...Neglect in Childhood Bruce D. Perry, M.D., Ph.D.* Kevin Colwell, M.A.** Stephanie Schick, M.Ed.*** For: Encyclopedia of Crime & Punishment Project Director, D. Levinson Berkshire Publishing Group Great Barrington, MA * ChildTrauma Academy, Houston, TX and Children’s Mental Health Programs, Alberta Mental Health Board, Calgary, CA ** ChildTrauma Academy, Houston, TX *** ChildTrauma Academy, Houston, TX Official Citation: Perry, B.D., Colwell, K. and Schick, S. Child Neglect in: Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment Vol 1.(David Levinson, Ed.) Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks pp 192-196, 2002 Introduction Child neglect is the most common form of child maltreatment (a broad category of behavior that also includes sexual, physical and emotional abuse). The National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS), a review of abuse and neglect data from all states, reported over 1,000,000 substantiated cases of abuse in its last review (annual year 1994). Fifty two percent of these cases were from neglect. The majority of the 2000 or more documented abuserelated deaths each year are due to neglect. These statistics are likely an underestimate of the actual occurrence of neglect. Neglect is the least studied and most poorly characterized form of child maltreatment. This is due to multiple factors including the difficulty in defining and documenting neglect in children. Definitions Neglect can occur in several forms. A broad definition of neglect is any failure to provide for the basic...
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...Psychology Used In Child Rearing Name Course College Tutor November 8, 2013 1.0 Introduction There are various explanations as to why children exude appalling and deviant behaviors that contradict the dominant social norms. The root of these improper tendencies could be traced to family background, personality disposition, child socialization and genetic make up. Research spawned by Tamminen (2006), Shows that early lack of people skills could aggravate violent, rude and arrogant tendencies amongst children later in life. These skills include empathy, impulse control, problem solving, and anger management (Cole & Cole, 2003). In order to combat dissipation and bad behavior in children, parents must device complete long-term programs to teach children social skills and align their characters in accordance with the social norms. Many theories have been hypothesized to postulate why children behave in reprehensible discourteous and uncouth manners. This paper will offer biological, psychological and social explanations as to why children exhibit unexpected behaviors and how their mannerism is related to their parents and family background. There are numerous fundamental assumptions that cut across all psychological theories for explaining abnormal child behavior. To begin with, psychologists believe that the individual with the deviant behavior are responsible for their abnormal acts. Secondly, the individual’s temperament and disposition contributes towards...
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...CHILD ABUSE Definition: Child abuse is the physical, sexual or emotional mistreatment of children. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child. Most child abuse occurs in a child's home, with a smaller amount occurring in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with. There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological/emotional abuse and child sexual abuse. Different jurisdictions have developed their own definitions of what constitutes child abuse for the purposes of removing a child from his/her family and/or prosecuting a criminal charge. According to the Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect, child abuse is "any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm". Causes Child abuse is a complex phenomenon with multiple causes. Understanding the causes of abuse is crucial to addressing the problem of child abuse. Parents who physically abuse their spouses are more likely than others to physically abuse their children. However...
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...development can influence and have a “snowball effect on their subsequent successes in later stage development” (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010 p. 9). Infancy, the time between birth and 12 months old, is a critical stage of development, as human growth escalates rapidly during the first few years of life. It is a period of growth that is especially sensitive and vulnerable to the effects of maltreatment (Hildyard & Wolfe, 2002). When childhood neglect occurs during this very sensitive period, issues of safety, attachment, and social-emotional functioning are often identified as areas that need immediate intervention. The following paper will focus on the issue of early childhood neglect and the possible effects it can have on development during infancy according to three expert theorists Mary Ainsworth, Erik Erikson, and Albert Bandura. This paper is also written using the stories from “Paul”, (a pseudonym), a victim of childhood neglect: My name is Paul. I was born in 1995 to my mother who was thirteen years old. Her boyfriend, my father, was seventeen. My father was never involved in my life, as he was actively involved in criminal behavior, which ultimately led to his early death by gun violence. I was ten months old when my father was killed and I have no memories of him. My mother hid her pregnancy until she was 36 weeks and did not receive any prenatal care. Although she was pregnant with me, she experimented with drugs and alcohol, which may have altered...
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...Influence of Parenting Styles on Junior Secondary School Students' Performance in Social Studies in ilorin Emirate AbdulRaheem Yusuf, Ayorinde Samuel Agbonna and Hamdalat Taiwo Yusuf Department of Arts and Social Sciences Education, University of llorin, llorin Abstract The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of parenting styles on junior secondary school students' performance in social studies in llorin Emirate, Nigeria. The study used questionnaire and Proforma to collect data on parenting styles and students' performance. The data on junior school certificate and parenting styles were analyzed using frequency count, percentages and chi- square to answer the research questions and test the hypotheses raised in the study. The results showed that the parenting styles adopted had influence on the performance of the students. In addition, it was observed that students from authoritative parenting had better performance than students from other parenting styles. It was recommended among others that parents should adopt authoritative parenting style to enhance optimal performance of the students. In addition, the school should create structures and strengthen the existing ones that would provide parent training intervention. Introduction The relationship between a student and his or her parents has been noted to have an influential impact on not only the studen t performance in school but also in his/her life generally. Parenting styles have...
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...Authoritarian Parenting Style: The Negative Effect On Children Abstract The Authoritarian Parenting Style is one of four parenting styles used to rear children. Authoritarian Parenting style is described by Feldman (2011) as “parents that are controlling, punitive, rigid, cold. Their word is law, and they value strict, unquestioning obedience……; they do not tolerate expressions of disagreement (p.251).” Because children are unable to explore their own feelings, values and opinions, they, grow up with various negative effects. Some of those effects are anxiety, low self-esteem, lack of social skills and bullying other people. The negative effects, that these children inherit, naturally follow them into their adulthood. Feldman (2011) confirms “Children of authoritarian parents tend to be withdrawn…..they are not very friendly….boys are unusually hostile (p. 251).” The parenting style we choose to raise our children is so pivotal because it will shape the traits, personality and mannerisms of our children. As parents, ultimately we want to produce Godly, respectable, successful children that will one day be an asset to society. Parenting Styles Children reared with an authoritarian parenting style are laden with various negative effects that produce: anxiety, low self-esteem, over-aggression in males, dependence in females, lack of social skills, and becoming a bully. Although for this paper we will be focusing primary on the negative effects...
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...Unit 2 Project Philippe Francois the problem of juvenile Delinquency This paper explains that juvenile delinquency, it will make the argument on how to reduce it and bring light to this problem which is fast becoming one of the largest problems facing urban America. It can lead to law-breaking juvenile, which often can lead to adult lives as career criminals. Over the years experts have given us many theories on the causes of juvenile delinquency, including one's economic background, parents level of education and abuse in the home, gangs organizations, repeated neighborhood delinquents, increased availability of weapons and new technology violent games have something to do with the growing of our young people getting in trouble and becoming part of the juvenile delinquent system. However in my opinion the number one cause of juvenile delinquency is the breakdown of families, including lack of parental control over their children. It is ironic in America, in todays age, a person must poses a driver's license to operate a vehicle, a permit to own a gun and even a license to have a pet, but one does not have to have proper training or a license in order to become a parent. Without specialized educational or programs in child development and parenting, many of our future parents will not have a chance at becoming successful parents and worse, many of todays parents are already contributing to the increasing problem of juvenile delinquency simply by not knowing how to raise...
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...another’s behavior resulting in misunderstandings, alienation, and distrust between the two parties. The social constructionist perspective and related theories on human behavior, such as symbolic interactionism, can be used to analyze the complicated and confusing relationship between the Lee family and the Merced County Medical Center doctors. The social constructionist perspective, as defined in the book Human Behavior and the Social Environment, states that “people construct meaning, sense of self, and a social world through their interactions with each other,” Hustchison, 2019, p 52. ).” Social constructionism has been used as a macro-level research theory in medicine to analyze how culture and social systems impact the meaning and experiences of various diagnoses by a group of people. One of the main findings of social constructionist research in medicine has been the discovery that illness is socially constructed and carries diverse cultural meanings (Conrad & Barker, 2010). Regarding illness, social constructionism can be summed up in this quote: “The constructionist approach takes the subjective experience of illness seriously, examining the personal and social meanings of illness, and exploring how illness is managed in the social contexts that sufferers inhabit (Conrad & Barker 2010, p. 572).” The belief that illness is socially constructed, and culture gives it meaning is prevalent throughout the book The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down (Fadiman, 1997). The lack of this...
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...their parents or caretakers (U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1995). Abuse and neglect in the home are considered one of the leading causes of death for children four years of age and younger and the largest number of child abuse fatalities is due to severe head trauma. Homicide statistics are only part of the grim reality, with near–fatal abuse and neglect accounting for more than 18,000 permanently disabled children, and approximately 142,000 serious injuries (Baladerian, 1991). Findings from the report, A Nation’s Shame: Fatal Child Abuse and Neglect in the United States, indicate that African Americans are overrepresented in both fatalities and near–fatal injuries (U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1995). Research shows that child deaths from physical trauma are most frequently caused by angry, out–of–control males. Mothers are more likely to be responsible for deaths caused by severe neglect (U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1995). However, researchers 31 cannot account for the large numbers of cases of homicide against African American children. Data on the types of abuse by ethnic groups are...
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...Parent Style Attachment An Overview of Parenting Styles and Attachment The quest to explore the connection between parenting styles and attachment styles was an eye opening journey. We have traveled with the psychologists who have helped us along the way in our pursuit to recognize the parent child dynamics, as it relates to parenting styles and attachment styles. Through the use of literature and my real world observations, I will show some links between attachment styles and parenting styles. The four basic parenting styles are as follows: Authoritative Parent An Authoritative Parent is described by Baumrind as parents who "monitor and impart clear standards for their children’s conduct. They are assertive, but not intrusive and restrictive. Their disciplinary methods are supportive, rather than punitive. They want their children to be assertive as well as socially responsible, and self-regulated as well as cooperative” (Baumrind, The Influence of Parenting Style on Adolescent Competence and Substance Use, 1991). This parenting style is the most popular in the United States, although in specific races, cultures and socioeconomic groups this parenting style may not be very popular. The authoritative parent is one who understands a child’s mind to be tabula rasa. These parents provide a positive emotional climate. They commonly use induction and socialization to mold, grow and correct a child’s behavior while preparing them to be responsible...
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...,Introduction * Anthropology -The study of the lives and cultures of human beings, alive or dead. -They also study the evolution of these cultures over time as well as significant changes. * Sociology -Sociology is the study of human social life, groups, and societies. -They also study the interactions among these groups and the individuals within them. * Psychology -The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. -Psychologists look at how the brain functions and what is the result on peoples personalities, behaviors, and attitudes. <Introduction to Sociology> * What is sociology? - The social science discipline that looks at the development and structure of human society (institutions) and how it works - Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior * Sociology subjects matter - Sociologists investigate the structure of groups, organizations, and societies, and how people interact within these contexts * Hierarchy - Hierarchy is the ranking system used in any particular environment based on authority or power - Each position or role requires a certain type of expertise which is valued by society - In order to distinguish between these roles people are expected to dress and act in a certain way - On any given day we can play many different roles in society – eg. A parent can drive their kids to school and then go to work and teach their students * The roles...
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...to show an understanding of the internal working model of attachment and how sensitive mothering impacts on the quality of attachment. (25) - Outline Bowlby’s theory of attachment, showing evidence of how the ethological studies of Harlow and Lorenz, and his own research with war orphans and evacuees and juvenile delinquents impacted his theory. - Determine the phases of attachment and the development of the internal working model of attachment. - Consider Ainsworth’s research and the types of secure and insecure attachments that resulted from the research. - This needs to be linked back to mothering style and the internal working model of attachment that each infant is developing. Links also need to be made to Erikson’s relevant psychological stages of personality development, emphasising the importance of a supportive social environment. (15) - Consider Erikson’s psychosocial theory of personality, especially the first stage, and link to mothering style and the internal working model of attachment that each infant is developing. Consider research that determines how early attachment impacts on the social and emotional development of three to five year olds and adults. (20) - Look at research undertaken with 3-5 year olds and how early attachment impacts social interactions, and also the adult attachment...
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...Brain Development • Implications for Practice and Policy • Summary U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families Administration on Children, Youth and Families Children’s Bureau Child Welfare Information Gateway Children’s Bureau/ACYF 1250 Maryland Avenue, SW Eighth Floor Washington, DC 20024 800.394.3366 Email: info@childwelfare.gov www.childwelfare.gov Understanding the Effects of Maltreatment on Brain Development www.childwelfare.gov In recent years, there has been a surge of research into early brain development. New technologies, such as neuroimaging (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging or MRI), provide increased insight into how the brain develops and how early experiences affect that development. One area that has been receiving increasing research attention involves the effects of abuse and neglect on the developing brain, especially during infancy and early childhood. Much of this research is providing biological explanations for what practitioners have long been describing in psychological, emotional, and behavioral terms. There is now scientific evidence of altered brain functioning as a result of early abuse and neglect. This emerging body of knowledge has many implications for the prevention and treatment of child abuse and neglect. The Newborn Brain The raw material of the brain is the nerve cell, called the neuron....
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...* CHRONOLOGY * * Second Trimester * * Mother attended her community drug and alcohol team (CDAT) were she was on a methadone programme. Referral was made by her key worker stated concerns that she may be pregnant and concealing it * * Pre - birth conference was held to establish the issues surrounding the mother, her pregnancy and her parenting skills. Mother did not attend. The pre – birth conference attended by the CDAT key worker, safeguarding midwife, health visitor, GP, social worker. The pre – birth conference took place as mum was concealing her pregnancy and that she was heavily * * DAY 1 Jack was born by caesarean section because they were concerns with the Zoe. Zoe was unwell – she had a heart valve problem. Jack was admitted to the intensive care unit, needing ventilation support for six hours 12pm * Safeguarding midwife aware that Jack been born, states that all people who needed to be aware of baby being born are. Informed us that her current partner and father of baby are not allowed to visit. Security, front desk at the main entrance of unit and nurses made aware * Urine virology/toxicology sent * Morphine started as Jack was Ventilated due to the respiratory distress 15pm * Out of hours social worker called inquiring about baby and mum 1630pm * Maternity support worker visited unit, updated on baby’s condition. Mum had her surgery – she will go and update mum 1830pm * Nurse looking after mum on...
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...sexual transmitted diseases (STDs) and girls become pregnant and young mothers. Given the increase in teenage pregnancies and the consequences on the quality of life of the young people, an intervention, is needed starting in the middle schools. According to a study done in late 2009 by the Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI), a pro-choice organization, nationwide, teenage pregnancy rate was 71.5 pregnancies per 1,000 women ages 13 to 19 (Huffington Post 2010). Before intervention, however, it is essential to understand the factors underlying the premature and unprotected sex leading to unwanted pregnancies and STDs among adolescents. These risk factors include individual characteristics of adolescents as well as environmental factors. This paper will examine the reasons of pregnancy among teenagers and the consequences that are associated. Review of literature The teenage pregnancies occur more frequently, in the poorest neighborhoods, lower socio-economic backgrounds where young girls do not have many expectations from life. They are not concern about their...
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