of agreements with other nations, making up laws (which would affect the whole country), defending their nation, distribution of the police forces, etc. Our central government is based in Westminster in London. London contains the most important political institutions for the Government, ‘The House of Lords’ and ‘The House of Commons’,...
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...CONSIDERATION IN MARKING [pic] To what extent is the prime minister first among equals? This essay will compare the prime ministerial styles of Thatcher and Blair and compare presidential styles to collective cabinet government. It explains what can happen when a prime minister has too much power and is more than just first among equals. It concludes that in recent years the prime minster has exerted too much power and is ignoring his cabinet. By the 1830s the Westminster system of what we now as cabinet government emerged. The head of the government is the prime minister. Leech et al define the prime minister as: “A head of government whose power normally derives in Britain from leadership of the largest party in the legislature, more exceptionally from the enjoyment of the confidence of a cross –party parliamentary majority. The prime minister is not head of state” (p.191, 2011), UK Politics is devised from a constitutional monarchy: the monarch is the head of state. Leech et al (2011) further state that Sir Robert Walpole (1721-1742), holds this claim as he was the first Lord of the Treasury. In 1905 it was given royal warrant thus giving it legal status (Schaffer, 2011). The key aspect of the prime minister’s power is defined as someone who gives leadership and represents the nation at home but also abroad (Leech et al, 2011, p. 193). The prime minister also steers the government by directing government policies and strategies and by chairing the cabinet. Prime ministers...
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...How well does the House of Commons carry out its functions?(40) The House of Commons is the lower chamber of the legislature, and it is composed of 650 members of parliament (MP’s) who are voted by the constituencies electorate. Its main functions are representation, scrutiny and be legitimate. I believe it carries out these functions very well. Holding the government to account (scrutiny) is arguably, the most important function of the lower house. Scrutiny is carried out by 3 main methods; Prime Ministerial Questions (PMQ), Opposition days and Departmental Select Committees. PMQ’S occur every Wednesday afternoon; and they enable ministers from the current government and also the opposition to post questions to the Prime minister; they aim to scrutinise the works of government and see how effective it is. Departmental select committees are groups that examine the expenditure, administration and policy of the individual government. There are 19 committees, each one representing their expertise. Most committees have a chair who is seen as having notable knowledge and understanding on the specific area, for example Ed Smith CBE for health committee. They do research into the policies made, and then pose questions and thoughts to the ministers, and scrutinise them. Opposition days, whereby they have 20 each session (year), are another method, whereby they can determine the agenda of the day (Labour is the opposition now). Furthermore, the most important feature of holding...
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...Evaluate Whether the Westminster Model System of Government Adopted by English Speaking Caribbean Countries Accommodates Corruption as a Way of Governance. The Westminster System is a democratic system of government modelled after that of the United Kingdom, as used in the Palace of Westminster, the location of the UK parliament. The system is a series of conventions and procedures for operating a legislature. Between 1962 and 1983, the majority of Britain’s Caribbean colonies gained independence. Yet while the colonial power had formally departed, it left in place political institutions and norms based on Britain’s Westminster model of government. The essential features of the system are: The Government is chosen by the democratically elected lower house. The government requires the continuing support of a majority of members of that chamber to stay in office. The head of government is the Prime Minister, who leads a Cabinetwhich is responsible to the lower house. A loyal Opposition exists, led by the leader of the party or parties with the second largest number of seats in the lower house. A constitutional monarch, if one exists, who is “above politics” and acts on the advice of the prime minister. There is a career public service which impartially serves the government of the day. The armed services are outside of politics and act on the instructions of the government. The rule of law prevails, with an independent judiciary, subject to the Constitution...
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...for each of the questions below on a separate sheet of paper A) Explain the term political leaders B) Outline the different roles performed by the annual party conference held by the major UK parties C) Discuss the view that modern British Prime Ministers are not too strong, but too weak Planning how to write A* Government and Politics Questions and Answers Your first task is to write the indicative content for each of the questions below on a separate sheet of paper A) Explain the term Prime Ministers Questions B) Identify and explain two reasons why the Prime Minister’s power to influence policy making is limited C) “The House of Commons is too dominant within the Westminster Parliament” Discuss Planning how to write A* Government and Politics Questions and Answers Your first task is to write the indicative content for each of the questions below on a separate sheet of paper A) Explain the term Cabinet reshuffle B) Explain why recent reforms can be said to have made the House of Lords more legitimate C) “Individual party members have little or no power within the main UK political parties” Assess the accuracy of this view...
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...of St. Peter in Westminster, better known as Westminster School and standing in the precincts of Westminster Abbey in London, is one of Britain's leading independent schools, with the highest Oxford and Cambridge acceptance rates of any secondary school or college in Britain. With a history going back to the 11th century, the school's notable alumni include Ben Jonson, Peter Ustinov, John Dryden, Robert Hooke Christopher Wren, John Locke, Jeremy Bentham, Edward Gibbon, Henry Mayhew, A. A. Milne, Tony Benn and seven Prime Ministers. Pupil Type | Fees | Boarding | £11,264 | Queen's Scholars | £5,632 | Day | £7,800 | Day (Sixth Form Entry) | £8,456 | Westminster Under School | £5,460 | The school has around 750 pupils; around a quarter are boarders, most of whom go home at weekends, after Saturday Morning School. It is one of the original nine British public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. Entry at 7/8+ Boys may enter Westminster under School at 7 or 8 years old. Entry at 11+ Aimed principally at boys from state or independent primary schools, pupils spend two years at the Under School before transferring to Westminster School when they are 13 years old. Entry at 13+ Boys should be registered for 13+ entry to Westminster School before they start Year 6 (the academic year when they turn eleven). Every year 120 boys enter Westminster School at this stage including approximately 50 boys who transfer from Westminster under School. Entry...
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...The Executive Branch : In Canada , The executive branch applies and enforces all federal laws created by the legislative branch. They propose most laws, puts most laws into action, and runs day to day business of Canada’s government. It is composed of the Queen who is represented by the Governor General and the Cabinet which is a group of members of government which also includes the Prime Minister.The governor general, with help from the prime minister is chosen by the queen to represent her. The cabinet consists of 25 - 30 people that are chosen by the prime minister. The cabinet is accountable to the prime minister and help our government. To be in the cabinet you must be appointed by the prime minister. This is Canada’s Prime Minister, Stephen Harper. He decides on the size of the cabinet , selects the cabinet ministers. The cabinet ministers are usually members of parliament. He also assigns their responsibilities and portfolios. To become a prime minister : you must be elected as the leader of a political party , you must be elected as a member of parliament and the party you lead must win the most seats in the house of common. The Legislative Branch: Canada’s Legislative Branch, is the law-making branch of government. It includes the Governor General, the House of Commons and the Senate. They make laws and represent the interest and rights of Canada's regions. To make a law : you must propose it to the House of Commons as a bill, the house will...
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...Composition, Role and Powers of the House of Commons: * It is an elected chamber, hence enjoys democratic legitimacy. * Composed of 650 MPs, whereby each has been elected to represent a constituency. * It therefore has supremacy and the commons may thus pass any bill that they wish and the Lords may only delay it becoming law. * Executive can therefore only govern if it retains the confidence of the House of Commons. * It the executive loses the vote of confidence, it has no option but to resign and hence provoking a general elections. * Given that there are two Houses of Parliament, the system is called Bicameral. Composition, Role and Powers of the House of Lords: * It compromises of four types of Lords. * The vast majority is Life Peers, where they have been appointed to the House of Lords by the Prime Minister on his own recommendations and that of other party leaders. * While a smaller number of People’ Peers have been appointed by the House of Lords Appointments Commission. * There are 92 Hereditary Peers. * There is Lords Spiritual, the 26 Bishops of the Church of England. * However they are not elected and therefore does not enjoy democratic legitimacy the powers of the Lords are inferior to those of House of Commons. * This means all they can do to proposed legislation that they disapprove of its delay it for one year. * But they cannot do this to the budget. * According to the Salisbury Convention, they...
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...What are the main sources of Prime Ministerial power? The Prime Minister enjoys certain privileges and powers that the rest of the executive. The Prime Minister is the most important figure in the UK political system, there is debate to the extent of he or she’s power; the PM draws power from a number of sources. The extent to which these powers are harnessed and used is dependent upon a number of factor, but in reality the PM can gather an incredible amount of power from the traditions, conventions and laws which regulate the post of Prime Minister. The post is seen as providing “National Leadership” and is therefore the pre-eminent position in UK politics. The Prime Minister is first and foremost an MP. This affords them legitimate power to act as they see fit on behalf of the electorate. Moreover, they have also been democratically elected within their own party, therefore they have a mandate to rule. The principle job and source of power for the PM is to set up a government. Ratified by the Queen this gives the PM the power of patronage. They can hire and fire; this gives them control and power over the careers of party members and peers. As a result party member and ministers want to impress the PM and often agree with his or her policies. Much of the PM’s power comes from being able to “hire and fire”. Although this does come with constraints; firing members of the cabinet can cause tensions within the party. However, substantial reshuffles have secures a PM’s power...
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...Over recent years we have seen more charismatic, ‘presidential’, dominant Prime Ministers; Thatcher and Blair for example. Although, in order to determine the extent that the Prime Minister dominates the political system, we have to look at changes in the role rather than looking at a couple of individuals. An argument that says the Prime Minister dominates the political system is the growth and use of an extensive advisory unit who work exclusively for the Prime Minister. This means the Prime Minister has access to information that his Ministers do not have, and it also means the Prime Minister can essentially overlook the advice of his/her Ministers thus allowing the Prime Minister to dominate cabinet. The Prime Minister, as the chief appointer of the Cabinet, can also effectively remove anyone who does not agree with his/her views. This results in a complete dominance of the executive, which inevitably results in dominance of the UK political system. However, this dominance is a short term consequence of the Prime Minister’s powers. There are only so many Ministers the Prime Minister can remove before his Cabinet loses complete faith in him/her; secondly, by completely dominating policy, Ministers lose any sense of ownership over policy which can cause party factions, or even a vote of no confidence. A Prime Minister’s power is said to be elastic, in that the further the Prime Minister tries to stretch their power, the harder his/her party pulls back. This is something we...
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...Explain in detail the responsibilities of the different levels of government in the UK How government is structured The Prime Minister is the head of the UK government. He is ultimately responsible for all policy and decisions. He oversees the operation of the Civil Service and government agencies, appoints members of the government, is the most notable figure in the House of Commons. Currently the, Prime Minister is David Cameron that won recent election in May 2015. The Cabinet - The Cabinet is made up of the senior members of government. Every week during Parliament, members of the Cabinet (Secretaries of State from all departments and some other ministers) meet to discuss the most important issues for the government. There are 21 members of the Cabinet. Ministers - Ministers are chosen by the Prime Minister from the members of the House of Commons and House of Lords. They are responsible for the actions, successes and failures of their departments. Altogether there is 96 Ministers that are responsible for day to day running of their departments. There is 117 ministers, plus one prime minister, so altogether there is 118 people running day to day operations of the country. Central Government - The government also has the power to make laws for the entire country, in contrast with local governments. However, the Prime Minister (David Cameron) is head of the UK government so he’s responsible for all of the policy and decisions he makes. The central government...
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...The prime minster has a lot of control about the decisions made by the government due to the powers they have over the cabinet. The prime minister chairs cabinet meetings, summing up decisions at the end of them and he also manages the agendas. This helps the prime minister to control meetings and direct the conversation in the course that he wants it to go in. The prime minister can also call when the meetings are and how long they are going to be showing that he determines the significant of a certain issue. People might say that the prime minister doesn’t have that much control over the government because they rely heavily on weather the cabinet and parliament have confidence in them or not. This is the ultimate limitation on there power. The prime minister cant don anything thing if the cabinet overrules them. Plus the policies that the prime minister makes are pointless if he cant get them passed, so he needs the approval of parliament and they must have the confidence in him. David Cameron is under the coalition and this could be problematic to him due to the fact that his cabinet is divided and he doesn’t have the majority of seats to get policies past without the liberal democrats. Being able to decide who the ministers are is a great way that the prime minister can control the decisions made by the government. The prime minister is allowed to select politicians who he will work most closest to- ministers in the cabinet. This means that the prime minister has...
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