...American Journal of Experimental Agriculture 4(12): 1680-1696, 2014 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Market Information and Extent of Agricultural Commercialization: Empirical Evidence from Smallholder Farmers in Effutu Municipality of Ghana Edward Martey1* 1 Savanna Agricultural Research Institute of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P. O. Box TL 52, Tamale, Ghana. Author’s contribution This whole work was carried out by author EM. th Original Research Article Received 26 March 2014 th Accepted 14 May 2014 th Published 29 July 2014 ABSTRACT Aims: Agricultural commercialization literature has shown that access to market information influences market participation by smallholder farmers. However, documentation on which type of access to market information influences the extent of market participation in the study area is missing. Therefore, this paper analyzed the effect of the different types of access to market information on the extent of agricultural commercialization by using data on smallholder maize farmers in the Effutu Municipality of Ghana. Study Design: The study basically used primary data collected through farmer interviews. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on demographic characteristics, institutional factors, production, marketing and post-harvest activities. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in 15 communities of Effutu Municipality of Ghana between April and May, 2011. Methodology:...
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...development From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Trade can be a key factor in economic development. The prudent use of trade can boost a country's development and create absolute gains for the trading partners involved. Trade has been touted as an important tool in the path to development by prominent economists. However trade may not be a panacea for development as important questions surrounding how free trade really is and the harm trade can cause to domestic infant industries come into play. Contents [hide] * 1 Overview * 2 Agriculture * 3 Market access * 3.1 Market access to developed countries * 3.1.1 Barriers to trade * 3.1.2 Producer support * 3.1.3 Lack of capacity * 3.2 Market access to developing countries * 4 Market access is vital, but not enough * 4.1 Support for agricultural production * 4.2 Support for participation in trade and the global economy * 5 World Trade Organization negotiations * 6 See also * 7 References * 8 Further reading * 9 External links Overview[edit] The current consensus is that trade, development, and poverty reduction are intimately linked. Sustained strong growth over longer periods is strongly associated with poverty reduction, while trade and growth are strongly linked. Countries that develop invariably increase their integration with the global economy, while export-led growth has been a key part of many countries’...
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...ICTs for Better Marketing of Agricultural Produce in Bangladesh 1. Introduction Agriculture is the most important sector in the economy of Bangladesh. As the largest private enterprise, agriculture contributes about 21% of the GDP, sustains the livelihood of about 52% of the labour force and remains a major supplier of raw materials for agro-based industries in Bangladesh [1]. The rural economy of Bangladesh is transforming, the specific manifestation is non-farm economy is flourishing. Out of 80% of total population living in rural areas, 46% are employed in the non-farm sector [2]. In Bangladesh, the alarming trend is that income share of lower tier people has decreased, widening gap between the richest and poorest [3]. According to PRSP, 2005, agriculture must grow yearly by at least 4-4.5%. It is apparently possible through increasing agricultural productivity based on modern agricultural technology and a supply chain linking farmers with consumers in the domestic and global markets [1]. In a market economy framework, access to information is crucial in terms of having access to market and getting price advantage in the production process. Unfortunately, there is no separate market for the poor producers of goods and services. Accordingly, access to information may drastically change the situation in favor of the poor producers within and outside the country. Country like Bangladesh where most of its population live in villages and depend on agriculture as their main occupation...
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...global economy. The conclusion of the Doha Round however has been much harder to conclude than any other trade round in the history of the WTO for many reasons that will be highlighted below. Table of Contents I Executive Summary 1 II Introduction 3 III The World Trade Organisation 3 IV Other Rounds of the World Trade Organisation 3 V The Doha Round 4 Negotiations: geographical indications —multilateral register for wines and spirits 4 TRIPS, biological diversity and traditional knowledge (Doha paragraph 19) 4 Geographical indications — ‘extension’ 4 VI Problems With Concluding the Doha Round 4 The Single Undertaking Method: 5 Changed Geopolitical Situations: 5 Trade Liberalisation and Non-agricultural Market access (NAMA): 5 Agriculture: 5 VII Conclusion 6 VIII References 6 II Introduction The effort to launch a new round of multilateral trade negotiations in the late 1990s was turbulent in two ways. First, the WTO, with its broader mandate became a focal point for protests against globalization. Second, the governments of the member countries had difficulty agreeing on what the new round should accomplish a challenge because decision making in the WTO is generally by consensus. So after failing to begin a new round at the WTO conference that was held in Seattle in 1999, the...
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...WTO AND INDIAN ECONOMY (AGRICULTURAL IMPLICATIONS) BY: RAYNAH FERNANDES 13 SRUSHTI GANGAN 14 NEHA GAONKAR 15 INDEX 1. WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION GATT Principles of WTO Objectives & Function 2. INDIA & WTO 3. INDIAN ECONOMY 4. INDIAN AGRICULTURE Agricultural Trade Agricultural Support Policies Importance Of Indian Agriculture 5. AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE The Three Boxes: Green, Amber and Blue Trend In Pattern Of Consumption Implication Of Agreement : Short Term and Long Term 6. WTO & INDIAN AGRICULTURE India’s Commitment India’s Agricultural Trade Under WTO Regime 7. A STUDY & ITS FINDINGS 8. SUGGESTIONS 9. BIBLIOGRPHY ACKNOWLEGEMENT We would like to acknowledge and express our sincerest gratitude for the efforts and timely guidance of our professor Mrs. Neelam Shetty of Managerial Economics for providing us the opportunity to study the impact of WTO agreements on the Indian economy especially focused on the agricultural sector. We would also like to thanks and express our gratitude towards professor Mr. Agnelo Menezes of economics from the Bachelors of Arts faculty and his student from XRCVC Master Prashant Lindayat. Each and every team member gave in his best to make sure that this report has all the necessary inputs and is completed on time. We definitely had a knowledgeful and enriching experience. WORLD TRADE...
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...countries to trade fairer. As a result, the Doha round seeks to build on the Uruguay Round’s progress by lowering trade barriers found at national borders and domestic practices, to promote free trade between countries of different prosperity. Agriculture is the centre of focus in this current round.1 With average agricultural tariffs allowed at 62 percent, trade in this sector has been vastly distorted.2 Therefore, the agricultural goals of Doha seek to tackle trade barriers afflicting the agricultural trade through lowering export subsidies, opening market and eliminating trade distorting domestic policies.3 The Doha Round also emphasized on encouraging countries to expand trade, so that they can promote economic growth and reduce poverty through the benefits of trade. As such, market access and trade liberalization remained key objectives of this round where developed nations bargain for access into developing nations’ markets in exchange for a reduction in their own subsidization in agricultural products.4 Currently, talks in the Doha Round are stalled over disagreements on major issues regarding agriculture, non-agriculture market access (NAMA), industrial tariffs, non-trade barriers (NTB) and services. The most significant being the persistent difference in interests between developed and developing nations, led by the EU, USA and Japan in the formal and Brazil, China, India, South Korea and South Africa in the latter. One instance would be developing countries insisting on...
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...the EU with alternative trading arrangements 32 Boxes Would independence over trade policy lead to better results? 15 The EU budget – winners and losers 27 Trade barriers and economic efficiency 29 Related Library briefings Leaving the EU, Research Paper RP13/42 In brief: UK-EU economic relations, Standard Note SN6091 Norway’s relationship with the EU, Standard Note SN6522 Switzerland’s relationship with the EU, Standard Note SN6090 The UK and Europe: time for a new relationship?, Standard Note SN6393 1 Introduction and summary 1.1 Understanding the economic impact of EU membership EU membership influences the UK economy in a number of ways. The most important effects arise through the Single Market, the programme of economic integration through which the EU’s ‘four freedoms’1 are guaranteed. But the economic impact of the EU is felt in other areas of its policy, too. The EU has exclusive competence to negotiate trade and investment agreements with countries outside the Union;...
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...Rome. | 1. Introduction 2. Poverty, Inequality and Food Insecurity 3. Policy Reforms Affecting Agriculture and Rural Development, and Changes in the Role of the State 4. Globalization and International Trade Liberalization 5. Increasing Agricultural Production: Sustainability and Technology Changes 1. INTRODUCTION The first step in the CUREMIS exercise was a survey conducted among all the regional and sub-regional policy officers and outposted staff of the Economic and Social Department of FAO. The survey was based on a questionnaire which was distributed to them and was structured around "major trends affecting food, agriculture and rural development" as identified in the process of preparing the FAO Strategic Framework, namely: * changes in the role and functions of the state and implication for food, agriculture and rural development * trade liberalization, globalization and increased reliance on regional blocks * persistence of poverty, mounting inequality, food insecurity and continuing risks of emergencies * population growth, urbanization and related changes in demand on agriculture; increasing pressure on natural resources and the environment * research and technology development and inequality of access. A consolidated synthesis of the responses to the questionnaire was then reviewed and commented upon by FAO Headquarters units and a few outside experts. The outcome of the process is summarized in this chapter. Its contents are meant to reflect...
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...women are among the hardest hit by poverty. In 2006, more than a third of children under five in rural areas suffered from malnutrition. Access to water is also poor in rural areas where only 11 per cent of people can get water compared with 75 per cent of people in urban areas. Rural people also have a higher unemployment rate with close to 50 per cent of the economically active rural population being out of work. Young people and vulnerable groups are particularly hard hit. Poverty has worsened in the Republic of Congo since the 1980s and half the country’s people now live below the poverty line. This average, however, masks wide geographic and economic inequalities. Most of the country’s poor people (64.8 per cent) live in rural areas and women are among the hardest hit by poverty. In 2006, more than a third of children under five in rural areas suffered from malnutrition. Access to water is also poor in rural areas where only 11 per cent of people can get water compared with 75 per cent of people in urban areas. Rural people also have a higher unemployment rate with close to 50 per cent of the economically active rural population being out of work. Young people and vulnerable groups are particularly hard hit. The country’s turbulent history — a troubled transition from centralized planning under a Marxist government to a market economy, together with economic mismanagement, military coups and brutal civil conflict during the 1990s — have all left their marks. The...
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...among countries of varying prosperity. The negotiations of the Doha Round take place in the Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC) and its subsidiaries. Other work under the work programme, such as issues concerning the implementation of the present agreements, takes place in other WTO councils and committees. The Doha Round was to begin at the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 in Seattle, and was supposed to be called ‘the Seattle Round’, however, some developing countries refused to launch the second round by blocking the “explicit consensus” needed at the final Heads of Delegation. It was later decided via explicit consensus at a meeting in Doha, Qatar, that all countries involved were committed to negotiations opening agricultural and manufacturing markets, services negotiations and expanded intellectual property regulation. This new agenda of the developed world was dubbed the Doha Development Agenda (DDA). Proponents of the Round claim that its intent was to make trade rules fairer for developing countries whilst opponents charged that the Round would...
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...MAKING VISION 2021 A REALITY: GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONAL COOPERATION CHALLENGES FOR BANGLADESH Course Name : International Economics SUBMITTED BY: Muhammad Jahangir Alam ID:40814010 14TH Batch MBA (Marketing), University of Dhaka. Date of Submission: 28.12.2010 Introduction Born from the great Liberation War of 1971, Bangladesh is a non-communal, progressive, democratic state that has worked to establish an economy and society free of inequality, and to nurture a culture of democracy and respect for human rights for all fostered by patriotism in all areas of social existence. Along with a tolerant democracy, the aspiration is for a more caring society based on a system of values rooted in the culture and traditions of Bangladesh. The country’s value system will develop as it progresses, and the values will translate from collective to individual perspectives creating a collective drive to work together towards national development. Bangladesh’s heritage, rich in content and diversity, shall have a place in our present and be the anchor for the country’s ambitions. Globalization in the broadest sense implies integration of economies and societies across the globe through the flow of technology, trade and capital. Economic globalization is a process of rapid economic integration between countries that is driven by the increasing liberalization of international trade and foreign direct investment...
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...of the Bangladeshi people are involved with agricultural activities. They earn their living by doing such activities. It includes about 30% of the country’s GDP. Near about 60% people of our country are involved with agricultural activities which prove that a large amount of labor force is doing such activities. It has a great impact on some major objectives, such as- employment generation, poverty alleviation, human resources development and food security. Agricultural holdings in Bangladesh are generally small. Through Cooperatives the use of modern machinery is gradually gaining popularity. Rice, Jute, Sugarcane, Potato, Pulses, Wheat, Tea and Tobacco are the principal crops. The crop sub-sector dominates the agriculture sector contributing about 72% of total production. Fisheries, livestock and forestry sub-sectors are 10.33%, 10.11% and 7.33% respectively. For a number of factors, Bangladesh's labor-intensive agriculture has achieved stable increases in food grain production in spite of the often hostile weather conditions. It contains better flood control and irrigation. Agricultural product of Bangladesh: Rice is the staple food of Bangladesh. The production of rice can be harvested 2 or 3 times a year. Wheat is also a valuable agricultural product of our country. However due to weather conditions the production of rice and wheat fluctuate very much. For this reason Bangladesh import food from the international market. Bangladesh imported 1.6 million tons of wheat...
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...economies in its membership, together they have created a world power. Imports in regards to the EU center primarily around dairy products, sugars and confectionery, and animal products, which, respectively, have MFN averages of 52.9, 32.1, and 20.4. The lowest average MFN is cotton, which is at a value of 0. The rest of the products are between a value of 1 and 20 and, for various reasons, are higher in value than cotton and much less than dairy, sugar, and animal products (II). The goods that are imported have a much higher percentage under duty-free than a simple share. Cotton, wood, paper, and petroleum were highest under duty free, while petroleum, minerals, metals, and non-electrical/electrical machinery were highest under share % of exports. It just goes to show that petroleum is easy to access and the EU wants it whether it is duty-free or not. Materials are easy to come buy...
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...studies can not address these important policy issues. Drawing on an extensive review of the literature on the adoption of agricultural technologies, this paper suggests alternative approaches for designing technology adoption studies to make them useful for policy makers. It explores the generic limitations of cross-sectional adoption studies carried out in small number of communities and discusses the problems faced in conducting such studies. Recommendations include the use of sampling approaches that allow data from micro-studies to be generalized to higher levels of aggregation, adherence to clearly defined terms that are standardized across studies, and carefully examining the assumptions that often underlie such studies. In addition, the use and interpretation of proxy variables for the policy variables are discussed. Keywords: agricultural technology, adoption 3 ANALYZING TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION: CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS OF MICRO-STUDIES 1. Introduction For most of the world’s poorest countries, and especially those in Africa, agriculture continues to offer the leading source of employment and to contribute large fractions of national income. In many of these countries, however, agricultural productivity is extremely low. Clearly, increasing agricultural productivity is critical to economic growth and development. One important way to increase agricultural productivity is...
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...AGB 302 Danmeng Yin U.S. Korea Trade Agreement and Arizona The U.S.-Korea Trade Agreement is an integral part of the President’s efforts to increase opportunities for U.S. business, farmers and workers through improved access for their products and services in foreign markets. The KORUS Agreement supports the President’s National Export Initiative goal of doubling of U.S. exports in five years. It would also promote the further integration of the U.S. and Korean economies and enhance the competitiveness of U.S. business in the world’s 12th largest economy. For agricultural products, the KORUS Agreement would immediately eliminate or phase out tariffs and quotas on a broad range of products, with almost two-thirds of Korea’s agriculture imports from the United States becoming duty free upon entry into force. Effective March 15, 2012 entry into force of the U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS) marks a historic milestone in the economic integration of the United States and Korea. Companies with U.S.-Korea business interests should carefully plan to take full advantage of the many opportunities KORUS presents. Effective March 15, 2012, with justifiable fanfare, the United States and South Korea bring into force the U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS), marking an important and historic milestone in the economic integration of these two major trading partners. With two-way trade already valued at more than US$85 billion...
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