...July 2014 Need Theories: Comparing Maslow, Alderfer, and McClelland Most theories of motivation revolve around the idea an employee’s needs influence their motivation. Needs are physiological or psychological scarcities that stimulate behavior therefore are necessary to live a healthy, productive lives both in personal and work lives. “If work is meaningless, then life comes close to being meaningless”(Maslow, Stephens Heil 39). These needs, whether weak or strong and are greatly influenced by environmental factors, thus causing human needs to vary over time and place. The general idea behind need theories of motivation is that unmet needs motivate people to placate them. On the contrary, people are not motivated to pursue a satisfied or achieved need. “In general terms, motivation can be defined as the desire to achieve a goal, combined with the energy, determination and opportunity to achieve it”(Compare and Contrast Clayton Paul Alderfer’s Erg Theory of Motivation and Abraham Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy). Let us now consider three popular content theories of motivation: Maslow’s need hierarchy theory, Alderfer’s ERG theory, and McClelland’s need theory. Abraham Maslow, a psychologist, first published his need hierarchy theory of motivation in 1943. According to Maslow, we all have five levels of need. The first, and most basic level is the need for survival or physiological needs, followed by the need for safety, together these two level represent our basic needs. While...
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.........................................................................2 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................3 2 Discussion ........................................................................................................4 4 Conclusions ......................................................................................................9 5 Recommendations ............................................................................................9 6 Bibliography .................................................................................................... 10 Appendix A –Maslow, Alderfer, Herzberg model of motivation diagrams........... 12 Appendix B --Overview at a glance comparison of motivation theories………….13 Appendix C – Mind map of motivation in public sector……………………………..14 . Academic Development Assignment one- part two Brian Vanhinsbergh Ricochet Introduction All over the world we are coming to terms with the effects of the biggest global economic slowdown since world war two! As part of the UK’s spending review during October 2010, the country was plunged into further misery, by the coalition government commitment to repay the country’s £900 billion debt! Chancellor George Osborne predicted that 490,000 public sector jobs would go as a result of the severe £81bn cuts over the next five years outlined to Parliament during his comprehensive spending review...
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...to relevant theory and research. 1. Introduction Motivation in administration portrays routes in which administrators advance benefit in their representatives. Regularly, individuals confound the thought of "upbeat" representatives with "roused" workers. These may be connected, yet inspiration really portrays the level of longing workers feel to perform, paying little mind to the level of bliss. Representatives who are satisfactorily persuaded to perform will be more gainful, more connected with and feel more put resources into their work. At the point when representatives feel these things, it helps them, and consequently their chiefs, be more fruitful. The definition for the statement ‘releasing the energy of the atom for constructive human ends’ means motivation is viewed as the most imperative and the most troublesome capacity in the administration process. No other administration capacity including arranging, choice making, authoritative conduct or controlling pulled in that much attention It is a head's business to goad specialists to complete their occupations well. So how do executives do this? The answer is inspiration in organization, the technique through which administrators urge delegates to be beneficial and convincing. Motivation is a complex sensation. A few speculations endeavor to clarify how inspiration functions. In administration circles, presumably the most prevalent clarifications of inspiration are taking into account the needs of the single...
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...Chp7 Motivation: The force that energizes, directs, and sustains behavior. Equity theory: Motivated to keep their work inputs in proportion to their outcomes by comparing their input-outputs with those who have similar positions Extrinsic motivation: People motivated to perform because of external rewards from environment intrinsic motivation : Worker’s sense of accomplishment or mastering a work task Job characteristics model: Experienced Meaningfulness: skill variety, task significance, task identity Experienced Responsibility: autonomy Knowledge of Results: Feedback Goal-setting theory: Emphasizes setting challenging goals for workers, and getting workers committed to those goals as the keys to motivation (SMART, S-specific, M-measurable, A-Attainable, R-Results based, T-timeline). Need theories of motivation: Maslow and Alderfers (Growth needs- esteem, self-actualization, deficiency needs- physiological, security, affiliation). McClelland Achievement Motivation Theory: Need for achievement, need for power, need for affiliation. -Used extensively in work settings and can be measured with Thematic Apperception Test. Behavior based theories of motivation: Reinforcement Theory (Stresses role reinforcements and punishments play in motivation: fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio, variable ratio). Performance and motivation: Motivation is only one determinant of work behavior. Numerous factors may affect work performance:...
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...Abstract This study aims to advance our understanding of motivation at work and examines its effects on intrapraneurship and competitive performance in the high tech companies by reinterpreting the existing literature regarding motivation and conducting an empirical study to see the relationship. 1. Motivation in the Workplace 1.1. Work Motivation 1.2.1. Its Definition and Importance Motivation, in its broadest sense, is the force that drives behaviour. It is the act of stimulating someone or oneself to get desired course of action, push the right button to attain desired goals. Motivation is the reason for people to do a specific behaviour or make a decision. Each decision or choice has its own set of determinants, only employee motivation in the work context and its impacts will be elaborated in this paper. Motivation is always a goal-oriented process. It is a crucial factor in the accomplishment of company goals; by work motivation, employees are induced and energized towards company goals through a specific way. As Craig Pinder stated in his book “Work motivation in organizational behaviour” in 1998, work motivation is a set of energetic forces that originate both within as well as beyond an individual’s being, to initiate work-related behaviour and to determine its form, direction, intensity, and duration. Motivation at work is a crucial determinant of work performance. In general, productivity depends on 3 things: resources...
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...[pic] [pic]Motivation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search | |Look up motivation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. | | |This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. See the talk page for details. WikiProject Psychology or the Psychology| | |Portal may be able to help recruit an expert. (February 2010) | Motivation is the driving force which causes us to achieve goals. Motivation is said to be intrinsic or extrinsic. The term is generally used for humans but, theoretically, it can also be used to describe the causes for animal behavior as well. This article refers to human motivation. According to various theories, motivation may be rooted in a basic need to minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure, or it may include specific needs such as eating and resting, or a desired object, goal, state of being, ideal, or it may be attributed to less-apparent reasons such as altruism, selfishness, morality, or avoiding mortality. Conceptually, motivation should not be confused with either volition or optimism.[1] Motivation is related to, but distinct from, emotion. |Contents | |[hide] ...
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...other words, motivated employees are needed in our rapidly changing workplaces. This is because every individual or employee needs motivation and so do organization. Employee who is highly motivated will help him achieve his personal goals and increase his job satisfaction and productive. Islam R and Hj Ismail A.Z (2008), based the study of Employee motivation A Malaysian perspective, the purpose of the research paper is to identify the motivation factors of employees that working in the various Malaysian organization. Based on the finding, it indicate that factor such as gender, race, education, employment status and marital status were found some impact on motivation. This finding gives a guideline for manager to develop a motivation program for employees Somehow, the motivation helps in self development of employee and always received gain by working with a dynamic team. And similarly, motivation is important to a workplace in organization as motivation will lead to an optimistic and challenging attitude at work place. Always remember, the more employee are motivated, the more empowerment the team is in order to generate profitable and successful in the business. The roles of motivation are only powerful tools to create more productive employee and helping organization to survive. Since motivated employees are important, therefore, managers need to understand what motivates employees within the context of the roles they perform. Understanding what motivated employees and...
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...Chapter 5Theories of Motivation LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you should be able to do the following: 1. Understand the role of motivation in determining employee performance. 2. Classify the basic needs of employees. 3. Describe how fairness perceptions are determined and consequences of these perceptions. 4. Understand the importance of rewards and punishments. 5. Apply motivation theories to analyze performance problems. What inspires employees to provide excellent service, market a company’s products effectively, or achieve the goals set for them? Answering this question is of utmost importance if we are to understand and manage the work behavior of our peers, subordinates, and even supervisors. Put a different way, if someone is not performing well, what could be the reason? Job performance is viewed as a function of three factors and is expressed with the equation below. [1] According to this equation, motivation, ability, and environment are the major influences over employee performance. Performance is a function of the interaction between an individual’s motivation, ability, and environment. Motivation is one of the forces that lead to performance. Motivation is defined as the desire to achieve a goal or a certain performance level, leading to goal-directed behavior. When we refer to someone as being motivated, we mean that the person is trying hard to accomplish a certain task. Motivation is clearly important if someone is to perform well;...
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...content motivation theories. 3. Describe two process motivation theories. 4. State how reinforcement is used to increase performance. 5. List the four steps in the model for giving praise. 6. Identify the four parts of the model for writing objectives. 7. Explain the three steps of managing by objectives. 8. State ways to enrich, design, and simplify jobs. 9. Explain possible limitations of using motivation theories outside North America. 10. Define the following 16 key terms (in order of appearance in the chapter): motivation performance formula content motivation theories needs hierarchy two-factor theory manifest needs theory process motivation theories expectancy theory CHAPTER OUTLINE The Importance of Motivation What Is Motivation and Why Is It Important? How Motivation Affects Behavior, Human Relations, and Performance Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. equity theory reinforcement theory giving praise objectives management by objectives (MBO) job enrichment job design job simplification Content Motivation Theories Schedules of Reinforcement Organizational Reinforcement for Getting Employees to Come to Work and to Be on Time Motivation Techniques Giving Praise Needs Hierarchy Objectives and MBO ERG Theory Job Enrichment Two-factor Theory Job Design Manifest Needs Theory Putting the Motivation Theories Together How Organizations Meet Employee Needs Process Motivation...
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...LEVEL 7 DEMONSTRATE KNOWLEDGE OF THEORY IN RELATION TO MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATIONS SUBMITION - TO: RAGINI LAWRENCE BY: NUSHRAT JAHAN ------------------------------------------------- DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS AND ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT LEVEL 7 DEMONSTRATE KNOWLEDGE OF THEORY IN RELATION TO MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATIONS SUBMITION - TO: RAGINI LAWRENCE BY: NUSHRAT JAHAN TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction p – 3 Schools of thought in Management p – 3 Organizational Structure p – 7 Sources of Power p – 8 Delegation, Participation & Decision Making p – 9 Vertical & Horizontal Coordination p -10 Motivation p – 11 Major Content Theory p – 11 Major Process Theory p – 12 Managerial Approaches p – 14 Managerial Style p – 15 Job Design p – 15 Social Influences p – 16 Leadership p – 16 Leadership Style p - 17 BEGINNING Management Theories Management theories are an accumulation of thoughts which...
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...Equity Theory attempts to explain relational satisfaction in terms of perceptions of fair/unfair distributions of resources within interpersonal relationships. Equity theory is considered as one of the justice theories. It was first developed in 1962 by John Stacey Adams, a workplace and behavioral psychologist, who asserted that employees seek to maintain equity between the inputs that they bring to a job and the outcomes that they receive from it against the perceived inputs and outcomes of others (Adams, 1965). The belief is that people value fair treatment which causes them to be motivated to keep the fairness maintained within the relationships of their co-workers and the organization. The structure of equity in the workplace is based on the ratio of inputs to outcomes. Inputs are the contributions made by the employee for the organization; this includes the work done by the employees and the behavior brought by the employee as well as their skills and other useful experiences the employee may contribute for the good of the company. Background Equity theory proposes that individuals who perceive themselves as either under-rewarded or over-rewarded will experience distress, and that this distress leads to efforts to restore equity within the relationship. It focuses on determining whether the distribution of resources is fair to both relational partners. Equity is measured by comparing the ratios of contributions and benefits of each person within the relationship. Partners...
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...Acknowledgement It is a great pleasure for me to acknowledge the assistance and contributions to this assignment; First of all I would like to thank to my lecturer Mr. Kanchana Wimalasurendra who helped me to understand the problems of the scenario that helped me to approach the problems confidently. I would like to acknowledge to the lecturers of ICBT Kandy Campus, my friends and the people who helped me to finish the assignment successfully. Finally, I gratefully acknowledge to the support, encouragement, and patient of my parents. Thank You Ahamed Rikaz Contents Introduction - 4 - Organizational Structure - 5 - Tools Used For Business Analysis - 10 - SWOT Analysis - 11 - New Steps In Strategic Plan - 19 - Market Analysis: - 19 - Risk management, Contingency plan - 26 - Impact of internet on the organizational environments and strategic planning - 28 - Utilization of Information System in Strategic Plan - 31 - Management Information Systems (MIS) - 32 - Discussion of appropriate IT tools - 42 - Recruitment and Employment - 55 - Future Considerations - 87 - Conclusion - 88 - Gantt chart - 89 - References - 90 - Introduction Today’s Managers have to be like artist. They work in a global economy where the relationships among nations and corporations, emerging economies, outstanding partners, and the fast-paced...
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...Introduction To Public Administration–MGT111 VU LESSON 01 INTRODUCTION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The course on Public Administration/Management has following objectives: Understand the concept of public administration/ management/organization Understand the evolution of the concept of public administration and its importance Understand the role of government Understand the role and core functions of public manager Understand the structure of government /organizations Create understanding about the skills required by the public manager in imparting duties Understand the changing role of government and role of public managers. Importance of Course: The course on public administration/management is important as every citizen must understand the functioning of government. Besides, whether one works in private or public organization, or one is doing ones own business or whatever the profession, this course is useful as it helps understand organizations and their functioning. It also helps us understand the environment in which we are working. Introduction: definitions, concepts & setting At the end of lecture the students should be able to understanding: • The meaning of PA • The practice of public administration (PA) • Public administration as a subject of study • Definition of Public administration • Public administration, democracy and rights of citizens The Meaning The word ‘administration’ has been derived from Latin words ‘ad’ = to and ‘ministiare’ = serve and ‘Public’ =people...
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...Licensed to: iChapters User Licensed to: iChapters User Organizational Behavior: Managing People and Organizations, Tenth Edition Ricky W. Griffin and Gregory Moorhead Vice President of Editorial, Business: Jack W. Calhoun Executive Editor: Scott Person Senior Developmental Editor: Julia Chase Editorial Assistant: Ruth Belanger Marketing Manager: Jonathan Monahan Senior Content Project Manager: Holly Henjum Media Editor: Rob Ellington Buyer: Arethea L. Thomas Marketing Communications Manager: Jim Overly Production Service: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Sr. Art Director: Tippy McIntosh Cover and Internal Design: Joe Devine, Red Hanger Design LLC Cover Image: © Eric Isselée, Shutterstock Rights Acquisitions Specialist/Images: John Hill © 2012, 2010 South-Western, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online...
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...An Introduction to Organisational Behaviour for Managers and Engineers This page intentionally left blank An Introduction to Organisational Behaviour for Managers and Engineers A Group and Multicultural Approach First Edition Duncan Kitchin AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK First edition 2010 Copyright Ó 2010 Duncan Kitchin. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. The right of Duncan Kitchin to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (þ44) 1865 843830, fax: (þ44) 1865 853333, E-mail: permissions@elsevier. com. You may also complete your request online via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting ‘‘Support & Contact’’ then ‘‘Copyright and Permission’’ and then ‘‘Obtaining Permissions.’’ British Library Cataloguing in Publication...
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