...Brown, Melody R. EN 111 – 014 CAUSE – EFFECT ESSAY APRIL 1, 2013 The Effects of Exercise Exercising effects the body by physical, mental/emotional, and social/personal effects of exercise. There is a holistic approach to exercise and if an individual is not healthy in all three aspects, that is, physically, mentally, and socially, he or she is not completely healthy. Exercising does not require a membership, instead, it is an activity that is done during the individual’s idle time and is implemented into people’s lives to improve every aspect of healthy living. The major effect of exercise is overall improvement on one’s physical health. The physical effect of exercise allows the continuous movement of the human body and continuous functioning of the body’s systems. The muscles, bones, and joints movement; muscle tone; heart and lung strength, and blood and oxygen circulation are all physical effects of exercise. For example, muscle movement requires oxygen and blood flow so, the heart must be strong enough to perform; the duties the muscle needs to collapse this duty or the muscles will collapse. Additionally, exercise requires adequate breathing, therefore the lungs must also have oxygen and blood flow to perform its duty or the individual will tire easily from shortness of breath. The sufficient amount of oxygen and blood flow trains the lungs and heart to become stronger for a healthier future. Physical exercise also promotes improvement...
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...6. Feis, Aaron. Bain, Jennifer. Short, Aaron. Italiano, Laura. “Shooting victim’s family begs de Blasio: ‘We need stop-and-frisk’. New York Post. 31 May. 2015. Web. 31 October. 2015. Based on the article, “Shooting victim’s family begs de Blasio: ‘We need stop-and-frisk’, by Aaron Feis, Jennifer Bain, Aaron Short and Laura Italiano. They talk about the increase of murders in New York City during this year. Furthermore, Feis, Bain, Short and Italiano illustrate the opinion of many residents who have lost their loved-ones during this rise of gun violence. These people have raise their voices asking to Mayor De Blasio to bring back the NYPD’s right to search for guns. On the other hand, the authors reveal that every week the number of murder victims in NYC rise, leaving a negative...
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...Stop and Frisk: For each aspect of the argument, locate some specific evidence that supports the point and cite it. Try to get at least two pieces for each box. Those who favor Stop and Frisk believe… | Those who oppose Stop and Frisk believe… | It is effective at stopping crime:“The number of homicides – the most accurately measured crime – in New York fell from a peak of 2,605 in 1990 to 925 in 2001, Giuliani’s last year in office, to just 414 in 2012.” - “Stop-and-Frisk Protects Minorities”“Frequent stop-and-frisks combined with mandatory three-year sentences for illegal possession of a gun that bad guys in New York don’t take them out on the street much.” - “Stop-and-Frisk Protects Minorities” | It is inefficient:“Only about 6 percent of stops result in an arrest for any reason.” – “Jim Crow Policing” | It benefits minorities:“The NYPD targets its manpower to the areas that suffer the highest crime levels.” - “Stop-and-Frisk Is Not Racial Profiling” | It harms minorities:“For young people in my neighborhood, getting stopped and frisked is a rite of passage…And we all feel the same way — degraded, harassed, violated and criminalized because we’re black or Latino.” – Nicholas Peart on “Why Is the N.Y.P.D. after Me?” | It deters criminals: “Frequent stop-and-frisks combined with mandatory three-year sentences for illegal possession of a gun that bad guys in New York don’t take them out on the street much.” - “Stop-and-Frisk Protects Minorities” | Potential for abuse...
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...Scenario: Stop and Frisk Scenario 1: Police receive an anonymous tip that there is a white man, wearing a gray hoodie and black pants standing at the bus stop carrying a gun in his left jacket pocket. Officer Bob responds to the bus stop and observes the man as described. Question 1: Can Officer Bob conduct a stop and frisk based upon the dispatched information? Explain your answer Within the framework of stop and frisk a variety of factors must be assessed. First, does the police officer have a reasonable suspicion the person is going to commit a crime. Second does the police believe the person to have something on their person that would allow them to engage in a crime. In New York for example the stop and frisk rules are a bit lighter than in most states. A police officer in New York stop someone if they believe this person is going to engage in a Penal law misdemeanor (Matthews 2013). In Florida v. J.L the court ruled that if a person is believed to be carrying a gun be it the officer was told or reasonably believes it to be so the officer therefore has a right to search. For the sake of scenario the suspect is said to be carrying a gun from anonymous tip. This dynamic alone based on precedence allows for stop and frisk. So in this scenario the police has...
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...The stop and frisk policy was adopted from English law in a number of American courts. In accordance with English common law, without statutory provisions, a police officer has the power to stop, question, and frisk suspects given reasonable circumstances. Based on a standard which holds less than probable cause, this power is granted upon the standard of reasonable suspicion. It is a question of circumstances of each individual case that determines whether reasonable detention and investigation is validated.[7] Legislation pertaining to constitutional requirements of stop and frisk practices were made into an area of concern by the Supreme Court when they encountered the case of Terry v. Ohio. While frisks were arguably illegal, before this point a police officer could only search someone either after arresting them or obtaining a search warrant. In the cases of Terry v. Ohio, Sibron v. New York, and Peters v. New York, the Supreme Court granted limited approval in 1968 to frisks conducted by officers lacking probable cause for an arrest in order to search for weapons if the officer believes the subject to be dangerous. The Court's decision made suspicion of danger to an officer grounds for a "reasonable search".[8] Stop-and-frisk is not necessarily a new invention. In the early 1980s if a police officer had reasonable suspicion of a possible crime, he had the authority to stop someone and ask questions. If, based on the subject’s answers, the suspicion level did not escalate...
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...In the early 1990s, violent crime in New York City reached an all-time peak. In response to the record high murder rate of 2,245 in the year 1990, the New York Police Department (NYPD) admitted that “whatever we are doing to reduce violent -– especially handgun related – crimes is not working.” Local press reported that New Yorkers were “afraid to wear jewelry in public”, and “’some citizens reported sprinting to subway exits when train doors opened to avoid victimization” (Bellin, 2014, p. 1503). The NYPD decided to implement a proactive approach to policing and developed the practice of Stop, Question, and Frisk (Stop and Frisk), or “the lawful practice of temporarily detaining, questioning, and, at times, searching civilians on the street”...
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...its cover. However, in New York City, that was exactly the situation until three years ago. A Federal District Court ruled the city’s stop-and-frisk program unconstitutional and discriminatory in 2013. Plaintiffs in the case alleged the police were stopping people based on race. The data presented throughout the trial clearly showed a disproportionate number of African Americans and Hispanics – 83% of the stops – even though these two races only account for about half of the city’s population. Other damning statistics presented showed 88% of the people stopped were not found to be doing anything wrong. The purpose of “Policing the Police” is to inform the community of the stop-and-frisk program’s reform as a result of Floyd v. City of New York. Having been published in The New York Times, this article is available to the general public not only in the greater New York area, but also around the world thanks to the Internet. I anticipated this article to be somewhat biased and very opinionated, as it was written by the New York Times Editorial Board, but in reality, it was completely fact driven. “Policing the Police” outlines the changes that are upcoming as a result of the ruling for reform as well as the controversy that is brewing. There is clear guidance in what will be required of police officers moving forward with the stop-and-frisk program as well as providing the involved parties an explanation as to why the stop and possible frisk is occurring. A pilot program...
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...Stop and Frisk The Stop and Frisk program in New York City is a exercise of the New York City Police Department , where police officers would stop and question thousands of walkers annually, and frisk them for weapons and other contraband. The rules for this such actions are found in “New York State Criminal Procedure Law section 140.50”, and are founded on the result of the United States Supreme Court in the case of Terry v. Ohio. Thousands people are stopped each year mostly are Blacks or Latino. Some judges have found that these stops are not based on reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. Each day in New York City, and in many other cities in the country, police officers will stop ask questions, and every now and then frisk people...
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...Stop and frisk should not be legal because it isn't used improperly and it is mostly only used against colored people instead of everyone. It also breaks the 4th and 14th amendment which is really the people's right so, the government should really get rid of stop and frisk because it is doing no good to america. The reason stop and frisk exists is fine but not how they attend to use it. Stop and Frisk gives authorities the rights to search a suspicious person of their choice whenever they want. They are trying to drop crime rates. Stop and Frisk is giving officers a lot of power. There are two sides to stop and frisk but on Joe's side he talks about stop and frisk only targeting colored people from the age of 18-35(Stringer, Scott). So therefor stop and frisk is just being added to something going off of your race.. Innocent people are dying today. Innocent people are dying today. Stop and Frisk is used commonly in New York. Although most people disagree with stop and frisk the causes are still intended for the same people....
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...The NYPD’s stop-and-frisk practices raise serious concerns over racial profiling, illegal stops, and privacy rights.The Department’s own reports on its stop-and-frisk activity confirm what many people in communities of color across the city have long known: The police are stopping hundreds of thousands of laws abiding New Yorkers every year, and the vast majority are black and Latino. Discriminatory and abusive policing in New York City remains a serious problem after decades of out-of-control policies and practices that are unaccountable to residents of the city. In 1994, Mayor Rudy Giuliani and NYPD Commissioner Bill Bratton adopted policing strategies based on the unproven and controversial broken windows theory, an ideologically-driven...
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...versus Voice: Exploring the Effects of the Stop-and-Frisk Law on Black Citizens in Claudia Rankine’s Citizen: An American Lyric. In Citizen: An American Lyric, Claudia Rankine’s prose poetry sheds light on the racial aggressions...
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...Abstract The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution protects one’s rights against unreasonable searches and seizures. It also states that no warrants shall be issued without probable cause. Probable cause can be defined as a person of reasonable caution who believes that a crime has been committed and the person accused has committed that crime. Modern law has afforded police officers an incentive to respect this amendment, known as the “stop and frisk” act. The Stop and Frisk law allows police officers to stop someone and do a quick search of their outer clothing for weapons: if the officer has a reasonable suspicion that a crime has or is about to take place and the person stopped is armed or dangerous. The reasonable suspicion must be based with specific expressed facts and not on just an officer’s intuition or guess. The Stop and Frisk law balances crime control, protects an individual’s right, and prevents from unreasonable searches. This law is further implemented and proven in the Supreme Court case Terry v. Ohio where it was ruled that the search performed was in fact reasonable under the constitution and the fourth amendment. Introduction The Fourth Amendment states, “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place...
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...An issue I deem that is a flaw in the criminal justice system is using racial profiling for the stop-and-frisk policy. Racial profiling is basically the use of race or ethnicity as grounds for suspecting someone of committing a crime or an offense. The stop-and-frisk policy is when a police officer stops someone he/she deems suspicious and frisking the person for something. One case that relates to this flaw in the criminal justice system would be the Floyd v. City of New York. The date that this case was filed was on January 31, 2008 by David Floyd, David Ourlicht, Lalit Clarkson and Deon Dennis. This case challenged the New York Police Department’s (NYPD) practices of racial profiling and seeing whether or not the stop and frisk policy...
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...The first article that I saw when I searched for stop and frisk had to do with the New York City Police Department. The New York Police Department had a deal with landlords of a select group of apartment buildings. This deal required police officers to patrol and arrest trespassers found on their property1. This was a city run program known as the Trespass Affidavit Program. This program was said to mostly affect low income Latino and black residents in certain Bronx neighborhoods. One of the biggest issues that civil rights lawyers found with this program in conjunction with NYPD stop-and-frisk tactics was that police officers would question and/or detain people who lived in or who were visiting residents of those buildings for simply hanging out in...
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...that they are targeted for Stop Question and Frisk? Review of the Literature Brief History According to Loren G. Stern, stop and frisk legislation has only recently become a subject of national concern and debate, the police power to detain and question is as old as the common law of England. Detention and questioning were well known too, and strongly enforce under the English common law. Early case holdings and statues empowered the night watch of each town to detain “suspicious nightwalkers” until the morning at which time the watchman would either release the suspect or arrest him if grounds for arrest were discovered. Even private individuals were authorized to detain suspicious night-walkers until they gave a proper account of themselves. In 1839 the English Parliament extended the common law power to detain by authorizing police to search any vessel, carriage, and persons who could be reasonably suspected of possessing stolen goods. A number of state courts of the United States having followed the English common law and in the absence of statutory provisions have upheld the power of police officers to stop, question and frisk suspects under reasonable circumstances. These courts have found that the police have a duty to stop and to question under circumstances “which reasonably require investigation and to frisk as incident to inquiry (Stern, 1967).” Policy (Gonzalez, 2012)The Center for Constitutional Rights describes stops and frisk as “the practice by which...
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