...This project on Intelligent Conversation Bot, as presented in this study, relies on several terms as well as theories. The literature review is actually written to Narrate about what has been published on Artificial Conversational Entity in the summary. This chapter provides the most important results in the above mentioned areas. All these literatures were guiding the research of the kind of work have done before. Chapter two sought to find the appropriate foundations of references that describe, summarize, evaluate, and clarify the previous studies in Intelligent Conversation Bot, Natural Language Processing, AIML, Online Customer Care System and E-government. Also, some basic methodologies will also be covered....
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...ABSTRACT For all languages in the Indo European family in India, the roots can be traced to Sanskrit. A large part of the vocabulary of these languages is derived from Sanskrit which can, therefore, provide the pivot resource for many Indian languages. Being a heritage language, there is need to digitize and preserve ancient texts in Sanskrit. There exists real need for translating ancient texts to preserve traditional culture and knowledge. The formation of word may be the result of combination of two or more words. Separation of the words in meaningful sub-words is sandhi-splitting (sandhi viccheda). In sandhi splitter module, it will take Sanskrit text as input, then find out sandhi words and will give sub-words for respective sandhi...
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...factors connected to L2 learning success Procedural objective: the students will explore those factors that have promoted their success as language learners, making a chart and comparing it with other people Attitudinal objective: the students will develop a critical attitude towards the causal correlations between factors and learning success Attitudinal objective: the students will realize the need for further research A. Internal/ Individual B. External a. 1. Age 2. Aptitude 3. Motivation and Attitude 4. Personality 5. Cognitive Style 6. Hemisphere specialisation 7. Learning Strategies 1. Learning and Teaching Contexts 2.Teaching a second language: Effects 2.1. Input and interaction: How these elements affect learning A.1. AGE AND L2 LEARNING • Effects of age on RATE of second language learning ΚAdults are superior to children in rate of acquisition ΚOlder children learn more rapidly than younger children ΚWith regards to morphology and syntax, the adolescents do best, followed by the adults and then the children ΚGrammar differences diminish over time, and children begin to catch up, but adults outperform children in the short term Κ Where pronunciation is concerned, adults do not always progress more rapidly than children do Thus: adults learn faster than children, and this is more applicable to grammar than pronunciation, although in the case of formal learning situations adults seem to do better even in the pronunciation area. It is not clear when children start to catch up...
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...DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COURSE REGISTRATION AND RESULT PROCESSING SYSTEM CHAPTER ONE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Caritas University, Amorji Nike, Enugu, is a private University approved by the Federal Government of Nigeria on December 16 2004. It was officially opened on January 21, 2005 by the Federal Ministry for Education, Prof. Fabian Osuji. The formal opening was on January 31, 2005. The pioneer students of 250 matriculated on May 28, 2005 in beautiful ceremony that attracted dignitaries both church and state. It is the second Catholic University in Nigeria founded by Rev. Fr. Prof. Emmanuel Paul Mathew Edeh Cssp, OFR. Although he founded the school, the proprietor of the University is the Congregation of Sisters the Saviour, a religious Congregation of Nuns founded by him. The vision of Caritas University is to rescue some of our wandering and teaming youths from further slide into academic and moral decay, and development and transformation of our society through sound and adulterated education. Its mission is to discover, sanctify and apply the knowledge of science, environmental and engineering for human well-being and sound development of man for better society. Caritas University’s goal is to give efficacy to the University’s motto and to its philosophy of education. We embrace not only sound education for professional skills and competency in various fields; but also maintain...
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...Their characteristic is small and fast. As developing to fourth generation, the computer became smaller by using VLSI circuits. Personal computer appeared. Finally, the computer we use now is fifth generation. It is much faster because of parallel processing CPUs. It spends less power. 2. How many generations of computer software have evolved? What is one characteristic of each generation? There are five generations and it has been listed blow: Generation | Major attribute | First | Machine language | Second | Assembly language | Third | High-level language | Fourth | Fourth-generation language | Fifth | Natural language processing (NLP) | First, the machine language is time consuming. Second, assembly language is much easier to program and higher level. Third, high-level language is more like English. So, it is easier to learn and code. Forth, fourth-generation language also called nonprocedural language. It means that people don’t need to follow the rigorous command syntax to use them. Finally, the NLP can generation code automatically, it only asks for little programmer effect. Cause study 1 1. Name some financial apps introduced in this case. There several Apps introduced in this case, such as Mint app (mint.com) from Intuit, HelloWallet from HelloWallet.com, and Quick Shot. 2. What are some examples of analytics that can be done using financial...
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...of Medical Language Pierre Zweigenbauma, Pierre Jacquemarta, Natalia Grabara, Benoît Habertb a DIAM — Service d’Informatique Médicale/DSI, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris & Département de Biomathématiques, Université Paris 6 b LIMSI-CNRS & Université Paris 10 Abstract Medical language processing has focused until recently on a few types of textual documents. However, a much larger variety of document types are used in different settings. It has been showed that Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools can exhibit very different behavior on different types of texts. Without better informed knowledge about the differential performance of NLP tools on a variety of medical text types, it will be difficult to control the extension of their application to different medical documents. We endeavored to provide a basis for such informed assessment: the construction of a large corpus of medical text samples. We propose a framework for designing such a corpus: a set of descriptive dimensions and a standardized encoding of both meta-information (implementing these dimensions) and content. We present a proof of concept demonstration by encoding an initial corpus of text samples according to these principles. Keywords: Natural language processing, documents, French. text corpus, medical apply to another type [2]1. This has consequences for the design and development, or simply for the use, of natural language processing tools for medical information processing. Without better...
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...Cognitive Linguistic and Idioms General considerations about cognitive linguistics Cognitive linguistics is a new approach to the study of language which emerged in the late seventies and early eighties and interprets linguistic knowledge as part of general cognition and thinking. This new contemporary study that argues that language is governed by general cognitive principles, rather than by a special –purpose language module, is therefore associated with semantics, but is distinct from psycholinguistics, which draws upon empirical findings from cognitive psychology in order to explain the mental processes that underlie the acquisition and storage of speech. The most influential linguists working along these lines and focusing on cognitive principles were Charles Fillmore, Wallace Chafe, George Lakoff, Dirk Geeraerts, Roland Langacker and Leonard Talmy. The most important assumption shared by all these researchers is that meaning is so central to language that it must be a primary focus of study. Linguistic structures serve the function of expressing meanings and thus, the mapping between meaning and form are a prime subject of linguistic analysis. In The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics, Dirk Geerates stated : “ Cognitive Linguistics is the study of language in its cognitive function, where cognitive refers to the crucial role of intermediate informational structures in our encounters with the world. Cognitive Linguistics is cognitive in the same way that cognitive...
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...Second Language Acquisition and the Critical Period Hypothesis Second Language Acquisition Research: Theoretical and Methodological Issues Susan Gass and Jacquelyn Schachter, Editors Monographs on Research Methodology Second Language Acquisition and the Critical Period Hypothesis Edited by David Birdsong University of Texas LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS Mahwah, New Jersey London This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. Copyright © 1999 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microform, retrieval system, or any other means, without prior written permission of the publisher. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers 10 Industrial Avenue Mahwah, NJ 07430 Cover design by Kathryn Houghtaling Lacey Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Second language acquisition and the critical period hypothesis/ edited by David Birdsong. p. cm. — (Second language acquisition research) Chiefly papers presented at a conference held Aug. 1996, Jyväskylä, Finland. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8058-3084-7 (alk. paper) 1. Second language acquisition—Congresses. I. Series. P118.2.S428 1998 401′.93–dc21 98–42609 CIP ISBN 1-4106-0166-8 Master e-book ISBN CONTENTS Credits...
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...ISSN 1798-4769 Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 682-684, September 2010 © 2010 ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/jltr.1.5.682-684 Interlanguage Pragmatics Theory and Its Implications for Foreign Language Qian Huang Foreign Language Teaching Department, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China Email:qqh@dzu.edu.cn Abstract—The major purpose of college English teaching is to cultivate and develop student’s pragmatic competence. Interlanguage pragmatics is a new interdisciplinary branch of study based on the theories of pragmatics and second language acquisition which has direct guide significance for foreign language teaching. This paper firstly introduces the theoretical models of the two theories and then focuses on the implications for foreign language teaching. Index Terms— interlanguage pragmatics, pragmatics theory, SLA theory, implications I. INTRODUCTION In 1969, the psychological linguists Selinker in his paper "Language Transfer" pointed out that when people in different countries and regions have communicate in second Language, language often appears with some native Language and relevant, and with this two kinds of pragmatic styles of Interlanguage totally different, this is "the Interlanguage" (Interlanguage). In Selinker view, the former study of interlanguage study was just the grammar system study. Therefore, the study of interlanguage was only limited from speech phonemes, lexical, syntactic to semantic etc...
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...based on clinical documentation from a healthcare provider, which is used for review and validation. With the assistance of these new automation tools, coding or HIM professionals can easily translate clinical data input into useful clinical data output. Increased amounts of clinical coding is done by machines, which saves time and human participation for more complex coding cases and data analysis tasks. Factors, such as advances in natural language processing, EHR adoption, compliance issues and mandates for labor – intensive administrative reporting processes reduction, influenced the demand of CAC. Traditionally, clinical documentation (whether paper or electronic) is analyzed by a coder, translated into the appropriate ICD – 9 CM or CPT/HCPCS codes with the help of coding books or encoders and entered into a database. These new coding automation tools assists HIM professionals in translating data by automated code assignment instead of manual review and translation alone. As early as the 1950s, the technology of CAC – enabled tools, particularly Natural Language Processing (NLP), started with formal language theory. Throughout this time, technological progress was slow but technology has rapidly progressed and is constantly advancing at an exponential rate since the 1990s. Coding is a difficult task because it has a four- dimensional complexity. First, coding rules’ volume and intricacy makes selecting the right diagnosis/ procedure code and code modifiers difficult. In an article...
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...Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience. Automation has had a notable impact in a wide range of industries beyond manufacturing (where it began). Once-ubiquitous telephone operators have been replaced largely by automated telephone switchboards and answering machines. Medical processes such as primary screening in electrocardiography or radiography and laboratory analysis of human genes, sera, cells, and tissues are carried out at much greater speed and accuracy by automated systems. Automated teller machines have reduced the need for bank visits to obtain cash and carry out transactions. In general, automation has been responsible for the shift in the world economy from industrial jobs to service jobs in the 20th and 21st centuries.[1] Movable type is the system of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters or punctuation). The world's first known movable-type system for printing was created in China around 1040 A.D. by Bi...
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...Human Computer Interaction HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION PREPARED BY DHIREN PARMAR 04IT6005 M.Tech I.T. SIT IIT KGP -1- Human Computer Interaction Contents 1. Abstract……………………………………………………………………………...3 2. Introduction………………………………………………………………………….4 3. Cognition…………………………………………………………………………....9 4. User Interaction Design……………………………………………………….....12 5. Interaction Styles………………………………………………………………….15 6. Interaction Devices…………………………………………………………….....18 7. Future of Human Computer Interaction………………………………..……….19 8. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………....19 9. Reference……………………………………………………………………….....20 -2- Human Computer Interaction Abstract Human-computer interaction (HCI) is the study of how people design, implement, and use interactive computer systems and how computers affect individuals, organizations, and society. This encompasses not only ease of use but also new interaction techniques for supporting user tasks, providing better access to information, and creating more powerful forms of communication. It involves input and output devices and the interaction techniques that use them; how information is presented and requested; how the computer’s actions are controlled and monitored; all forms of help, documentation, and training; the tools used to design, build, test, and evaluate user interfaces; and the processes that developers follow when creating Interfaces. HCI in the large is an interdisciplinary area. It is emerging as a specialty concern...
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...science, particularly psychology and biology, seem to center around a perceived threat against humanity. For example, evolution was and still is challenged, in large part, because to believe in evolution means accepting natural selection and similarity among evolved species. Evolution threatens the uniqueness and even the superiority of humankind, according to many opponents. Similarly, the possibility of language in primates is refuted by many, I believe, in large part because this cognitive ability has been believed to be reserved only for humans. John Searle seems to be making a similar argument against what he refers to as “strong” artificial intelligence. Searle argues that “instantiating a program” (422) cannot lead to understanding as a human, or even an animal understands. Searle argues that machines or programs lack “intentionality”, and are meaningless. I sympathize with Searle that it is difficult to accept a machine that shares cognitive capabilities with a human. Such a hypothesis seems to challenge the core values of humanity, such as our individuality and our unpredictability, or diversity. The rational human mind is something that has set humans apart from all other things even before Descartes’ “cogito ergo sum.” However just as evolution and language capabilities among primates have challenged core beliefs about humanity, more recent discoveries made in cognitive neuroscience and cognitive...
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...stage (Karmiloff Smith 1994) and the response of the adult…can act as a ‘reward’ encouraging thesis early attempts at sound making and interaction” (David Goouch, Powell & Abbott,2003:821) This essay will discuss the acquisition of language in the first two years of a child’s life, looking at different theories and approaches that have been explored over recent years. The essay aims to distinguish if language acquisition is an in built skill which we are all born with or if it is a learned skill which we acquire as we interact with the world around us. Skinner (1957) put forward the argument in favour of the debate that language is developed through nurture- saying that language is a learnt behaviour. Skinner provided that children simply repeat utterances they have heard, this implies that language acquisition is a simple case of rote learning(Ambridge & Lieven,2011:242). He believed that much of what we learn is from the environment around us, he used his theory of operant conditioning to explain how and why we have developed the ability to communicate through spoken words. Operant conditioning, to put it very simply suggests that if a behaviour is rewarded the subject will continue to behave that way. In the case of language acquisition , a child will say a word correctly and be rewarded. For example if a child is able to say the word “banana” they will be given the banana or praised for matching the work to the object i.e. by pointing.Thus, they will continue...
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...modalités, en particulier dans le domaine de "l'induction". Les comparaisons expérimentales de différentes approches méthodologiques semblent négliger, du moins en partie, les aspects complexes de la réalité en classe. Cet article ne prend pas position dans la controverse méthodologique, mais désire contribuer à une plus grande prise de conscience d'une part des problèmes terminologiques, et d'autre part des tangentes, des formes plurielles et des correspondances entre les stratégies didactiques qui se réclament d'"induction" ou de "déduction". 0. Introduction Already during the Reform Movement of the 1880's, the staunch conflict between direct and indirect methods used the opposition "induction versus deduction" as a way to identify "natural...
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