Abstract

This investigatory project was conducted to prove if nipa palm fruit husk, distilled water, Ferrous Sulfate and gum Arabic can produce an ink that can be substituted to commercial ink. In conducting the experiment, the researchers gathered nipa fruits, these were cut into small portions and weighed into 200 grams. The reduced fruits were soaked in a mixture of 100ml distilled water and 1 gram Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO4) as solvent, vinegar, and salt. Theset-up was boiled for one hour. After boiling the mixture was filtered to separate the black filtrate from undissolved particles. On a laser bond paper the ink produced was tested after being refilled to a pen and was compared to other synthetic commercial ink available in the market. The conductivity and transmittance time , drying time and luminance and adhesion were tested and compared. Results of the test showed that the experimental ink with a proportion of 200 grams nipa palm fruit husk, 100 ml distilled water, 1 gram ferrous sulfate and ½ tablespoon of salt and ½ tablespoon of vinegar produced an output with the highest conductivity and transmittance time, drying time and luminance and adhesion. With the cost of production much lower than that of a commercial ink and having no significant difference in the mean property to the commercial ink the Nipa Palm Fruit Husk Ink proved to be more economical to produce.

Acknowledgement

The researcher earnestly wishes to convey his heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation to the following that have made considerable contributions to the completion of this study. Mrs. Mirafe I. Aparato, Principal I, San Teodoro Central School for her trust and encouragement that the conduct of this study would be possible. Mr. Mermeo A. Aparato and Mrs. Melinda D. Cruzat, advisers for their guidance and expert assistance. To all Science teachers of San Teodoro Central School for their support and cooperation. His parents, Mr. and Mrs. Mermeo A. Aparato for their concern and inspiration. And above all, to the Almighty God for the spiritual guidance which helped sustain this researcher’s determination in accomplishing this study.

OIA/MAA

Table of Contents

Title Page……………………………………………………………… i
Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………. ii
Abstract ……………………………………………………………......iii
Table of Contents …………………………………………….. iiii
Introduction ………………………………………………………….. Page 1 Statement of Objectives ……………………Page 2 Statement of the Problem …………….. Page 3 Statement of Hypothesis ………………………Page 4 Significance of the Study ………….. Page 5 Scope and Limitations …………………….. Page 5
Review of Related Literature and Studies … . Page 6
Research Methodology ………………………………………………. Page 9
Results and Findings ………………………………………………….. Page 11
Conclusion and Recommendations ………………………………… Page 17
Bibliography ………………………………………………………….. Page 18
Appendices …………………………………………………………….
Ghannt Chart …………………………………………………………..

CHAPTER I The Problem and Its Background Introduction

Nowadays, our country is facing so many challenges and difficulties. Economic status is now on its critical condition that’s why the researchers are continuously seeking for something that can help the country to survive in this undesirable condition. We, the youth of today must be aware of this. We must search and discover things that will help us in the best way we can in the future. The main purpose of this project is to discover new facts that could bring about improvement not only in the economy but in the field of science as well.

Our country is rich of the natural resources, the fact that various mountainous areas in the Philippines are surrounded with numerous kinds of plants and trees like the nipa palm fruit which provides nourishment for man and its husk promise potential uses especially as organic ink that instead of throwing, we recycled it by producing an ink.

Extracting black dye from nipa palm fruit husk would be a great advantage because this dye can be made into ink, which is in demand nowadays. It is used for writing and printing purposes. Adding a source of ink would be nothing but beneficial.

Here in the Philippines, we are experiencing economical and developmental problems for so many years and now are the time that we need to take advantage and depend on all its resources to minimize expenses. As much as possible, we must rely on our resources and use them to the fullest before resorting to other options. The country’s budget is so meager that we are inclined to save money instead of spending so much on importation, the amount here could be diverted to other vital aspects of the economy. Discovering and exploiting our resources with great care and concern should be the main goal not only by the government but of the citizens as well.

General Objective

To produce an alternative ink out of nipa fruit husk, ferrous sulfate, gum Arabic and distilled water

Statement of the Problem

This research aimed to produce ink out of nipa palm fruit sap, ferrous sulfate, distilled water and gum Arabic. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions: 1. What is the right amount of nipa palm fruit husk with ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) and distilled water to produce: 1. highest amount and most dense black dye 2. black dye with shortest fermentation period 2. What is the right proportion of gum Arabic and nipa Fruit sap to produce quality commercial synthetic ink with 1. shortest conductivity and transmittance time 2. fastest drying time 3. strong luminance and adhesion of ink

3. What is the mean property of the nipa fruit husk and The commercial synthetic ink in terms of: 1. conductivity and transmittance time 2. drying time 3. luminance and adhesion 4. Is there a significant difference in the mean property of the nipa fruit husk ink and the commercial synthetic ink in terms of: 1. conductivity and transmittance time 2. drying time 3. luminance and adhesion 5. Which ink is more economical, the experimental or The commercial?

Research Paradigm

Experimental Ink

1. Conductivity and Transmittance Time

2. Drying Time

3. Luminance and adhesion

Commercial Ink

Figure 1. Paradigm of the independent and dependent variables of the research

Statement of the Hypothesis

1. There is no significant difference in the mean property of the nipa fruit husk ink and the commercial synthetic ink in terms of: a. conductivity and transmittance time b. drying time c. luminance and adhesion

Significance of the Study

Knowing the possibility of extracting ink from nipa fruit husk is a beneficial and significant study. Based on the information gathered, ink has a lot of uses and is in demand nowadays especially in printing industry. If an alternative source of ink is discovered, this will greatly help in decreasing the cost of production in the country’s printing industry. Nipa palm fruit husk on the other hand can be very useful instead of being an additional waste material in our environment. The country’s dwindling dollar reserve should be saved by limiting the importation of synthetic ink instead the utilization of locally available and abundant nipa palm fruit husk should be maximized.
Scope and Limitations This research is mainly concerned to the production of ink from nipa palm fruit husk that can an be alternative to commercial ink. This study was conducted in San Teodoro Central School from July to September 2009 and was aimed to the efficacy of the ink for printing and writing.
CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature

This part of research deals with the review of related literature that has direct bearing to the present study. Ink is a liquid or semi-liquid material used for writing, printing and drawing. It consists of a mixture of a coloring matter usually a pigment or dye-plus a vehicle, or carrier that maybe simply water or a natural synthetic chemical compound. Some ink formulas also contain additives to impart special properties demanded by the method of application, the material in which the ink is applied or some other factor. The principal types of inks are those used for writing and those used in the printing trade. There are others for special use such as stenciling and finger printing for mimeographs and stamp pads. Electrostatic or xerographic inks found in office copying machines are not true inks but consist rather of electrically charged bits of colorants that are deposited on a paper surface. Magnetic ink son bank checks and other documents that require source identification are printed with inks containing an iron oxide pigment capable of being magnetized. Of the two principal types, writing inks are chemically simpler and have more limited usage. Writing inks usually consists of the dye dispersed in water, plus chemicals required to assure even dispersion and stabilization. Fountain pen inks contain humidity of water, whereas inks used in ball point pens have a paste like consistency. A third common writing ink made for porous tipped pens or markers. The most common substrate for writing inks is paper, although India-ink in drafting and drawing maybe applied to plastics or other materials. Decorative writing inks such as those used in calligraphy, maybe applied on parchments as well as on paper. Inks also dry or cure, in a number of different ways by both physical and chemical means. An ink is considered to be dry when the printed image it has formed does nor stick or transfer to another substrate that is placed against it. Printing inks also provide specific properties. By careful choice and compounding ingredients, printing inks can be made to impart such properties as high gloss, matte finish or fluorescence; scuff or abrasion resistance; controlled drying speed; permanence under prolonged exposure to light or heat; increased opacity or transparency; or resistance to staining, running or bleeding when in contact with water, oils alcohols, fats, acids or alkalis. Ordinary black writing ink contains mixture of the tannates and gallates of the proto and sesquioxide of iron. These are insoluble in water and are suspended by means of gum. Creosote or essential oils are added to prevent molding. Many receipts are given for inks; those found below are reliable. As a general rule, the use of vinegar, log wood and salts of copper is not to be recommended. Inks so prepared are richer at first, but will fade and act on pens. Most ink is pale when first written with, but becomes dark: this is owing to oxidation. Such ink lasts better than what which is very black. Hen ink fades, it is from a decomposition of the organic matter or maybe restored by brushing over with infusion of galls or solution of ferrocynnide of potassium. Durability of any ink is impaired by the use of steel pens. Gum Arabic, a natural gum also called gum acacia, is a substance that is taken from two sub-Saharan species of acacia tree, Acacia Senegal and Acacia Seyal. It used primarily in the food industry as a stabilizer, has had more varied uses in the past, including viscosity controls in inks. Its E number is E-414. Gum Arabic is a complex mixture of saccharides and glycoproteins, which gives it one of its most useful properties, is perfectly edible. Other substances have replaced it in a situation where toxicity is not an issue, as the proportions of chemicals in gum Arabic vary widely and make it unpredictable. Still, it remains an important ingredient in soft drink syrups “hard” gummy candies like gum drops, marshmallows, M & M’s chocolate candies and most notably, chewing gums. For artists it is the traditional binder used in water color paints and is used in photography for gum printing. Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics also used the gum, and it is used as a binder in pyrotechnic compositions. It is an important ingredient in shoe polish. It is also used often as a likeable adhesive in postage stamps and cigarette papers. Printers employ it to stop oxidation of aluminum printing plates in the interval between processing of the plate and its use on a printing press. The substance is grown commercially throughout the Sahel from Senegal and Sudan to Soma gum Arabic is used as binder for watercolor printing because it dissolves easily on water. Pigment of any color is suspended within the gum Arabic in varying amounts, resulting in watercolor paints. Water act as a vehicle or a diluents to thin the watercolor paint and helps to transfer the paint to a surface such as paper. When all moisture evaporates the gum Arabic binds the pigment to the paper surface. Gum Arabic is also used to protect and etch the most subtle gray tones. Phosphoric acid is added in varying concentrations to the gum Arabic to etch the darker tones up to dark blacks. Multiple layers of gum are used after etching process to build up a protective burrier that insures the ink does not fill into the white space of the image being printed.
CHAPTER III
Methodology

This section provides the details of the materials and equipment used and the treatment and general procedure of the experiment.

A. Materials and Equipment

In the conduct of the experiment the following materials and equipment were used; nipa palm fruit husk, ferrous sulfate. Distilled water, vinegar and salt while the equipment used were weighing scale, graduated cylinder, beaker, knife, chopping board, glass bowl and laser bond paper.

B. General Procedure Nipa palm fruit husk were gathered, cut into small portions and weighed into 200 grams. 1 gram of ferrous sulfate was diluted in 100 ml distilled water. The reduced nipa palm fruit husk was soaked in the distilled water with ferrous sulfate. The set-up mixture was boiled for 1 hour. After boiling, the mixture was filtered to separate the black filtrate from undissolved particles. On a laser bond paper, the ink produced was tested after being refilled to an empty pen and was compared to other synthetic commercial ink available in the market.

Flow Chart
|Weighing |

|Size Reduction |

|Ferrous Sulfate |
|Treatment |

|Fermentation |

|Filtration |

|Gum Arabic Treatment |

|Testing |

Figure 2. Flow Chart of extracting black liquid dye from nipa fruit husk and treatment with binder.

CHAPTER IV
Results and Discussion This chapter presents the data, results and discussions of the research conducted. 1. What is the right amount of nipa palm fruit husk with ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) and distilled water to produce: 1.1 highest amount and most dense black dye 1.2 black dye with shortest fermentation period

TABLE 1
Summary of the Three Set ups Of Varied Amount of Nipa Fruit Husk

|SET-UPS |AMOUNT OF NIPA FRUIT HUSK |FERMENTATION TIME |APPEARANCE OF THE MIXTURE |
|1 |100 |4 days |Dark color |
|2 |150 |4 days |Darker color |
|3 |200 |5 days |Darkest color |

Three sets-up were prepared, set up 1, 2, and 3 with an increase of 50 grams in the amount of Nipa fruit husk. However, all sets-up were treated with uniform amount of one gram ferrous sulfate {FeSO4}, 2 grams of Arabic and 100 milliliters of distilled water. Table 1 show that the first set-up using 100 grams of nipa fruit husk with fermentation time of 3 days produced a mixture with dark color. The second set-up however, using 150 grams of nipa fruit husk and fermented for 4 days produced a darker color mixture. The third set-up on the other hand with 200 grams nipa fruit husk and fermented for 5 days produced the darkest color mixture.

2. What is the right proportion of gum Arabic and nipa Fruit husk to produce quality commercial synthetic ink with 1. shortest conductivity and transmittance time 2. fastest drying time 3. strong luminance and adhesion of ink

TABLE 2
Summary of the Three Set ups of the Same Amount of Gum Arabic with the Test of Different Properties

| |AMOUNT OF GUM ARABIC |AMOUNT OF NIPA FRUIT |CONDUCTIVITY AND TRANSMITTANCE|DRYING TIME |Luminance and Adhesion|
| |(GRAMS) |HUSK LIQUID DYE |TIME (sec.) |(sec.) | |
|SET-UP | | | | | |
|1 |1 |15 |4 |13 |Dark |
|2 |1 |10 |3 |13 |Very Dark |
|3 |1 |5 |4 |14 |Less Dark |

Table 2 reveals the three set-ups with different amounts of nipa fruit husk liquid dye and treated with the same amount of gum Arabic as binder. The set-ups were tested on a laser bond paper in order to test its conductivity and transmittance time, drying time and luminance and adhesion. Set-ups 1 and 3 have the same conductivity and transmittance time with 4 seconds, however they differ in drying time and luminance and adhesion. Set up 1 dried faster with dark luminance and adhesion while set-up 3 dried in 14 seconds and has a less dark luminance and adhesion.
Set-up 2 on the other hand had a conductivity and transmittance in 3 seconds and drying time in 13 seconds while the luminance and adhesion was very dark. 3. What is the mean property of the nipa fruit husk and The commercial synthetic ink in terms of: 3.1 conductivity and transmittance time 3.2 drying time 3.3 luminance and adhesion

TABLE 3 Mean Conductivity and Transmittance Time, Drying Time and Luminance & Adhesion of Experimental and Commercial Ink

|PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS |MEAN EXPERIMENTAL |MEAN COMMERCIAL |
|1. Conductivity & Transmittance Time |4.6 |4.4 |
|2. Drying Time |4.9 |4.3 |
|3. Luminance & Adhesion |4.8 |4.3 |
|Overall Mean |4.77 |4.23 |

Table 3 shows the mean of experimental and commercial ink in terms of conductivity and transmittance time, drying time and luminance and adhesion. As evidenced on the table, the experimental ink has a mean value of 4.6 and the commercial ink has 4.4 in terms of conductivity and transmittance time which means that both had a time of 1 second. The time consumed by the mean value of 4.9 compared to the commercial ink of almost 5 seconds from its mean value of 4.3. An overall mean of 4.77 and 4.23 for the experimental and commercial inks respectively were obtained.

4. Is there a significant difference in the mean property of the nipa fruit husk ink and the commercial synthetic ink in terms of: 1. conductivity and transmittance time 2. drying time 3. luminance and adhesion

TABLE 4
Comparison of the Physical Properties of Experimental and Commercial Ink

|PHYSICAL PROPERTIES |TABULAR VALUE |COMPUTED VALUE |VERBAL INTERPRETATION |STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION |
|1. Conductivity and | | | | |
|Transmittance Time |2.1 |0.83 |Not significant |Accept |
|2. Drying Time |2.1 |3.53 |Significant |Reject |
|3. Luminance and Adhesion |2.1 |2.5 |Not Significant |Accept |

Table 4 shows the t-test results of the comparison of the physical properties of experimental and commercial ink. The computed t-value of 0.8 for conductivity and transmittance time was less than the tabular value of 2.1 at 0.05 level of significance thus; the null hypothesis of no significant difference in the conductivity and transmittance time of experimental and commercial ink was accepted. In the same manner, the test of no significant difference in the luminance and adhesion of 2.5 was less than the tabular value of 2.1 at the 0.05 level of significance. Thus the null hypothesis was accepted. This shows that the luminance and adhesion of the experimental did not differ from the commercial ink. On the other hand, the experimental and commercial inks differ significantly in drying time. This was evidenced by the computed t-value of 3.53 which was much higher than the required critical value of 2.1 at the 0.05 level of significance. Thus, the null hypothesis was rejected.

6. Which ink is more economical, the experimental or the commercial?
TABLE 5
Production Cost of Nipa Fruit Husk Ink
|MATERIALS |QUANTITY |COST |
|1. Nipa Fruit Husk |200 grams |P 0.00 |
|2. Ferrous Sulfate |1 gram | 3.50 |
|3. Distilled Water |100 milliliters | 4.00 |
|4. vinegar |½ tablespoon | 1.00 |
|5.salt |½ tablespoon | 3.00 |
| |

Table 5 reveals the production cost of the nipa fruit husk which was P 97.50. The total cost comprised of 100 milliliters of the experimental ink from the material used namely; 200 grams of nipa palm fruit husk which was acquired for free, 1 gram of ferrous sulfate amounting to P 3.50 per 1 gram, 100 ml distilled water which costs P 4.00 and 1 gram of gum Arabic amounting to P 90.00. It was compared to the price of a 20 ml commercial synthetic ink which was P 50.00. Buying it from the market at the said price for 100 ml will cost P 250.00.Therefore, one could save P 152.50 of the actual selling price of the commercial ink when using the nipa fruit husk ink.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
Based on the results obtained after the experimentation, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. 200 grams of nipa fruit husk mixed with 2 grams of ferrous sulfate and 200 ml distilled water kept under room temperature for 5 days produced dyes of highest amount and most dense appearance. 2. Nipa fruit husk ink poses excellent quality over commercial ink in terms of conductivity and transmittance time , drying time and luminance and adhesion as evidenced by the over-all mean of 4.77. 3. No significant difference exist between the experimental and commercial ink in terms of conductivity and transmittance time, and luminance and adhesion however they differ in drying time. 4. The experimental ink is more economical than the commercial synthetic ink

Recommendations

The following recommendations are presented to those who are interested to continue or improve this project. 1. Aside from nipa fruit husk , this work suggests the applicable use of enormous wastes like young coconut husk and other fruits which are normally discarded in making into worthwhile products as black ink for various purposes other than as ink markers and inkjet printers 2. Other type pf binders maybe used to the black ink dye in order to find the conditions that will produce varied kinds of ink of highest quality. 3. Improvements in the production processes to be made more sophisticated is highly recommended in order that the ink could be used effectively as writing or printing medium on paper, cement, stone and others. 4. Having made economically because of lower cost of production is the biggest consideration to be made as it is a good source of income. Large scale production of the black liquid ink from nipa fruit husk requires relative increase in the quantity of each material used in this project.

APPENDIX B
Questionnaire for the Quality Test of Nipa Fruit Husk Ink in Comparison With Commercial Synthetic Ink

Name: ____________________ Grade & Section :__________
Direction: Rate the properties of Nipa Fruit Husk Ink and the commercial synthetic ink using the following scales:

Scale 1: Conductivity and Transmittance Time of the Ink
1. How many seconds did the ink conduct to the paper? 5 - 0.5 sec. 3 - 1.5 sec. 1 - 2.5 sec. 4 - 1.0 sec. 2 – 2.0 sec. Commercial Nipa Fruit Husk Synthetic Ink Ink
| |

| |

Scale 2: Drying Time of the Ink
2. What was the time consumed by the ink to dry on the paper

5 - 1 sec. 3 – 10 sec. 1 – 20 sec. 4 - 5 sec. 2 – 15 sec.

Commercial Nipa Fruit Husk Synthetic Ink Ink
| |

| |

Scale 3 : Luminance and Adhesion of the Ink
3. When used, what was the ink’s brilliance and attachment of the ink on the paper?

5 – Very Strong 3 – Moderately Strong 4 – Strong 2 – Weak 1 – Very Weak

Commercial Nipa Fruit Husk Synthetic Ink Ink
| |

| |

APPENDIX C
Difference between Experimental and Commercial Ink in terms of Conductivity and Transmittance Time

Experimental | | | |Commercial | | | | |
Panelist |
X1 |
X1 - X1 |
(X1- X1)² |
Panelist |
X2 |
X2- X2 |
(X2-X2)² | |1 |5 |0.4 |0.16 |1 |4 |-0.4 |0.16 | |2 |4 |-0.6 |0.36 |2 |5 |0.6 |0.36 | |3 |5 |0.4 |0.16 |3 |5 |0.6 |0.36 | |4 |5 |0.4 |0.16 |4 |4 |-0.4 |0.16 | |5 |4 |-0.6 |0.36 |5 |5 |0.6 |0.36 | |6 |5 |0.4 |0.16 |6 |4 |-0.4 |0.16 | |7 |5 |0.4 |0.16 |7 |4 |-0.4 |0.16 | |8 |4 |-0.6 |0.36 |8 |5 |0.6 |0.36 | |9 |4 |-0.6 |0.36 |9 |5 |0.6 |0.36 | |10 |5 |0.4 |0.16 |10 |4 |-0.4 |0.16 | |Total |46 | |2.4 |Total |45 | |2.6 | |N |10 | | |N |10 | | | |Mean
Variance |
4.6 | | |Mean
Variance |
4.4 | | | | t = 0.83

Arithmetic Mean Variance t - test
Experimental Ink X1 = ∑X SD1² = (X1 - X1)² t = X1 - X2 N N – 1 SD1² + SD2² N1 N2 = 46 = 2.4 = 4.6 - 4.4 10 9 0.27 + 0.29 10 10
X1 = 4.6 SD1² = 0.27 = 0.2 0.03 + 0.03

= 0.2 Commercial Ink 0.06

X1 = ∑X SD1² = (X1 - X1)² = 0.2 N N - 1 0.24

= 44 = 2.6 t = 0.83 10 9

X² = 4.4 SD1² = 0.29
APPENDIX D
Difference between Experimental and Commercial Ink in terms of Drying Time
Experimental | | | |Commercial | | | | |
Panelist |
X1 |
X1 - X1 |
(X1- X1)² |
Panelist |
X2 |
X2- X2 |
(X2-X2)² | |1 |5 |0.1 |0.01 |1 |4 |-0.3 |0.09 | |2 |5 |0.1 |0.01 |2 |4 |-0.3 |0.09 | |3 |5 |0.1 |0.01 |3 |4 |-0.3 |0.09 | |4 |5 |0.1 |0.01 |4 |4 |-0.3 |0.09 | |5 |5 |0.1 |0.01 |5 |4 |-0.3 |0.09 | |6 |5 |0.1 |0.01 |6 |5 |0.70 |0.49 | |7 |5 |0.1 |0.01 |7 |4 |0.3 |0.09 | |8 |5 |0.1 |0.01 |8 |5 |0.70 |0.49 | |9 |4 |-0.9 |0.81 |9 |4 |-0.3 |0.09 | |10 |5 |0.1 |0.01 |10 |5 |0.70 |0.49 | |Total |49 | |0.90 |Total |43 | |2.1 | |N |10 | | |N |10 | | | |Mean
Variance |
4.9 | | |Mean
Variance |
4.3 | | | | t = 3.53

Arithmetic Mean Variance t - test Experimental Ink

X1 = ∑X SD1² = (X1 - X1)² t = X1 - X2 N N – 1 SD1² + SD2² N1 N2 = 49 = 0.9 = 4.9 - 4.3 10 9 0.10 + 0.23 10 10
X1 = 4.9 SD1² = 0.10 = 0.6 0.01+ 0.02

= 0.6 Commercial Ink 0.03

X1 = ∑X SD1² = (X1 - X1)² = 0.6 N N - 1 0.17

= 43 = 2.1 t = 3.53 10 9

X² = 4.3 SD1² = 0.23
APPENDIX E
Difference between Experimental and Commercial Inks in Terms of Luminance and Adhesion
Experimental | | | |Commercial | | | | |
Panelist |
X1 |
X1 - X1 |
(X1- X1)² |
Panelist |
X2 |
X2- X2 |
(X2-X2)² | |1 |5 |0.2 |0.04 |1 |4 |-0.3 |0.09 | |2 |5 |0.2 |0.04 |2 |4 |-0.3 |0.09 | |3 |4 |-0.8 |0.64 |3 |5 |-0.7 |0.49 | |4 |5 |0.2 |0.04 |4 |4 |-0.3 |0.09 | |5 |5 |0.2 |0.04 |5 |5 |-0.7 |0.49 | |6 |5 |0.2 |0.04 |6 |4 |-0.3 |0.09 | |7 |4 |-0.8 |0.64 |7 |5 |-0.7 |0.49 | |8 |5 |0.2 |0.04 |8 |4 |-0.3 |0.09 | |9 |4 |0.2 |0.04 |9 |4 |-0.3 |0.09 | |10 |5 |0.2 |0.04 |10 |4 |-0.3 |0.49 | |Total |48 | |1.6 |Total |43 | |2.1 | |N |10 | | |N |10 | | | |Mean
Variance |
4.8 | | |Mean
Variance |
4.3 | | | | t = 3.53

Arithmetic Mean Variance t - test
Experimental Ink

X1 = ∑X SD1² = (X1 - X1)² t = X1 - X2 N N – 1 SD1² + SD2² N1 N2 = 48 = 1.6 = 4.8 - 4.3 10 9 0.18 + 0.23 10 10
X1 = 4.8 SD1² = 0.18 = 0.5 0.02+ 0.02

= 0.6 Commercial Ink 4

X1 = ∑X SD1² = (X1 - X1)² = 0.6 N N - 1 0.17

= 43 = 2.1 t = 2.5 10 9

X² = 4.3 SD1² = 0.23
Bibliography

Encyclopedia of Herbs and Their Uses, Dorling Kindersley, London 1995

United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Journal

Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, Copyright 1999-2006, Encyclopedia Britannica Incorporated

Grolier’s Encyclopedia, 1995 USA; Danbury Connecticut

Science Direct, Joshua Blakeslee et al, Current Opinion in Plant Biology

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Nipa Fruit Husk

Distilled Water