...monitored by specific EFTA bodies and a Joint Parliamentary Committee. The EU and two of its EEA partners — Norway and Iceland — are also linked by various ‘northern policies’ and forums which focus on the rapidly evolving northern reaches of Europe and the Arctic region as a whole. While Switzerland is not part of the EEA, it remains a member of EFTA. More than 120 sectoral bilateral treaties linking the country with the EU incorporate largely the same provisions as those adopted by the other EEA countries in the fields of the free movement of people, goods, services and capital. What does the EEA agreement include? The EEA agreement includes: Free movement of goods, capital, services and persons. Agriculture and fisheries are not covered by the EEA agreement. Common competition regulations (cooperation on the regulation of competition, state aid and monopolies) and harmonizing company law. Cooperation on transport policies. Common veterinary regulations (but as a main rule tariffs on trade in agricultural goods still applies). Cooperation on environmental protection, education, research, consumer protection and social policy. Structures for consultations, in which the EEA-EFTA states will participate in development of future EU law that may become EEA law. A common decision-making process in which the EU...
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...which may have led to a change on the value of the pound sterling against the Euro in recent years b) Evaluate the likely economic effects of a significant fall in the value of sterling against the Euro. 2)a) Examine the effect of the Common Agricultural Policy on the world trade in agricultural goods. b) Evaluate the implications of a significant reduction in barriers to the trade and services for the global economy. 3)a) In 2002 the unemployment rates in Spain, France and Italy were significantly higher than in the UK. Examine the factors which might explain why the UK's unemployment rate was lower in these countries. b) To what extent might the pursuit of full employment conflict with other macroeconomic objectives? ------------------------------------------------- Exemplar: 1)a) 'The competitiveness of the Uk's manufacturing sector has declined in recent years'. Discuss the factors which may have affected the international competitiveness of UK goods. b) Evaluate the methods by which the UK's international competitiveness could be increased. 2)'Trading blocs are becoming increasingly important to the world economy' a) Discuss the benefits to a country belonging to a trading bloc. b) To what extent might the policies of the WTO conflict to those of trading blocs? ------------------------------------------------- June 02 1a) Examine the factors which have led to an increase in interdependence between countries in the world economy. b) Assess the impact...
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...LO1 Understand the organizational purposes of businesses. ACs 1.1 identifies the purposes of different types of organization. Tasks 01 Legal Structure of Business Organization: A business Organization may have three legal option or structure, they are: Sole Trader: A person who runs unincorporated business on his or her own. Sometimes it is known as "sole proprietor" or "sole practitioner". Partnership: A partnership is an association of two or more people formed for the purpose of carrying on a business. Partnerships are governed by the Partnership Act (1890). Incorporated Company: Incorporating business actions into a company confers life on the business as a "separate legal person", Profits and losses are the company's and it has its own debts and obligations. Types of the Business Organization: Private Company: A company whose ownership is private. Private companies may issue stock and have shareholders. Public Company: Public Company may be defined as, A company that has issued securities through an initial public offering (IPO) and is traded on at least one stock exchange or in the over the counter market. Government Company: Government Company may be defined by, it is a legal entity created by a government to start money-making activities on behalf of a proprietor government. Voluntary Organization: Voluntary organizations may be defined as, organizations are non-profit ambitious, self-directed and non-statutory, that are run by persons...
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...governed through a series of 50 articles. -Irish title of the constitution is Bunreacht na hEireann. The name of the state is Eire. Ireland in the english language. -sovereign, independent, democratic state. the people have the power to decide the ruler of the state. anyone who was a citizen of Ireland before the constitution came into practice, automatically becomes the citizen of ireland when the constitution comes into practice. No person can be denied the citizenship of ireland based on their sex. -citizenship by birth granted only if the person has one irish parent or one parent entitled to become an irish citizen. GEOGRAPHY: -natural resources: natural gas, peat, copper, lead, zinc, silver, barite, gypsum, limestone, dolomite. -agricultural land under use: 66.1 -environment agreement: Air--Pollution persistent Organic Pollutants, Marine Life Conservation PEOPLE: -Age composition: 0-14: 21.5% (male 537,239/ female 514,369) 15-54: 55.66% (male 1,371,350/ female 1,351,903) 65 and above: 12.61% (male 284,399/ female 249,453) -population growth rate: 1.25% (2015) country comparison to the world is 94 -birth rate: 14.84 births/ 1000 population (2015) country comparison 132 -death rate: 6.48 deaths/1000 population (2015) country comparison 150 - urban population- 63.2%, rate of urbanization: 1.58% annual rate of change -major urban areas is Dublin with population of 1.169 million (2015) -sex ratio: 014- 1.04 males/females; 15-24-1.04 males/females; 25-54-1.01 males/females;...
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...European Economic Policies 1. THE MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS OF AN ENLARGED EUROPE 1.1 THE HISTORICAL DIMENSION Many unprecedented achievements characterize the Europe we see today; for the first time since Charlemagneʼs Holy Roman Empire in the 9th century in the ninth century, most of the European continent (400 million citizens) is again united and in peace. For the first time (at least since the last century) a set of countries have autonomously decided to relinquish to a supranational authority the control of one of the key symbols of a nation, its currency, without renouncing their identity or independence (along with numerous innovations). All this in less than 60 years. Historically, a period of war in Europe has ended with one or more treaty (e.g. 30 years war → Westfalia, Napoleonic war → Vienna Congress, WW1 → Versailles) The end of WW2 produced a series of treaties which, among other things (UN), laid down the founding pillars of the modern European Union The First 40 years (1950 – 89) Its acknowledged that the start of the European integration can be identified in the “Schuman declaration” a speech by French foreign minister in 1950. He proposed that France and Germany and other nations wishing to join, pool their coal and steel resources. It was an opening of credit to Germany (only 5 years after the first tank left Paris) and it implicitly recognized the new world order with france and germany allied with the US. It was also a security measure for France with respect to Germany...
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...implementation of strategies, and evaluation of actual results in line to the strategic targets set. The scanning of the external and internal environment is important in order to identify key factors that help in the development of sound strategies (Hunger and Wheelen, 2002, p. 12). For example, an examination of the business environment can help in the identification of opportunities and threats that affect the organisation. PESTEL Analysis Political The UK government has recently adopted a tax measure that affected Tesco. In 2011 the UK government increased the VAT rate from 17.5% to 20% with the aim to increase government revenue by £13 billion per year (BBC, 2011, n. p.). Crossley et al. (2009, p. 3) contend that an increase in the VAT rate leads to lower customer spending. Therefore, an increase in the VAT rate negatively affected the sales revenue generated by Tesco. Sales revenue is the key source of income of the organisation and thus it holds a substantial effect on profits (Atrill, 2009, p. 33). The UK government has also proposed to adopt a fat tax with the aim to control obesity and limit the medical problems associated with it (The Guardian, 2011, n. p.). Such measure can adversely affect the sales revenue of certain products retailed by Tesco. Tesco is...
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...Identify the purposes of different types of organisations. A business organisation is a collection of people, collaborating in a coordinated, structured and managed way to meet shared aims and goals. Organisations will come in all shapes and sizes, but will all have a common factor of goal orientation. “A system that coordinates people, jobs and technology and management practices to achieve a goal” Umstot (1998). A business will always be owned by someone whether it’s an individual or hundreds, with different types of ownership and objectives. Although profit may not always be the main objective, as those of charities or government run enterprises, some profit will need to be made for them to continue in business long term. The majority of organisations will aim to make a profit however small or large. There are many types of business organisations, including sole traders, partnerships, public limited companies, private limited companies, franchises and those in the public sector e.g. local authority and N.H.S. Sole Traders This is a business owned by one person, and the most common according to BIS (Department for business innovation and skills statistical release 2013), its estimated 62.6% of UK businesses are sole traders, but as there is no central register for them it is hard to establish exact numbers, a sole trader will employ one or more people, and can easily be set up compared to other types of organisations, as it is cheap to do with minimal paperwork. There...
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...UK Membership of the European Union The case for British exit from the European Union 1. Free trade * Britain could have the opportunity to negotiate new free trade agreements with major EU trade partners and fast-growing emerging countries such as the BRICs, MINTs and Sub Saharan Africa * Britain would benefit from freeing itself from many of the EU's complex and expensive laws & regulations 2. Budget savings * Leaving the EU would cut our contributions to the EU budget - a UK fiscal windfall * Food prices would possibly be lower if we left the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 3. Exports * The UK is Europe's biggest export market. So Europe needs the UK as a trade partner for both to be successful in the long term 4. Economic policy autonomy * The UK would retain greater control over fiscal and monetary policy and also gain more freedom over labour market, competition and environmental policies Some arguments – The case for staying within the EU single market 1. Free trade * Risk of losing trade benefits of being inside single market, lower per capita GDP * Attractiveness of the UK as a destination for FDI would be diminished * Adopting a position similar to Norway (which is outside of the EU) would mean the UK accepting many EU rules without having a say in their formulation 2. Market Access * UK will lose tariff-free access to its largest export market * London would no longer be the EU's...
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...companies need to have reasonable strategy and also consider about the internal factors, external factors around the company. British Petroleum is one of the biggest oil companies in the world, it is also affected by the economic crisis. Hence, Bp should understand about the current situation of company to give more strategy which help develop the firm in the future. This report was carried out through the BP website, books and newspapers what relate to the BP’s information. Moreover, the report also provides more information of BP such as vision, mission, goal, value, objectives, BP's environmental and economic situation in the UK. Besides that, this information what was given in this report: * Evaluate the extent BP what it has achieved the objectives of stakeholders * Responsibility of Bp with the factors around the company * Analyst policies in UK what influence to run business * Evaluate economy system allocation of resources and way to use. Introduction British Petroleum- England’ petroleum multinational company ( BPPLC). British’s office in London, England. The company started doing business since 1954, base on the foundation of Anglo – Iranian Oil Company with 85.900 employees. British company came to Vietnam in 1989 with a lot of ideas and turned all ideas become reality. The main purpose of company is focus on these departments: protect environment poverty...
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...Review of Policy Document The Great Transition A tale of how it turned out right By nef is an independent think-and-do tank that inspires and demonstrates real economic well-being Abstract The paper ‘The great transition’ by the nef talks about the great transition that we as a humanity has to take in order to reverse the harm that have been caused to the environment by our actions. In this report I try to analyse the policy and look at what suggestions that have been suggested by the authors is adoptable and what potential implications can it have on the world economy and businesses in general, and also what potential positive impact this can have on global warming and climate change. At the end of the report I make a reflection on the ethical and moral dilemma that I might face in future at my workplace. Introduction Our crude dependence on oil and the complete disregard for the environment has led us to this path of irreversible destructive impact on the planet and there is no less that 60 months left beginning in 2008 that climate change in the form of a 4C rise in temperature by the end of the century becomes irreversible. Also with the current economic crisis it has become apparent that the path that we are going forward in terms of value creation in terms of wealth and GDP output has not been efficient enough to target the real problems that we face today and most governments have been ineffective enough to give an optimal result....
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...industry contributes to sustainable development. iii. iv. v. PESTLE In our 2012 planning process (for 2013/14), we have considered the key challenges and opportunities facing the UK agriculture and horticulture industry through a PESTLE analysis. (Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legislative and Environmental). Given that the six commodity sectors we work with are affected by the factors listed below to varying extents, we provide a brief description of the impact in the short-term and long-term. This PESTLE analysis is a planning tool (at a single point in time) and occasionally significant changes can occur quickly which will result in changes to the activities of AHDB, even though the PESTLE has not been formally reviewed. 1 Impact Short-Term within 3 years Impact Long-Term 3-20 years Implication for meeting the objectives of AHDB Political “GREEN GOVERNMENT” Green Government/Climate Change Mitigation will seek reduction in GHG emissions The Coalition Government has stated it wishes to be the greenest Government ever. Government sees economic opportunity for the UK from the development of new markets for low emission products and services supported by investment in innovation. The 2008 Climate Change Act requires GHG emission reductions of 80% by 2050 and the UK Government and devolved administrations continue to review how this will be achieved and over what timescale. A Voluntary Action Plan (GHGAP) to achieve GHG...
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... European Public Policy PO 886 Schneider Second essay 4612 words (excluding references) Why does the EU find it difficult to reform its policies? Answer with reference to two policy areas of your choice. UNIVERSITY OF KENT 2007-2008 There is something strange about European Union policies: they are always reformed and they always need to be reformed further. This is due to the fact that these reforms concern mainly the form and not so much the content. The seven objectives of the regional policy have been replaced by three objectives in the 2000-2006 budgetary perspective, which have themselves been converted into three principles for the 2007-2013 period but it did not leqd to any revolutionary change. The CAP has been reformed in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1999, and 2003, but the principle of protecting agriculture from market forces remained intact. Scholars, especially economists, often criticise this inertia claiming that real reforms are necessary to avoid huge economic costs and to ensure a long-term development. Why is it so difficult to reform EU policies? What are the factors encouraging these reforms and those leading to their lack? We have chosen the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the regional policy to tackle this question because...
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...The Changing Geographies of Manufacturing in the UK since the 1970s Since the 1970's, the geographies of manufacturing in the UK has been one of steady decline in relative contribution to GDP and in relative and real terms of employment. This dominant trend can be explained by 4 Theses and this essay will focus on them. The Maturity thesis focuses on the decline in the relative contribution of manufacturing to the employment in the UK. A typical Industry is going through: 1. Growth Phase, in which the industry share in the country's employment rises rapidly. 2. Maturity Phase, when the share stabilises. 3. Declining Phase, marked by decline in this share. Figure 1 Employment change through maturity A sector in growth phase takes the labour needed for its growth from other sectors. The service sector was experiencing growth from the 1970’s onwards and in immature countries the labour was mostly taken from the agricultural sector. But the UK had just 3,6 % of civil employment in agriculture in 1966.(Martin and Rowthorn 1986, 2010) The consequence was that almost all of the labour needed for its growth (20%) from 1971 until 2009 was taken from the industry sector. This explains why the UK was the first developed country to experience de-industrialisation and its strong influence. Figure 2 UK Unemployment by broad sector, 1971-2009 Cambridge Econometrics analysis of ONS (2013) ...
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...furthermore common policies are introduced. Along with these policies comes governing bodies over these policies editing and modifying to better the collective group. Integration between countries can be absolutely essential for survival in the world market. Over the past 50 years, superpowers like America and China have been dominating markets due to their huge supply of labour and other resources. Smaller countries did not have the capital nor the reputation to compete against these big firms. On top of that, the firms that raised enough capital to venture into foreign markets were hit with large trade tariffs and quotas, set by individual governments. This effectively made profitable foreign projects almost impossible. When the European Union was officially constituted in 1992 by the Treaty on European Union, a whole new means of national co-operation was set to pass. Certain aspects of today’s current European Union existed even before this Union was formed, however now an official and respected body has been formed to govern many economical areas with efficiency. This integration mainly focused on economic growth and prosperity. A main activity of the EU is first the establishment and then after the administration of a collective single market, which effectively eliminates trade barriers between member states. Customs Unions, Common Agricultural Policies and other policies are then set up as part of this market. Some have adopted a single currency policy (The Euro)...
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...The Function and Governance of IMF Lending Policies in Malawi The International Monetary Fund was established at the United Nations Conference held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States in July, 1994. The IMF's goal is to build a framework of cooperation between nations into hasten up post-war reconstruction, to aid political stability, and to encourage peace (Lele 154). The IMF membership is at 188 countries. According to the organizational structure, each participant country in the organization is allocated a quota according to its contribution to IMF reserves. The IMF performs economic survey of its members in order to provide technical assistance and training to its member states to help them build strong economies. Its main objective is to safeguard the stability of the international financial system which is essentially the structure of monetary transaction between countries that enable them to interact with one another. Other functions of the organization include monitoring and preventing international financial crises as well as cooperation with the member countries to promote the development as well as to eradicate poverty. The IMF has three areas of focus in implementing its mandate and these include, surveillance of global economies, providing technical assistance and training to member states as well as providing financial loans. The work of the IMF includes promoting global economic growth and stability and it accomplishes this goal by insisting that...
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