...tissue largely caused by a virus that enters the CNS when the person experiences a viral disease such as measles or mumps or through the bite of a mosquito or tick. 2. Hydrocephalus—An abnormal increase of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain that causes the ventricles of the brain to dialate, resulting in an increased head circumference in the infant with open fontanel(s); a congenital disorder. 3. Neuralgia—Severe, sharp spasmlike pain tht extends along the course of one or more nerves. 4. Narcolepsy—Uncontrolled, sudden attacks of sleep. 5. Dysphagia—difficult speech. 2. Pathologial Conditions 1. Anencephaly—An absence of the brain and spinal cord at birth, a congenital disorder. 2. Bell’s palsy—A temporary or permanent unilateral weakness or paralysis of the muscles in the face following trauma to the face, and unknown infection, or a tumor pressing on the facial nerve rendering it paralyzed. 3. Carpal tunnel syndrome—A pinching or compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel due to inflammation and swelling of the tendons, causing intermittent or continuous pain that is greatest at night. 4. Cerebral concussion—A brief interruption of brain function, usually with a loss of consciousness lasting for a few hours. 5. Cerebral contusion--a small, scattered venous hemorrhage in the brain (or better described as a “bruise” of the brain tissue) occurring when the brain strikes the inner skull. 6. Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)—involves...
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...Physiology I 09/08/2011 Journal Questions 1-6 Journal # 1 Why does our skin age when even at 90, the outer layer is only 3 weeks old? Over time, the skin looses its flexiblity/collagen. The collagen becomes less elastic and thinner. This is where the problems with getting more moisture to the upper layer, the epidermis, begins. When you are young like in your 20s, you have more fatty vessels in your skin, as you age the fat dissapears. Journal # 2 What is the function of the multiple nuclei in striated muscle cells? Some nuclei that is present in the Muscles are Mytoblast. They form individual muscle fibers. The mytoblast that do not fuse with muscle fibers remain in the adult muscles and become sattelite cells. After an injury, these suspected sattellit celss can get bigger and divide. They can fuse with damaged fibers from the muscle and then assist in the regeneration of the muscles tissues. Journal # 3 How is the concept of Homeostasis (or its loss) related to disease & aging? Homeostasis maintains the internal conditions of your body. For Example: when your body uses a ton of energy and gets hot, you body sweats in response to that. When you age, alot of energy is not used as often as you used it when you were young. This is how diseases such as arthritis can occur much easier. You immune system can slow down as well. When you age, your body gets out of balance and out of homeostasis. Then you become more vulnerable to disease. Journal # 4 ...
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...SanQuanta Edwards Ergonomics (er-goh-NOM-icks) is the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment. This term is usually applied to the design of equipment and workspaces, with the goal of reducing injuries, strain, and stress. The most common first aid treatment of muscular injuries is known by the acronym RICE. These letters stand for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation. Rest and ice are recommended for the first few days after the injury to ease pain. Compression, such as wrapping with a stretch bandage, and elevation help minimize swelling. Within an everyday workplace a keyboard set up improperly may require the user to twist and bend the wrist, forcing the hand out of its neutral position (that is, the position requiring the least amount of effort). That causes irritation and strain to muscles, ligaments and tendons. You can find ergonomic products everywhere in today’s society these products help to eliminate and reduce the odds of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and activities of daily living (ADL). Many companies now offer pneumatic ergonomic desks that can accommodate either sitting or standing. These work stations are fantastic, particularly for people with lower back pain. Studies have shown that less pressure is placed on the discs of the lower back when we are standing. If you have lower back pain and are forced to sit in an office chair all day, get up and walk around regularly! Yes, a pneumatic...
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...Chapter 4 Learning outcomes 4-1 Identify the four major types of tissues in the body and describe their roles. The four major types of tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural tissue. The functions of each are that the epithelial tissue covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways, and chambers, and forms glands. The connective tissue fills internal spaces, provides structural support for other tissues, transports materials within the body and stores energy. The muscle tissue includes the skeletal muscles of the body, the muscle of the heart, and the muscular walls of hollo organs, The neural tissue carries information from one part of the body to another in the form of electrical impulses. 4-2 Discuss the types and functions of epithelial tissue. The types of epithelial tissue include epithelia and glands. Epithelial provides four important functions that include physical protection, controls permeability, provides sensation, and produces specialized secretions. 4-3 Describe the relationship between structural and function for each type of epithelium. There are columnar, cuboidal, and squamous, which are flattened and scale-like cells. Basically columnar are much higher than they are wide, cuboidal look like squares, and squamous are flat like turtles and therefore not very tall at all. The relationship between each other is that squamous cells provide physical protection and performs absorption and secretion. The cuboidal structure relationship...
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...coordinating incoming and outgoing impulses, thoughts, and feelings via nerves. Functionally, the nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (controls in-bound and out-bound neural impulses), and peripheral nervous system (connects the CNS with the peripheral parts of the body). The PNS can be divided into subdivisions of the somatic nervous system (deals with the parts of the body we move voluntarily) and autonomic nervous system (works with the involuntary parts of the body). The CNS receives sensory input from the peripheral nervous system and produces motor responses via nerves. A nerve is a fiber composed of nerve cells and neurons. Most nerves of the peripheral nervous system contain both sensory neurons and motor neurons. The sensory neurons in the peripheral nerve carry sensory impulses to the CNS. The CNS processes this information and sends the appropriate motor signals back to the nerves via the motor neurons. (Terfera, D. & Jegtvig, S., 2015). The brain and spinal cord is what makes up the central nervous system. The brain being the command center controlling the body functions of sending and receiving messages through the nerves. At the end of each nerve cell, there is a synaptic terminal thus full of extremely tiny sacs that hold neurotransmitter chemicals. These chemicals transmit nerve impulses from one nerve to another or from nerves to muscle cells. An electrical nerve impulse travels along the neuron to these sacs that then release...
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...Cancer drug may have Alzheimer’s benefits By Laura Sanders, Science News Publisher: Science News Date Published: March 10, 2012 Alzheimer’s a disease that progressively attacks the brain’s nerve cells which results in many changes in behavior, memory and thinking skills. Scientists have been studying this disease for decades and have yet to come up with any drug that can cure or help cure this disease, until recently that is. Cramer of Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Cleveland took a drug called bexarotene and injected it into mice that have Alzheimer’s. Bexarotene has been around for over ten years and is used as a second treatment of T-cell lymphoma. Cramer and her colleagues studied mice whose brains were full of both types of A-beta plaques. A-beta called amylod-beta exists in small fragments that scramble the nerve cell communication and there are large sticky clumps called plaques. The team gave a dose of the bexarotene to the mice and watched over the next fourteen days to see what would happen. Within the first twenty-four hours the levels of A-beat plaque fell by 25 percent and within the 14 days after given the bexarotene the mice A-beta plaques fell by 75 percent. Bexarotene targets the protein that carries ApoE and tries to regulate it from causing Alzheimer’s. ApoE is a big cause of Alzheimer’s as it tries to carry A-beta from the brain. Cramer ran another test of the memory of the mice. Cramer noted that generally when you put...
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...are used to sting humans. If a person is stung, they can die within 4 minutes. The nervous system consists of four eye clusters with 24 eyes on each cluster. It is believed that they can distinguish colour somewhat, although it is still debated on whether or not they can form images. They are also one of the few species of jellyfish to possess a nerve ring, which is located around the base of the umbrella. The box jellyfish is one of the most dangerous jellyfish in the world. It has caused around 64 deaths in Australia, where it is commonly found, since deaths were first recorded in 1883. The amount of venom in one jellyfish is said to be enough to kill 60 humans in one sting. Being stung results in a very large amount of pain and if not treated, the victim can die within 4 minutes. ------------------------------------------------- Habitat The box jellyfish seem to move towards the shore in calm waters when the tide is rising and gather near the mouths of rivers and creeks and travel by following the rain. Box Jellyfish feed on small fish and crustaceans. ------------------------------------------------- Injuries from the box jellyfish Their heart-stopping venom is considered the deadliest in all the oceans, acting...
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...Sarcolemma- plasma membrane * T-tubules- inward extensions of the sarcolemma * Mitochondria- provide ATP * Sarcoplasmic reticulum- endoplasmic reticulum * Myofibril- contains thick and thin filaments, myosin and actin 4. Sketch a myofibril 5. Describe the neuromuscular junction * Junction of a muscle fiber and axon of motor neuron it is attached to 6. Name the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular function * Acetylcholine 7. Draw a diagram showing how the thin and thick filaments are organized in the sarcomere and list the five steps involved in the contraction of a muscle fiber 8. Define what is meant by excitation-contraction coupling, and describe how it works * The coupling of nerve impulse with muscle contraction hinges around the release of calcium ions * 1, the action of acetylcholine cause a wave of electrical depolarization to spread over the sarcolemma into the t tubule * 2. Depolarization of t tubule causes sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions * 3. Calcium ion concentration in sarcoplasm rises which allows the attachment of myosin heads to actin * 4. Tropomyosin winds over the surface of actin filaments, obstructs the binding of myosin to actin in resting muscle Troponin- binds to actin and to...
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...that repair the nerves after injury. In California scientists have discovered over 76 genes that play some role in regenerating nerves. To find the 76 genes, the researchers conducted experiments on more than 10,000 tiny laboratory roundworms. The first step involved developing genetic mutants of these transparent roundworms for each one of 654 genes that were suspected to play a role in the regulation of axon regrowth in worms, fruit flies and mice. They then labeled the roundworm neurons with green fluorescent protein and, with a precise surgical laser, damaged a specific axon. Because the worms were transparent they could see the axons expressing a green fluorescent protein. By examining the re-growth, or lack of growth, of the damaged axon 24 hours later, the scientists were then able to determine which of these 654 genes were actually important to axon re-growth. The 76 genes seen are believed to have the same function in humans as in the worms. Research teams are now collaborating with other investigators to conduct experiments on mice to verify this connection and determine which of these genes are the most critically important. This article is relevant to what I am studying because it show that we as humans have so many genes cells and other parts throughout our body that do many different things and when we damage these or harm them there is a way for our body to compensate or try to fix the problem. So in the worms they are finding axons or nerve cells that could...
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...Shoulder Pain If we think about every move we make with the upper extremities, we’ll find that the shoulder is the joint most used and the least we take care. Shoulder pain is one of the most musculoskeletal conditions treated in physical rehabilitation centers, affecting individuals of all ages and occupations. Most of the injuries of the glenohumeral joint (shoulder) are caused by physical activities performed at home, work and sports, where the tissues (ligaments, tendons and muscles) are the most affected. Cervical osteoarthritis predisposes the emergence of this type of injury. It is common to develop shoulder osteoarthritis if you have it in the cervical spine. This communication between neck and shoulder is due to neurological and anatomical relationship between both. A pain on the shoulder and arm can be caused by a cervical herniated disc (C5-C6-C7), causing compression of the spinal nerve. In cases in which the shoulder pain is prolonged for several weeks without relief, the cause of the injury may be rupture or tearing of ligaments and tendons around the joint. An MRI is needed to obtain an accurate clinical diagnosis. A cause of shoulder pain most common and less diagnosed is the Myo-Facial Syndrome, better known as “Trigger Points”, which are nodules (knots) in the muscle tissue. This syndrome is aggravated when we suffer from nervous tension (stress), chronic poor posture, trauma to the spine and gastrointestinal problems. The infraspinatus...
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...oggy1962 first attempt 1.1 The four basic human body structures and their units are cells, tissues, organs and systems. Cells – these are the smallest independent unit in the human body and can only be seen with a microscope. There are many different types, shapes and sizes. Each type is specialised and carries out a particular function in the body. The types of cells include epithelial cells (the skin), muscle cells, nerve cells, bone cells and blood cells. Every cell has a nucleus, (except red blood cells), a cell membrane and cytoplasm. The nucleus contains the body’s genetic material; this directs all the metabolic activities of the cell. The cell membrane is semi-permeable and surrounds the cytoplasm. Its function is to protect the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances in and keeping others out. The cytoplasm is a gel like substance in which organelles are suspended. These include ribosomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitrochondria, and centrioles. The organelles each have different functions within the cell. Tissues – a group of cells is known as a tissue. Different types of tissues are found in different organs. Humans have four different types of tissue: Epithelial tissue – this covers the body surface. The major functions are protection, secretion, absorption and filtration. Connective tissue – this is the most abundant tissue in the body. It binds structures together and forms a framework and support for organs. It...
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...Introduction This essay will consider the structure and function of the 11 systems within the human body. It will detail the interrelationship between the nervous system and the musculoskeletal system and between the circulatory system and the lymphatic system. It will then explain the roles of the circulatory and lymphatic systems in the immune response and the role of hormones in metabolism. Human Body Systems The human body is made up of 11 separate but interconnected systems (Sherwood, 2007). These are the skeletal, muscular, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, nervous, integumentary, immune, endocrine and reproductive systems. The success and survival of the human body is dependent on the ability of separate body systems to work together. The skeletal system provides structure for the human body, stores minerals, produces blood cells and provides protection for delicate organs (Kelly, 2004). 206 bones are connected with ligaments, muscles and tendons, with cartilage, a softer cushion like material, providing protection in jointed areas. Body movements are controlled by the muscular system, with these muscles being connected to bones via tendons (Adams, 2004). Stimulation of these muscles by the nervous system causes contraction and the resulting movement of bones to which they are attached. A number of involuntary muscles ensure the respiratory and circulatory systems continue with contraction of the heart and lungs (Adams, 2004). The heart is central...
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...Cell Theory Cell Theory is a way to describe the biology of living things. Cell theory says that the cell is the basic unit of life. Cells by themselves are alive, but they can also be part of a larger living thing. The smallest living organisms (like bacteria but not viruses) and the biggest ones (like humans and whales) are all made of cells. Very small organisms like bacteria and amoebas are only made of one cell each, so they are called unicellular organisms ("uni" means "one"). Larger organisms are made of many cells, and they are called multicellular organisms. Definition: The Cell Theory is one of the basic principles of Biology. Credit for the formulation of this theory is given to German scientists Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, and Rudolph Virchow. The Cell Theory states: * All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular. * The cell is the basic unit of life. * Cells arise from pre-existing cells. The modern version of the Cell Theory includes the ideas that: * Energy flow occurs within cells. * Heredity information (DNA) is passed on from cell to cell. * All cells have the same basic chemical composition. Animal Tissues 1. Epithelial: In Greek, ἐπί (epi) means "on" or "upon", and θηλή (thēlē) means "nipple". Epithelial layers are avascular, so they must receive nourishment via diffusion of substances from the underlying connective tissue, through the basement membrane. Epithelia...
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...ask about my husband, finally I was able to blurt it out, as well as to comfort my children, and assure them I was going to be ok as they told me “dad is in the other room and is ok, he is concerned about you” “he too is being prepped for surgery”. The hospital staff would not let us see each other. Then another flash, I was in a hallway and there was my husband holding up his arm, it looked like a stair case as he smiled and told me he loved me and would see me really soon… After two days of hospitalization my husband checked himself out to sit by my side. My injuries were severe. My 4th and 5th vertebra were crushed, severe nerve ending damage, fused 3 through 7 and my pelvis was broken and cracked in several places. Doctors were not sure of my outcome. After 8 days I was giving the opportunity to come home or go to an in house 24/7 rehabilitation center. Even though my husband suffered his own injuries of a shredded...
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... |-oma | |-pathy |gastr/o- |poly- |-ous | |hepat/o- |ven/o- |hemat/o- |neur/o- | |an- |esthes/o- |-ous |appendic/o- | |-megaly |cutane/o- |-ia |intra- | 1. Pertaining to the liver 2. Pertaining to underneath the skin 3. Surgical removal of the appendix 4. Pertaining to within the vein 5. Disease of many nerves 6. Enlargement of the liver 7. Swelling of the blood 8. Condition of not feeling B. Define the following word parts. |-ac |Pertaining to |-ar |Pertaining to | |-ary |Pertaining to |-ion |process | |-osis |Condition; abnormal condition; process |Peri- |Around | |Hyper- |Above, more than normal |Brady- |Slow | |Post- |After, behind |Anti- ...
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