...National Income in India, Concept and Measurement General Economics National Income • National income is the money value of all the final goods and services produced by a country during a period of one year. National income consists of a collection of different types of goods and services of different types. General Economics: National Income in India, Concept & Measurement 2 National Income • Since these goods are measured in different physical units it is not possible to add them together. Thus we cannot state national income is so many millions of meters of cloth. Therefore, there is no way except to reduce them to a common measure. This common measure is money. General Economics: National Income in India, Concept & Measurement 3 Basic Concepts in National income • Gross domestic product • Gross domestic product at constant price and at current price • Gross domestic product at factor cost and Gross domestic product at market price General Economics: National Income in India, Concept & Measurement 4 Basic Concepts in National income • • • • Net domestic product Gross national product Net national Product Net national product at factor cost or national income General Economics: National Income in India, Concept & Measurement 5 Gross Domestic Product • Gross domestic product is the money value of all final goods and services produced in the domestic territory of a country during an accounting...
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...SOUTH DIVIDE IN INDIAN GROWTH In the pre-British period, the economy of India was many divided into two major sectors, mainly, the self-sustaining village and the other was the towns which had administration, commerce, transportation and communication even though it was highly underdeveloped and the market size was also considerable small. India was evaded and conquered even before the Britishers but the only difference because of their invasion was emergence of new political and economic reforms and systems. The British Raj, also known as, the British Rule was mainly two epochs; first the rule of East India Company (1757-1858) and the second, The British Government in India (1858-1947). During these periods, England was working on making changes in the techniques and ways of production which made way for the revolution of manufacturing. This made the Britishers sell their machine made goods here in India against the Indian handicrafts. The supreme goal of Britishers was towards acceleration of economic drain of India through the creation of revenue settlement, spreading education, development of railways etc. The consequences of the British conquest in the economy of India was mainly cause of the following reasons; 1. Decline of the Indian handicrafts and aggressive ruralization of the Indian economy. 2. Commercialization of Indian agriculture and the new land system. 3. Industrialization in India. The pre-independence economy estimates the value of output of the agricultural...
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...Chapter: Government Plans Programme & Policies Topic: INDIA, G 20 AND THE WORLD (PART -1) Introduction Second World War was definitive in redistribution of the world power. Authority of United States of America was established and after a prolonged cold war with the other waning super power, USSR, the power slowly shifted towards the western democracies led by US. Japan was quick to recover too and through its technological innovations & business practices soon became a formidable force despite its relatively smaller area, population and insignificant military prowess. Economic might had become the new centre of gravity and formations like G6, a club of the rich, involving US, Japan France, Germany, Italy and UK emerged in 1975. Origin of G-20 After the second world war, free from occupation and external aggression countries like India and China, initially stayed aloof addressing their own domestic concerns, building their nations. It took some time for these countries to integrate themselves in the world economy. Meanwhile they continued to grow rapidly in terms of population, a factor that they could later leverage when they would start to open up. Slowly even with relatively lower per capita GDP but a big enough population and favourable age structure their overall impact in world economy could no longer be ignored. In the meantime, Developed countries were at their peak. The way in which business would be done was changing world over. Spurred by the information...
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...Why India cut down on calories as it grew (The Indian Paradox) As Indian economy grows, data broadly shows a fall in calorie consumption. By Hyacinth Zia The Indian economy has recently grown at historically unprecedented rates and is now one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. Real GDP per head grew at 3.95% a year from 1980 to 2005, and at 5.4% a year from 2000 to 2005. Measured at international prices, real per capita income in India, which was two-thirds of Kenya’s in 1950, and about the same as Nigeria’s, is now two and a half times as large as per capita income in both countries. Real per capita consumption has also grown rapidly, at 2.2% a year in the 1980s, at 2.5% a year in the 1990s, and at 3.9% a year from 2000 to 2005. Although the household survey data show much slower rates of per capita consumption growth than do these national accounts...
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...Assignment-1: National Income The Dictionary definition of the term National Income is the total net value of all goods and services produced within a nation over a specified period of time, representing the sum of wages, profits, rents, interest, and pension payments to residents of the nation. Measuring the level and rate of growth of national income (Y) is important for seeing: * The rate of economic growth * Changes to average living standards * Changes to the distribution of income between groups within the population National Income can be measured by three approaches: 1. Aggregating National Production - the output method 2. Aggregating National Income - the income method 3. Aggregating National Expenditure- the expenditure method Most pre-dominant method is Expenditure method which can be summarized as below- Y = C + I + G + (X-M) Where, Y = Total demand for domestic output (GDP) C = consumption spending by households I = investment spending by businesses and households G = government purchase of goods and services X = exports of the country M = imports of the country Tabular data of the components of GDP- | (All values in USD billion dollars) | | | | | | | Gross National Income | Gross Domestic Product | Gross National Product | Exports | Imports | Government Spending | Consumer Spending | South Africa | 770.8 | 384.31 | 770.8 | 86.455 | 97.224 | 159.94 | 498.012 | Brazil | 2329 | 2533 | 2169.624 | 238.952 | 235...
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...India India, officially the Republic of India is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the 2 most populous countries, and the most populous democracy in the world. The Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east, India has a coastline of 7,517 kilometres .It is bordered by Pakistan to the west, People's Republic of China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north, and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. India in the vicinity of Sri Lanka, Maldives, and Indonesia in the Indian Ocean. Home to the Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade area and vast empires, Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial & cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four major religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated country, while the Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam arrived in the first millennium of CE and shaped the region's diverse culture. The British East India Company from the early eighteenth century and colonised by the United Kingdom from the mid-19 century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by widespread non-violent resistance. India is a republic consisting of 28 states and 7 union territories with a parliamentary system of democracy. It has the world's 12th largest economy at market exchange rates and the fourth largest in purchasing power. Economic reforms since 1991 have transformed...
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...SHAJI THOMAS ASSISTANT PROFESSOR P G DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE PAVANATMA COLLEGE IDUKKI,KERALA EFFECTS OF BLACK MONEY ON INDIAN ECONOMY ABSTRACT: Black money is one of the hot topics of discussion now a days in our country. The black economy represents not less than one fifth of the aggregate economic transactions. Black money results in the functioning of a parallel economy. In India, black money refers to funds transacted in the black market, on which income and other taxes have not been paid. It practices those activities which are contrary to the principles of economic policy pursued in an economy. Therefore it is called illegal economic operation. It is well-known that there is a large quantity of money, income and wealth which has been...
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...UNIVERSITY Lovely school of management TERM PAPER MGT-511 Business Environment PESTLE Analysis of India Submitted To: - Submitted By:- Mr. Vishwas Chakranarayan Ashish Suman Roll No. RS1904A10 Reg. No. – 10905868 Acknowledgment My sincere thanks and gratitude to my faculty who inspired me by his able guidance and was a constant guiding light during the course. The support and knowledge provided by him has been a great value addition for me and will go a long way in building a promising career. Last but not least, I am also thankful to all the respondents of my survey without whom the Term Paper would not have been completed successfully. (Ashish Suman) Contents Page No. 1. Abstract : 4 2. Methodology : 5 4. About India : 6 4. Introduction : 9 5. PESTLE Analysis 7 Political : 10 Economical : 13 Social : 16 Technological : 17 Legal : 18 Environmental : 19 6. Conclusion : 20 8. References : 21 Abstract In this term paper Pestle analysis of India. How Organization take the analysis for setup the offices or industry in India. In this analysis tell the environment of India. Factors of India. Government policy, literacy, privatisation, legal problem, technology use India, any many factors given below. Methodology For This term Paper I search articles on Websites, Journals...
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...Problems faced while uploading • Form 15CA • • • CA Dayavanti Khilolani 28th January 2012 CA Dayavanti Khilolani 28th January 2012 4 Tax Payer resident of State A Operating in State A State B State C Each state having its own tax system and rights over taxpayer Double taxation of Income in the hands of taxpayer Economic Double taxation Juridical Double Taxation Same Income taxed in two states in the same period in the hands of different taxpayer Same Income taxed in two states in the same period in the hands of same taxpayer Elimination of Double Taxation Via Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements CA Dayavanti Khilolani 28th January 2012 5 CA Dayavanti Khilolani 28th January 2012 6 CA Dayavanti Khilolani 28th January 2012 7 CA Dayavanti Khilolani 28th January 2012 8 CA Dayavanti Khilolani 28th January 2012 9 Scope of the Convention Definitions Taxation of Income (Active and Passive)...
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...undertaken by the Bank. The income from foreign assets declined for the second successive year, reflecting the low interest rates in international markets. The decline in income from foreign assets in 2010-11 was, however, more than offset by earnings from domestic assets which have expanded. While the Bank’s gross income increased by 12.73 per cent to ` 37,070.12 crore in 2010-11, there was a 3 per cent increase in total expenditure to ` 8,655.22 crore. After meeting the needs of necessary transfer to the Contingency Reserve and the Asset Development Reserve, `15,009 crore was allocated for transferring to the Government.XI.1 The size of the Reserve Bank’s balance sheet increased significantly in 2010-11 (July-June) mainly on account of its liquidity management operations. On the liability side, the expansion was on account of a large increase in notes in circulation as also an increase in banks’ deposits with the Reserve Bank in line with the deposit growth in the banking system (see Box II.6). On the asset side, there was a significant increase in Bank’s portfolio of domestic assets in the form of government securities on account of open market purchases, repo purchases and disinvestment of Government of India’s surplus balance parked with the Reserve Bank. The increase in foreign currency assets mainly reflected the valuation effect on the portfolio.XI.2 The financial statements of the Reserve Bank are prepared in accordance with the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 and the notifications...
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...years have seen tremendous growth in the real estate sector of India. Adding impetus to the growth is the liberal policy adopted by the Government of India towards foreign investment in this sector. It appears as if this is the right time for the NRIs to invest in immovable property in India. A time to make their money work at home, while they work abroad. With this book, I have made an attempt to provide answers to the problems commonly faced by a NRI who has already invested or is desirous of investing in immovable property in India. This guide is a simple primer on NRI investments in immovable property, repatriation of proceeds and tax incidences on remittances. This guide provides a detailed outlook on some standard issues in NRI investment in immovable property, repatriation and tax planning, providing non-residents guidance to investing in immovable property in the country. With a view to cover the issues of acquiring immovable property in India as well as outside India, I have divided the guide into two parts. Part A deals with acquisition of immovable property in India and Part B talks about acquisition of immovable property outside India. Part A consists of 27 chapters dealing with a host of topics right from the definition of NRI/PIO to differences between FEMA and FERA to tax planning for NRIs. Part B deals with the regulations governing acquisition of immovable property outside India. Ever since India embarked on the path of liberalisation, the rules relating to...
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...Macroeconomics – Case 1.3 1 Analysis of National Income Trend since 1951 Rate of Change of National Income 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% -2% -4% -6% Rate of Change of National Income 1951-1965: Post independence the country was wrought with economic stagnation and extreme poverty, as a result this phase witnessed rapid industrialization. While the agricultural sector contributed more than 50% to the GDP, the consumer goods industry were completely neglected. As a result the growth rate kept fluctuating during this period. 1966-80: During this period, India’s economic growth can be characterized by one word – “volatile”. The 1971 war with Pakistan, successive changes In Government in the late 1970’s and the huge drought in 1979 which affected nearly 200 million people in the agricultural sector, had a major impact on the national income. 1981-1991: In the 1980s, the businesses were able to drive efficiency and react to supply and demand incentives, the economy took off. The plan laid stress on improving the productivity level of industries by upgrading of technology. So, the national income always increased as depicted by the graph shown. Progress toward that goal was slow but steady. In the late 1980s, however, India relied on foreign borrowing to finance development plans to a greater extent than before. Trend since 1991: Economic liberalization of India began in 1991. The economic abolished license raj, reduced tariffs, removed entry-exit barriers and ended various...
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...tax system & fiscal policy 8. Role in development of Indian Economy 9. Shortcomings or deficiencies in our fiscal policy 10.Findings & suggestions on Indian fiscal policy ECONOMY OF INDIA The economy of India is the eleventh largest in the world by nominal GDP and the third largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The country is one of the G-20 major economies and a member of BRICS. On a per capita income basis, India ranked 140th by nominal GDP and129th by GDP (PPP) in 2011, according to the IMF. After the independence-era Indian economy (before and a little after 1947) was inspired by the Soviet model of economic development, with a large public sector, high import duties combined with interventionist policies, leading to massive inefficiencies and widespread corruption. However, later on India adopted free market principles and liberalized its economy to international trade under the guidance of Manmohan Singh, who then was the Finance Minister of India under the leadership of P.V. Narasimha Rao the then Prime Minister who eliminated License Raj a pre- and post-British Era mechanism of strict government control on setting up new industry. Following these strong economic reforms, and a strong focus on developing national infrastructure such as the Golden Quadrilateral project by Atal Bihari Vajpayee the then Prime Minister the country's economic growth progressed at a rapid pace with very...
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...estimate of black economy to formulate appropriate policies. The study of unaccounted income thereafter was entrusted to the National Institute Of Public Finance And Policy in July 1982 to: identify sectors generating black money, causes of such, studying the methods employed to generate black money and channels through which concealed income is invested and spent in other ways, methods employed to convert black money into white, broad estimate of money generated and to take regional or sectoral surveys required in connection with the above. The Institute submitted its report in March 1985. The focus of the paper is on methods and measurements of estimating black economy and therefore, other aspects of the report like distinguishing between black income and black wealth, giving an explanation for the causes of black economy and remedial measures etc. are not explicitly dealt with, yet these issues are kept in mind and the methods and measurements are discussed at the level best. This paper has tried to do some justification to the NIPFP REPORT (1985) and the comments by various known scholars. METHODS FOR ESTIMATING BLACK INCOME The first approach is the fiscal approach: Variants of this approach attempt to arrive at independent estimates of incomes subject to tax and compare these with the income actually assessed for taxation and call the difference between the two- a measure of tax evaded income. N.Kaldor first used this method in 1956. This method was also used by Wanchoo Committee...
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...|CONTENTS | |THEORY COURSE: | |Title sheet [Program, Course Code - Course Name, Credit Structures, Pre-Requisite and Co-Requisite, Instructor’s Web-Link | |Address (Moodle), Name of Instructor, Division, and School] | |Official Time Table of the course | |Approved course syllabus signed by Instructor & Program chair | |Objective and Outcome Mapping | |Lesson Plan | |Assessment Scheme and Schedule | |Model Question Paper (Semester End Examination (SEE)) | |Lectures Slides, Tutorials and other Learning Resource provided (See Annexure 1) | |Assignments / Course Projects ...
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