...The concept state has been explained or received numerous definitions based on the understanding of some political scholars as well as the definition giving to it by any other academic discipline base on how they understand it. Their definitions seek to distinguish the concept state from nation and how it elaborate on its similarities and differences. According to Max Weber, a state is the organisation that maintains a monopoly of violence over a territory. Also, Dr. Bossman defines the state as a clearly defined area with its own government that exercises authority over its population. Moreover Patrick O’Neil, explains a state as an institution that seek to yield the majority of force within a territory, establishing order and deterring challenges from inside and out. Generally, a state may be defined as a geographically well-defined area with a boundary, territory and a government with power to exercise authority over its members called citizens. On the other hand, the word nation is defined from the Latin word natus which means birth. The word nation can also mean a group that a person is born into and have linkage [ethnos] or ethnicity. According to Thomas Magstadt and Peter Scihotten, the term nation refers to people who share a common value including any or all of following; geographical location, history, racial and ethnic characteristics, religion, language, culture and beliefs and common political ideas. According to Ernest Baker, a nation is a body...
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...Argumentative Research Paper Preventing immigration because of nationalism and racism is a violation of human rights. Immigration has become the topic of many legal and political discussions. Not a very long time ago, approximately 80 years, some countries, because of their nationalist and racist ideologies tried to stop immigration and even implemented racial cleansing, while others defended immigrant rights against the ideas of pure-blood and xenophobic insanity. Actually this case has not closed yet. The majority of governments still refuse to accept immigration as a human right. Standards for immigrants are generally very poor; they do not share the equal rights of the citizens of the country. While some countries have some laws and regulations to solve this problem, generally most nations are not welcoming of immigrants. Preventing immigration because of nationalism and racism is a violation of human rights. Xenophobia is a fear of anything or anyone that is strange or unknown. Many nations’ immigration policies are based upon xenophobia, and this has come to inform policies and attitudes of nationalism. Jeong (2013) defines nationalism “as a feeling of superiority and contempt for foreigners’’ and in his study he describes the effects of national feelings on immigration. Jeong claims there is a connection between restricted immigration and high levels of nationalism. For instance, many US citizens have concerns about whether there will be anyone called “American”...
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...Taylor Leyva A.P. Language Jackson 29 January 2012 Critical Response: Deloria In this excerpt from We Talk, You Listen, Deloria campaigns on behalf of the rights of all minorities, but namely Native Americans. The unorthodox way he went about it, however, was the most interesting. Unlike most advocates for this cause, Deloria suggests that rather than attempting to join in on white history, minorities should remember and celebrate their own. He downplays the importance of a national sense of unity in order to promote togetherness between racial groups. Thinking back in history to the most well-known battles fought by minorities, the Civil Rights’ Movement definitely stands out. However, it seems that in this instance African Americans wished to fit in to a “white man’s world”. Of course this is understandable, simply because of what we believe of human nature. As Mark Twain said, “If [a man] would prosper, he must train with the majority; in matters of large moment, like politics and religion, he must think and feel with the bulk of his neighbors” (717-718). This desire to be apart of what others are, to join the majority is, in a sense, refuted by Deloria in this excerpt. He gives specific examples in which it seems the truth has been stretched in order to include minorities into white history. This supporters of this theory think that, “Crispus Attucks, a black, almost single-handedly started the Revolutionary War, while Eli Parker, the Seneca Indian general, won...
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...Announcing a new era The languor and still life speeches of Manmohan Singh’s era had to be forgotten. First Mr. Modi enters exuding confidence. He knows he has to announce a new era. He goes beyond Nehruvianism by appealing to the civics of Swadeshi. This is not the language of politics but of virtue, of the qualities required for nation building. He is attired in a saffron turban with a green border: a Bandhini, Kutchi in its origin. He evokes a new style and his voice resonates a different world. India is not making tryst with destiny. It is going to meet the future by reconstructing it. The camera widens the frame. Lal Quila is not just a fortress. It is a landscape of temples, history and a sense of a bigger city. He is standing at the ramparts announcing a new era by reworking the grammar of the old. There is no big statement on productivity, no appeal to economics, no cliché about foreign policy, no reference to corruption, hardly any mention of China or Pakistan. It is a day for positives, for a nation to recharge itself. The language is simple: it is not politics, not policy; it is a simple sermon on values, simply done, almost faultless. This Independence Day speech does not begin with 1947. It begins with a salute to those who build the nation. The first shift in attitude is here. Mr. Modi says, “I address you not as Prime Minister but as the first servant of the nation.” He then suggests a nation is not made by a great man but by its people. A nation is built by...
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...Anglophone Socio-cultural Environment “Nations have always existed” Mihaela Vasileva Savova Matriculation № 025067 17.05.2004 In my opinion this statement-“Nations have always existed”-is not true. There are several stages of the human evolution until the word “nation” appears as a term. In fact these stages are three - ethnos, nationality and nation. “Nation” is the last level of social development. My thesis is based on historical evidences and views of famous historians. The conclusion I made, after getting acquainted with some sources, is that nations have developed during the XVth or XVIth century, more precisely after the Great French Bourgeois Revolution in 1789. The nation is not the first step in human development. According to Professor Lachesar Dachev’s textbook “Studies for the state”: “The humans form many and different unions. The most general and basic is the “ethnos”. … The ethnos is the first and the original characteristic of every man. There is no man without an ethnos.” Another definition of ethnos is made by J.V.Bromlay and V.I.Kozlov: “The ethnos is strange historically formed kind of social group of people, united form of their existence. It is set up and develops in natural-historical way; it does not depend on the resolution of the individuals in it and is capable of existence in many centuries thanks to its reproduction.” The first kind of ethnical union is the tribe. Tribes are formed on the base of blood relationship which is...
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...Malcolm X Labeled as one of the greatest speakers in African-American history, Malcolm X delivered a powerful speech entitled “Ballot or the Bullet” on April 3, 1964 in Cleveland, Ohio. In the profound speech, Malcolm looks to unite all blacks in America, disregarding their religion, and to promote Black Nationalism. Black Nationalism, through the eyes of Malcolm, mainly causes for blacks to take over the politics in their communities. Along with the political aspects, Black Nationalism requires blacks to stop supporting white businesses and only invest in black-owned businesses and companies. Malcolm’s Black Nationalism has a “self-help” philosophy, in which blacks control the jobs, housing and culture of their communities. In addition to uplifting the black community, Black Nationalism also called to unite blacks from different religions to fight for freedom (according to Malcolm, second-class citizens, which most black were classified as, were 20th Century slaves.) Another one of Malcolm’s viewpoints is on a black revolution in America. He seemed upset that in his speech that blacks in the south were choosing the lax methods of sit-ins as a form of desegregation. Malcolm felt that if blacks were to gain freedom in America, blood must be shed, referring back to the term revolution. In Africa, he mentions, blacks did not gain their independence from European nations peacefully, however, that they had to fight, kill, and be killed to gain liberty. He also mentions how bloody...
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...Contents General Models Nation Building and Political Development 1 Nation Building and War-fighting in Historical Perspective 4 Post Cold War Approaches to Nation-building: The Case of the United States: 6 Nation Building and War fighting: A Snapshot of the Record 8 Germany and Japan: misleading historical lessons, specious claims: 9 CONCLUSION 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 11 ASSESS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WAR-FIGHTING AND NATION-BUILDING. Nothing is, and will remain in such short supply in the greater majority of the polities of the world’s ‘countryside’, as a sense of political community; and yet no such crucial term as ‘nation building’ has of recent been subjected to so much trivialisation and casual usage. This essay attempts to lay out what it is that nation building entails, as a background to assessing whatever linkage it may have with war fighting, causally or by coincidence. I outline existing schools of thought on nation building and demonstrate that it bore a clear relationship with war fighting especially in the dusk of the extensive empires of Western Europe. I argue that the United States had a much rosier experience by virtue of its geographical isolation, and of being constituted by an immigrant population, and as such, it may the least qualified actor to enforce nation building however construed. The essay points out the prevailing fallacy of conflating short-term post-conflict reconstruction with protracted nation building and state...
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...Emancipation Of Women and their role in nationalist movement in Raja Rao’s Kanthapura Raja Rao’s first published work in English, the Kanthapura had a rather controversial and revolutionary plot in accordance with women being participants of nationalist movements. The third world countries, at that time, were opposed to the idea of women in the socio-political realms. Kanthapura drove through barriers of male dominance and female regression that prevailed in India at that time and Raja Rao was much criticized for the idea of female liberation. In kanthapura, the fact that the narrator is an old woman, acchaka, who comments on the actions of characters with a sharp eyed wisdom makes evident the fact that the author was of view of freedom of speech for women. The novel, which is predominantly based on Mahatma Gandhi’s principle of satyagraha women, as satyagrahis, demonstrated fearlessness in their struggle for independence. Inspite of the lathi blows, they persevere their nonviolent march exhibiting a conscious knowledge of their strength and power , and endure pain in the face of brutality, inhumanity and cruelty of the police. Raja rao, in kanthapura portrays the role of women in the nationalist movement inspired by gandhian ideals. It is an extreme shift from the position of women in the patriarchal Indian society to that in a strong movement against colonialism. This without doubt also reflects the Gandhian ideal to encourage emancipation of women and support women...
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...DIVERSITY AND NATIONALISM “Diversity is the life-blood of the nation. To trample on the rights of any minority group is to trample on the rights of the nation.” In the source the perspective of the individual states that diversity is the strength of a nation that it is fundamental for a nation to exist. They also quote that when you ignore the minority group which is the group of people such as people of different cultures or countries get disregarded you are disregarding the rights of the whole nation. The point the author of the source is trying to make is that without diversity or a minority group, you basically don’t have a nation. There are many perspectives on whether diversity is good or bad. Robert Putnam states "Diversity, at least in the short run, seems to bring out the turtle in all of us," he writes. He explains further that people in more diverse communities tend to "distrust their neighbors, regardless of the color of their skin, to withdraw even from close friends, to expect the worst from their community and its leaders, to volunteer less, give less to charity and work on community projects less often, to register to vote less, to agitate for social reform more but have less faith that they can actually make a difference, and to huddle unhappily in front of the television." Deidre Blair says otherwise “Where would we be without diversity something that includes not only them, but both you and me. We wouldn’t have variety, or change or ethnic differences ...
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...Lecture 1: Introducing Culture and Globalization Globalization: the increasing interconnectedness of the world (interconnectivity) Culture: shared ways of understanding and doing things (conceptual lense) and is socially constructed, hence changeable Culture Core question of course: does increasing globalization lead to the spread of new global cultures (more cultural sameness) or to more cultural differences? Globalization increases cultural similarities and differences the four main characteristics of globalization ~ Cochrane and Pain 1. stretched social relations, 2. intensification of flows, 3. increasing interpenetration of cultures, 4. an development of global infrastructure Globalization is driven by modern science, capitalism, and industrialism The four power players in globalization (‘nation states’, ‘military’, ‘division of labour’, and ‘capitalism’) ~Giddens Two main forms of culture contact: hybridization and differentiation Globalization involves reflexivity, i.e. ‘old certainties’ disappear Reflexivity is the idea that both individuals and society are defined not just by themselves, but also in relation to each other. Therefore they must both continually redefine themselves in reaction to others and to new information Lecture 2: Is There a Global Culture? • • • Power relations: having the ‘right’ to define what things are (Giddes, lecture 1) ‘Us – them’ distinctions The power relations of four groups in society: Majorities and elites are dominant...
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...Though it is taught at a very young age with the premise of inspiring patriotic feeling and held in high esteem due to it’s historical significance, the Pledge of Allegiance is surrounded by controversy. The Pledge of Allegiance should not be enforced in schools due to it being a clear violation of the First and Fourth Amendments, its conflict with other people’s beliefs, and it’s blatantly false promise of equality. We live in a world where expression and freedom of thought is, thankfully, somewhat allowed and even encouraged. Why then should we, as a free country, be forced to say a Pledge that most haven’t even bothered to analyze? Can we truly believe that the children currently attending elementary school understand what they say when they repeat after their teacher? Is their level of comprehension high enough to be able to feel and understand what loyalty to one’s country is? Certainly not, and it doesn’t stop there. While it is understandable why our country enforces the Pledge early on, it is not understandable why it is continued into high school and even into college. If a child attending high school makes the conscious decision not to stand up for the Pledge, then he should be allowed to do so and exercise his rights. We live in a world where a teacher reprimanded her student for being “un-American” and “un-patriotic” because he did not recite the Pledge of Allegiance. (Jacksonville News, Sports and Entertainment) A Judge ruled the case unconstitutional and stated...
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...Question: Rising tide of nationalism has been observed in many parts of the world in the last decades. Primordialism and constructivism have been used to explain this phenomenon. Outline the key arguments of both theories, and then proceed to answer the following question: which theory better explains the rise of nationalism? Illustrate your answer in the context of Macau, China or any one country that you are familiar with. Brief Introduction The word nationalism was created in the late 18 centuries, but it only got popular from the 1830s. It used to convey the idea of identification with a nation in which a group of people shares common ancestry in the early time, but later it began to link with patriotism and with aspirations to statehood. This concept became widely accepted by more and more people during twentieth century. Nationalism now is defined as a subjective feeling of a membership in a nation; a belief that a nation should form the state, or a belief that the identification with the nation should be above all other forms of identity. Nowadays Nationalism has set off a wave around the world. Primordialism and constructivism can be used to explain this phenomenon. We will see the key arguments of both theories. The first one is primordialism. Key arguments of two theories The emergence of the theory of primordialism was in the second half of the eighteenth centuries, in general, primordialism assumes political identity are innate and largely unchanged. It...
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...entire thought process. First, one must “uncover the values for which a society stands” (Page 1). Then, they must compare the actions of the individual to the beliefs of the society as a whole. In a time of war against their fatherland to be separate and recognized, national pride was high. Betraying this nationality, as Benedict Arnold did, would be an absolutely unforgivable sin. The evidence given seems authentic, as many references are made to other texts and even records from the time. All these sources come together to very efficiently support the purpose of the essay. Regarding the knowledge required to understand the essay, there were a few things that had to be understood. Most of them were ideals such as patriotism, nationalism, and treason. These ideals, and most - if not all - of the themes in this...
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...B After the initial growing pains associated with intense political bipartisanships, America entered what historians (ever since Benjamin Russell of the Boston Newspaper in 1817) have labeled the “Era of Good Feelings”. Beginning with the American victory in the War of 1812, various issues subsided and the aura of America changed for the better. Numerous debates over issues such as foreign diplomacy and policy seemingly dissolved, and the void was filled with positive nationalist fervor and multiple compromises, that, however sectionalist in nature, satisfied both the north and the south—hence the phrase “good feelings”. This state of the country was not merely happened upon, but rather it was the result of hardened diplomatic efforts amongst geniuses. Moreover, America still faced difficulties. Nevertheless, “The Era of Good Feelings” was a drastic step forward in American history and truly did represent a period in which progress flourished and, to that end, Americans united. With economic proliferation, political stabilization, and social prosperity, the time between 1815 and1825 ushered in countless new ideas that highlighted American greatest like never before. It is doubtless that America faced challenges during that time painted singularly with “good feelings” and that the general undertones and overtones bespeaking prosperity did not comprise in its entirety the American status quo. In spite of this, many instances do speak in accordance with such positivity. Prominent...
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...How did Americans justify their overseas expansion at the end of the nineteenth century, and how did the people in the conquered territories view the United States’ actions? Towards the end of the nineteenth century, America had begun to develop at a rather substantial rate. The aftermath of the Civil War was followed by a developing economy, advances in technology and transportation, and territory expansion that would eventually lead to conflict with other nations. In the pursuit to become a global superpower, the United States had conquered the overseas nations of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines by the end of the nineteenth century. This expansion by the United States was fueled by a promotion of democracy, but came off as an arrogant struggle for power to the conquered territories. The United States seized an opportunity in the conquering of overseas territories, as the civilians of those territories criticized America’s notion for self-governed nations and doubted the influence of American imperialism. (Aguinaldo, 69) With the result of the Spanish-American War ending up in favor of the United States, the acquisition of an overseas empire was a new concept to the American government. A clear motive for conquering overseas territories is to promote democracy. However, it could definitely be argued that acquiring, for instance, the territory of the Philippines was seen as a business opportunity. At the time of these overseas acquisitions, President McKinley was unsure...
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