...and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, it was also a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education and the natural sciences. Its effect on politics was considerable and complex; while for much of the peak Romantic period it was associated with liberalism and radicalism, in the long term its effect on the growth of nationalism was probably more significant. Romanticism era is the revolution of writers, painters, and dancers. The well-know writer in romanticism era is Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. His first novel, The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774), about a young, sensitive artist, was popular throughout Europe. Goethe also used myth and local folklore as subjects for his poetry, inspiring a sense of German nationalism in the decades before a unified Germany. The American and French Revolutions in the late 18th century added to the popularity of such Romantic ideals as freedom, liberty and national pride. Ballet began to lose steam after the death of Louis the XIV, despite a slight boom in participation and popularity in Eastern Europe. However, a new era began when a group of gifted...
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...is paid according to their abilities and needs. D-Day- Operation overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy. The allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German- occupied Western Europe during World War 2. This took place June 6th, 1944. D-Day- Operation overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy. The allied operation that launched the successful...
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...Nationalism in the 19th century was very similar to patriotism. Nationalism is when people are loyal to and proud of their country and have the belief that their country or independant nation is superior to others. In the 19th century nationalism was extremely prevenant, though it would be replaced by patriotism. Though many benefited from Nationalism, it caused unnecessary destruction in the 18th and 19th centuries in Europe. It caused uprisings that lead to numerous revolts, disturbing the order, causing needless death and eventually leading to world war one. Firstly, nationalism was used as a political tool for leaders to gain power. This can especially be seen in the German Unification of 1871. The unification took place on January 18 and was when the Princes of the German states made Wilhelm of Prussia as Emperor Wilhelm of the German Empire. From positions of established power, this new generation of leaders molded nationalism to fit harsh political realities. They focused their eyes on practical policies not ideals.”(West in the world pg. 610) These leaders would pretend to help the people, but in reality they were manipulating and compromising to achieve their personal goals. Though,, nationalism often allowed for the creation of new, more powerful, and more oppressive monarchies, these monarchies often came to power through corrupt means. Secondly, nationalism lead to the assassination that caused world war one and was the cause of many other ...
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...Origins of Modern Europe During the 14th and 15th centuries, Europe experienced a period of heightened intellectual and artistic activity. This rebirth of classical learning is called the Renaissance. The 15th century marked the beginning of the age of exploration. Christopher Columbus and other European seamen opened the way for increased world trade and great colonial empires. The cities on or near the Atlantic replaced those of Italy as the commercial centers of Europe. Rich merchants began to rival the nobles in wealth and power. A growing abundance of money permitted kings to hire officials and soldiers, gradually removing the need for feudal relationships. World known by Europeans in the 14th century This map shows how much of the world's lands and seas were known to Europeans by the A.D. 1300's. Areas that Europeans knew about included northern Africa, far northeastern North America, much of Asia, the Mediterranean Sea, and parts of the North Atlantic and Indian oceans. The 16th century brought the Reformation, when many Christians rejected the authority of the pope and the Protestant movement was begun. The 17th and 18th centuries formed a period of savage wars by which the various European monarchs sought to increase their territories. England became a limited monarchy and aspirations for political freedom appeared in other parts of Europe. Low Countries in the 16th century. The Low Countries, including most of present-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands...
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...Nationalism is described as the basis of a nation’s existence, and consists of the idea that a nation is a population, often divided into smaller groups within, that shares common principles (Lecture, Sept. 25). Three of the main principles by which nationalism is based on includes equality, inclusion and democracy. While Von Treitscheke - Writings struggles to grasp the main concepts, the Ohio Women’s Convention successfully demonstrates acknowledgement regarding the ideas and therefore agrees with the emergence of nationalism based on those prospects. Both articles differ in the way they approach nationalism and view the term as two very different concepts, one as the basis for equality, inclusion and democracy, therefore agreeing with the lecturing view of nationalism, while the Von Treitscheke interpretation regarded power, authoritarianism, and militarism. The strive for equality is still...
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...Introduction 1 Creation of Sweden and its culture 3 17th - 18th century: Swedish culture is born 3 Göticism and Viking heritage: Foundation of the Swedish culure 3 18th Century: the Enlightenment: a new view of the nation 3 19th Century: National Romanticism 3 20th century: Contemporary History 4 The dissolution of the Union 4 The First World War 4 Wellfare system establishment 4 The Second World War 4 The Cold War 5 European Union and Immigration 5 How Sweden Becam Swedish 6 Welfare State 6 Cultural Policy and Propaganda 7 Multi-culturalism 8 Gender Equality 9 Conclusion 11 Introduction The purpose of this essay is to try to understand the Scandinavian culture. To do this, we have to clarify some concepts, like National Identity, Nationalism, culture and Swedishness, in order to understand the connection between those, and finally expose more easely the following arguments. Those concepts can be seen as pretty dimness and deep, so we have to treat those with caution. In fact, if we start with Nationalism, many theorists tried to counteract the three paradoxes this concept bring : objective modernity vs. subjective antiquity, socio-cultural concept vs. concrete manifestations and 'political' power vs. philosophical poverty. Therefore, we see that Nationalism involve multiple frameworks, like history, culture, social or politic. Ernest Gellner reached to mix them and saw Nationalism like a 'theory of political legitimacy, wich requires that...
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...The Crimean war is one of the most memorable and significant wars fought in 19th century Europe. It was a conflict that affected all of Europe from a geographical standpoint since Russia came to war with Britain, France, and Turkey after the decay of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire called upon the aid of the British and French to help them in repelling the Russians, who wanted to expand their geopolitical interests as well as financial dependence. The result of every war has its winners and casualties, who suffer the consequences of the aftermath. Russia strived to gain territory in its attempt for even greater European conquest, but failed and lost its dominating title and leading position in Europe as well as Asia. The Crimean War is a pertinent historical event that marked Russian attempt to conquer in order to become a dominant hegemony in Europe and where the outcomes of the war geographically changed Europe as well as affected people’s nationalistic/identity beliefs. Often times named one of the bloodiest battles, yet technologically advanced wars of the nineteenth century; the Crimean war was a vital event in European history. It was a conflict where Russia lost to an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, after Russia’s attempt to expand commercial and strategic designs as the Ottoman Empire was slowly deteriorating . The fall of the Empire would allow Russia to gain control and obtain the Dardanelles, as well as naval access to the Mediterranean...
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...Exam 2: Chapter 28-32 Atlantic revolutions (American, French, Haitian, Latin America) Rise of nationalism Industrialization Global transitions: the americas, the ottoman empire, Romanov Russia, Qin China, Japan. Global empires. Atlantic Revolutions: In the early modern period (1450-1750. Period of early European exploration and contact. It caused the establishment of european commercial empires. Primary tributary, it focused on trade, and some settler comics. This caused there to be “nation-states”, in tern proto-industrialization in europe (innovation) Europe started into three major processes: Revolution, (and nationalism) Industrialization Imperialism Lastly the Rise of the “nation-state” Age of Enlightenment (1650-1780’s) There were plenty of forward thinkers. Each was moving toward science as the new way of thinking. They used the application of universal laws of the natural world to social world. They valued ration over revelation. The government was as a contract. The ideas of Freedom, equality and sovereignty were held as the highest. The belief was to move forward in progress. French Revolution (1789-1799) The aim was to abolish the monarchy that was in france, it ultimately failed. It was far more radical than the American, but still failed. Mostly because they had no idea how to run a government. Whereas the Americans had some knowledge about their own rule. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) Declared himself emperor and attempted to bring...
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...Saxton Chronicles. During this time there were several vernaculars in English. You vernacular language was determined by what social class you were in; the English language was spoken language in the lower class. The entertainers that traveled used the vernacular language. In some situations in judicial the vernacular language in the France form was used. Romance was a huge percent of the vernacular in France. These came from musicians who told stories when they were passing through and individuals would write down the stories. The Charlemagne was some of the oldest pieces dated back to the 12th century. The vernacular language was used in German as early as the 18th century. Many times of trying to convert failed and were not accepted. The language caught on in the 12th century and many stories of French were transformed to the language of German. In most parts of Europe in...
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...Assess the impact of Napoleon on Europe The Napoleonic Empire came into existence following the coronation of Napoleon Bonaparte as Emperor of France at Notre Dame in 1804. The frontiers of the ancien regime had been expanded up to and beyond France’s natural borders, with the momentum of expansion following in direct correlation with the pace of France’s military conquests under the leadership of Bonaparte himself. The ‘Great Empire’ is often referred to as a single entity embracing French controlled Europe, but territories were in fact separated depending on the levels of French control. Territory ruled directly from Paris was known as the pays reunis which compromised of France’s natural frontiers (borders of the Rhine, Alps and Pyrenees) as well as annexed territories of Piedmont, Parma, Papal States and Holland after 1810. It was also divided into the pays conquis, which were nominally independent satellite states and formed a zone protecting the borders of the French Empire from attacks from countries such as Britain. These were ruled by Frenchmen who were usually close to Napoleon as a family member or as a close friend, such as Jerome Bonaparte who was King of Westphalia and Joachim Murat who was King of Naples. When discussing impact, the effects of Napoleon and his policies on factors such as economies, religion and nationalism in satellite states that composed the Napoleonic Empire will be taken into account, whether positive or negative on the states. Napoleon...
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...Western Europe and American were industrialized countries and they became more powerful than the nations that had not industrialized such as Asia. The powerful nations were driven to extend into these weaker nations by political, economic, and ideological needs for advancement. In doing so, they were introducing Imperialism although this was not a new practice as it dates back to antiquity. During the 19th century after the Industrialization, we see Imperialism take a new shape and form in order to become more prevalent. The motivations for Imperialism were economic, political, and ideological. Economically, the industrialized nations were eager to extend their nations to find new markets that the non-industrialized worlds may offer. They...
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...In 17th and early 18th century, The Dutch Republic held economic and political influence in Europe. The republic was split into seven separate colonies, with Holland being the largest and most influential of them as it was an integral trading center in Europe. The Dutch began to alter their alliances with many other European powers and this brought forth many conflicts and military issues between them. Ultimately though the Dutch Republic began to lose influence and power as it began to experience a military and economic downfall because of a loss of trade along with a decrease in unity within. The Dutch were beginning to thrive economically better than ever before, and thus the English and French began to believe that the Dutch could end...
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...HISTORY 4C: WESTERN CIVILIZATION: 1715-PRESENT Description of the Course: This course surveys the history of Europe from the beginning of the 18th century until the end of the 20th century. We will study major political, economic, social and intellectual developments that affected European societies during that time period and changed lives of people throughout the world. Major themes of the course will include the French and Industrial Revolutions, emergence of ideologies such as liberalism, nationalism and socialism as well as their practical impact on politics and culture, the rise and fall of European global dominance, wars and revolution of the 20th century. Goals of the Course: I. Understanding Historical Heritage of our Civilization: The major purpose of this course is to familiarize you with heritage of the western civilization and help you understand significance of its impact on contemporary world. This class will aim to illustrate how the past impacts people’s lives in the present and how our actions, ideas, and self-image are shaped by historical developments. II. Acquiring Critical Thinking: History consists of more than just memorization of names, dates and narratives of historical events. Although knowledge of factual information is imperative, it is important to realize that history is interpretation of facts, trends and ideas. Therefore, neither professor nor Teaching Assistants will give you “right” or “wrong” answers. Instead, another major...
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...Civilizations II (ADH1412A) Instructor: Christopher Davies The enlightenment of the 18th century brought about new ways for religions and politics for the French Revolution. With the new ideas would help impact the French Revolution from 1789 to 1799. The enlightenment ideas about religion and society shaped the policies of the French Revolution. “The constant arrival of ships meant that ideas from Europe also traveled across the ocean, including those from Enlightenment thinkers and later revolutionary France. Some inhabitants of Saint Domingue embraced these ideas, but others reviled them. The grandsblancs especially became concerned when certain Enlightenment thinkers attacked slavery. They also disliked the emphasis on the rights and freedoms of the middle class, represented on Saint Domingue by the petitsblancs and gens de couleur. The petitsblancs, meanwhile, welcomed idealistic notions of justice and freedom because they resented the aristocratic dominance of the grandsblancs.” Getz, T.R. & Brooke, J.E. (2012). World history: The human experience from 1500. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. There were a lot of impacts related to the French Revolution as for political, social and culture. The political impacts that were related to the French Revolution are the political ideologies Nationalism and socialism. French nationalism, and nationalism as such, paradoxical in four ways. In their conception, nations often arise from states; in...
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...Industrial Revolution: The Future of Western Europe The Industrial Revolution was the moment in history when Europe began to change from a hands-on age to more of a mechanical age. The Industrial Revolution began mainly in Western Europe and soon spread across the world, including North America. Britain accelerated its manufacturing, business, and even daily life, being the center head of the Industrial Revolution. Britain first led the way back in the 18th century, and by 1850, its entire society was changed forever, both economically and socially. Britain’s decisions in the previous decades shaped the prime location for an economic boom, mainly by not wasting its time with an absolutist rule nor with too many disputes with other European countries. Through technological and scientific means, Britain propelled itself economically forward, letting the rest of Europe play catch up. By controlling the seas, it shielded itself from disaster in markets across waters. The living and working standards transformed with longer life spans and whole family units working in industries. Although these families faced horrid conditions in these factories, they were still able to make money in the long run through labor unions and new legislation. Overall, Britain became the leading industrial power in Europe, if not the world, as a result of a new prominent social class, a strong capitalist ideal, life altering inventions, revamped living and working conditions, and revolutionary maritime...
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