...Electrical nerve Stimulation, Functional Electrical Stimulation, Cortical Control, Myoelectric Control are discussed here. Electrical nerve Stimulation: Electrical nerve stimulation is widely used for nerve localization during peripheral nerve blockade. An accurate constant current stimulator is necessary for reliable results. Electrical impulses excite nerves by inducing a flow of ions through the neuronal cell membrane, with subsequent action potential generation. The nerve membrane depolarization results in either muscle contraction, depending on the type of stimulated nerve fiber, which is consistent with the nerve’s distribution. When electric pulse is applied to nerve, depolarization occurs in that area which causes more influx of Na+2 ions into cell which make more positive inside cell, causes action potential to produce. These Action potentials causes respective muscle to contract. Negative electrode is placed on the nerve so that negative current from the cathode causes cell membrane to depolarize and produce action potential. Electrodes like insulated and non-insulated needles and stimulating catheters are used for this process. Insulated needles have non-conducting shafts (e.g., Teflon) that direct the current density to a sphere around the uncoated needle tip. Stimulating catheters are similar to insulated needles, except for the requirement of a much higher threshold current with the use of saline for determining correct placement. Non-insulated needles are bare metal...
Words: 1907 - Pages: 8
...faced. Finally we would like to express our gratitude and deepest thanks to our beloved parents, for there understanding and support for the completion of this project." Table of Contents 1. Executive summary………………………………………1 2. Introduction……………………………………………….2 3. Steps in developing the HR strategy of Saudi Snack Foods Ltd……………..…………………………………………….3 1. Recruitment and Selection…..……………………..3 2. Training and development…………………………4 3. Job analysis…………………………………………5 4. Job description and Job specification……………. 6 5. Job Design…………………………………………10 6. Appraisal Procedure………………………………11 7. Employee transfer…………………………………12 8. Hiring and Firing procedure………………………13 9. Employee's suspension of employment status/salary………………………………………..15 10. Policy guidelines and Legalization of employee status……………………………………………….16 11. Organizational chart……………………………….17 12. Personnel files custody, organization and review...18 13. Employee grievance……………………………….19...
Words: 4896 - Pages: 20
...Carlos Ghosn weakness Looking into the weak area of Carlos’s leadership, it is very hard to find because, the results from decision he took in past always led to success. One aspect about Carlos’s style that is tough to entitle either weakness or strength as from the earliest sight it describes for the negative association, however, on the other side it has proved very effective. This aspect was his autocratic leadership style when he took over Nissan. By defining clear roles, he told his employees directly what he found to be the problem and he clearly stated his goals. He closely directed his employees about his expectations and focuses on to meet them and challenged employees to try harder. This gave the impression that it could have been threatening to staff; however, they kept on performing which led to success in long run. Another aspect was Carlos by applying negative reinforcement, demanded that everybody had to spoke English at the senior managers meeting. By using his Coercive Power if an employee did unable to speak English, they were separated from the company. Criticism on Carlos: Other than a part of Carlos’s leadership weakness, initially he was also remained a victim of criticism from Japanese’s people and Business analysts (OECD Observer. 1999). An immense resistance from his employees was the promotion of younger once over older and longer serving employees. Carlos has strong belief on fair management. Carlos brought cultural change in promotion based...
Words: 863 - Pages: 4
...Roles of a Manager Mobin Bahrami MGT/521 11/10/2014 Michael Mc Dermott Roles of a Manager As organizations deal with today's challenges such as changing technology, and the worldwide economic climate managers play an important role to set clear expectations and goals for a company. The role of a manager in a firm is to be a leader and oversee the work of other employees allowing business to run smoothly and efficiently. Some functional areas of business include human resource management, strategic planning, and leadership that are an essential part of a business and managers must use to meet an organization's goals and mission. Human Resource Management Human resource management (HRM) manages the company's employees and handles personnel hiring, firing, benefits, wages, pensions, training, as well as the host of other tasks such as employee relations. The main responsibility of HRM is to process all of the applications who apply for the position and to make sure that the selection and hiring of the employees will best fit the company's requirement. "Human resources management in any organization has a great importance because it manages the most important and most expensive assets of the organization. The human resource management is linked with all the managerial functions involved in planning for recruiting, selecting, developing, utilizing, rewarding, and maximizing the Potential of the human resources in an organization" (Rawash & Saydam, 2012). Whether an organization...
Words: 816 - Pages: 4
...Digital analog: Neuron: digital: spike or none; analog: number of spikes per second Sparsity: % of neurons fire in response to a stimulus How many objects a neuron respond: sparsity times total objects ANN: weight, more input more output : algorithm and representational Input times weight Not threshold to fire Turing test: computational Visual fields: left visual field: nasal left eye, temporal right eye, right hemisphere Right visual field: nasal right eye, temporal left eye Color blindness: missing cones; common: no L or M cone Cones not function at night One class of rods, see in the night Opponent processing: Red/green: (L-M): differences between those 2 cones/ if miss L, then can’t tell red from green Blue/yellow: (s-s+m/2) Explicit: conscious Episodic/semantic Implicit: skill memory LTP: stronger synaptic connection Long term: grow more receptors on post synapse anatomical Short term: amount of neurons Turing machine Single vs double dissociation Single: one manipulation Double: two manipulations Visual angle Grandmother cell a lot of cells respond for Halle Berry Do not respond only to Halle Berry Math: impossibly large number of neurons Only 100 images do not necessarily show that those cells only respond to one concept Size constancy: If no depth cue/ with out size constancy; then same visual angle same proximal size and same perceived size. s Alternative: different difficulties of those 2 tasks ...
Words: 4004 - Pages: 17
...Trends in the Workplace HRM 500 Instructor Name: Dr. LaQue Perkins, MPM, CIPM 10/26/2015 Human Resources role is to develop, plan and administer policies. There are several key functional areas which includes recruitment and selection, employee relations, compensation and benefits, and compliance. Recruitment and selection is designed to help an organization obtain applicants that are qualified to fill open positions. Recruitment identifies applicants knowledge, abilities, and skills to assist an organization to achieve goals and develop the workforce. It is very important to effectively select and recruit the right candidate to prevent turnover. The role of employee relations is to ensure positive relationships between staff and management, reduce conflict, improve morale, and maintain productivity. The goal is to ensure fair and consistent treatment of employees. The employee relations functional area must ensure the organization’s policies are being followed and resolved and problems and concerns are also addressed. The functional area of compensation and benefits in human resources set compensation standards, evaluate pay practices. Benefits refer to the non-monetary compensation an employee receive in addition to cash pay. The advantages of having a well thought out benefits packages are attract, and motivate employees; this creates job satisfaction, low absenteeism, and little turnover in your organization. Compliance in human resources ensures that an organization...
Words: 1080 - Pages: 5
...Action Programs Diversity Pros | Diversity cons | * Stereotyping – eg. ‘Older people cannot work hard’ - Stereotyping is a process in which someone ascribes specific behavioral traits to individuals based on their apparent membership in a group. | * Bring Ideas – knowledge and life experiences to provide a pool of new ideas | * Discrimination - Discrimination means taking specific actions toward or against the person based on the person’s group. | * Social Responsibility – hiring physically disabled show a CSR | * Tokenism – appoint small groups for high-profile positions. - Tokenism occurs when a company appoints a small group of women or minorities to high-profile positions, rather than more aggressively seeking full representation for that group. | * Source of human resources – talented people come from wide variety of background | * Ethnocentrism – look at other social group less favourable than one’s own - Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view members of other social groups less favorably than one’s own. | * Adequate manpower for public holidays – Malaysian context: multiracial cater diff public holidays. | * Gender-role stereotypes – to associate women with certain non-managerial jobs - Working women also confront gender-role stereotypes, the tendency to associate women with certain (frequently non-managerial) jobs. | * Marketing Strategy – hire employees to cater different customers’ backgrounds | | * Business Communication...
Words: 1382 - Pages: 6
...legislation to deregulate the financial sector.Changing competition scenario in UK's financial services market leveraging co-perative service to transform into banks and diversify their product potfolio. 1.3. Customer Expectations:Changing customer expectations and lower switching costs can decrease the existing customer base.Thus the cost structure of the bank has to be leveraged for higher profits at the market costs.This is a perfect competetion case where the markets determine the costs(i.e. price for services) which has to be charged by the banks to sustain. 1.4. Macro-economic factors:High levels of unemployement i.e. recession had pressurised the customer base to remain dormant and thus impacted the banking institutions. 1.5. Functional restructuring:For instance the Personal Customer Service Center was formed.Thus forcing cost restructing in terms layoffs. 1.6. Cost centers:This is the first we are dealing with geographical and departmental...
Words: 1049 - Pages: 5
...HLSC111 Stress and Health Continuing with psychosocial aspects affecting health and particularly the role of stress and its possible mechanisms Week 6 Lecture A PNI, Pain and Health We will examine PNI ‐ Psychoneuroimmunology The immune system – its role in preventing disease Lect B – coping – what works Where are we? This lect draws a number of threads together: So far we have looked at: People and ways to understand them What people share with each other – developmental psychology What makes people unique – individual differences The role of groups people belong to Stress – causes and effects Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) What is it? PNI ‐ examines the relationships between the mind/brain and immune system “The field that studies the interactions between the central nervous system, the endocrine system and the immune system; the impact of behaviour/stress on these interactions; and the implications for health of these interactions” Ronald Glaser Now we will examine in more detail the relationship between behaviour, 1919 ‐ researchers noted increased stress increased the the nervous system, the endocrine system, immunity and coping ‐ ways to stay healthy Back to Physiology progression of pulmonary tuberculosis. Research foundations Psychosocial factors modulating immunity Immune system problems result from Increased Age Genetic disorders Infectious diseases Nutrition...
Words: 1519 - Pages: 7
...Metal-Ceramic Crowns Based on Burnished Foil Copings | | 12 | Failure and repair of metal ceramic restorations | | 13 | Benefits and Drawbacks of Metal-Ceramics | | a | Aesthetic Potential of Metal-Ceramic Crowns Versus All-Ceramic Crowns | | 14 | Conclusion | | 15 | References | | INTRODUCTION The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word keramos which literally means ‘burnt stuff’ but which has come to mean more specifically a material produced by burning or firing. The term ceramic refers to any product made from a non-metallic inorganic material usually processed by firing at a high temperature to achieve desirable properties. This material is opaque, relatively weak and porous and would be unsuitable for dental applications. It consisted mainly of kaolin. The more restrictive term porcelain refers to a specific compositional range of ceramic materials originally made by mixing kaolin (hydrated aluminosilicate), quartz (silica), and feldspars (potassium and sodium aluminosilicates), and firing at high temperature. Dental ceramics for metal-ceramic restorations...
Words: 7062 - Pages: 29
...Garrett Kelly Dr. Tushup 7/17/13 Nancy C. Andreasen is an expert on psychiatric disorders and most importantly an expert on schizophrenia. In earlier years the symptoms of schizophrenia were thought to be in a single brain region. However, with more experts and more studies taking place on schizophrenia we are finding out that there are many areas in the brain that are affected by schizophrenia. Based on empirical data derived from both magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography, we have developed a model that implicates connectivity among nodes located in prefrontal regions, the thalamic nuclei, and the cerebellum(Andreasen, 1998). If there is a disruption in this circuitry it will produce cognitive dysmetria, which will lead to difficulty in prioritizing, processing, coordinating and responding to information. The study of neural mechanisms of schizophrenia has passed through three phases during the past several decades. The first phase was used to demonstrate that schizophrenia was a brain disease. This phase was supported primarily through the use of neuro-imaging techniques such as computerized tomography, which consistently showed that patients had diffuse nonspecific abnormalities such as prominent sulci or ventricular enlargement(Andreasen 1982,1990). The second phase drew on traditions of neurology and neuropsychology, it attempted to localize the anatomic abnormalities and relate specific manifestations of the illness to specific brain regions (Andreasen...
Words: 5342 - Pages: 22
...Niraj Varia MS 792 Dr. Polak Assignment 5 1. This case is aiming to analyze relevant root causes and associated counter-measures of the amplification phenomenon in service supply chains in order to improve the quality and flexibility of service processes because of that their study has a broader perspective. Based on their study, Akkermans and Vos confirmed the occurrence of upstream amplification of workload in the service supply chain, workload being a more appropriate measure for amplification effects in service supply chains than inventory levels. According to their case results, there weren’t able to find all root causes of “bullwhip effect” in this industry: batch ordering and shortage-gaming. The major root cause that could cause the bullwhip effect is Demand signaling and price fluctuations with emerging workload and quality as per Akkerman and Vos. Workload and Quality: It also goes hand in hand that when there is extra workload, quality suffers and vice versa. This causes the birth of rework which creates extra workload asking for more time, value and money creating accumulation or backlog causing more delays. Order batching: Batch ordering can not apply in the service supply chains where the intangible nature of services is because there is no way to hold inventories and also the delivery of services is essentially make-to-customer order. Because of the nature of services, order batching is not relevant as a root cause of amplification effects in service operations...
Words: 982 - Pages: 4
...Human Resource Management: Introduction: Human resource management (HRM or simply HR) is the management of an organization's workforce, or human resources. It is responsible for the attraction, selection, training, assessment, and rewarding of employees, while also overseeing organizational leadership and culture, and ensuring compliance with employment and labor laws. In startup companies, HR's duties may be performed by trained professionals. In larger companies, an entire functional group is typically dedicated to the discipline, with staff specializing in various HR tasks and functional leadership engaging in strategic decision making across the business (Guest, D.E. (1998)). The company I have chosen to do my assignment on is “Marks and Spencer”. The reason why I chose this organization was because of its popularity in our economy also its reputation in people’s perspectives. Marks and Spencer PLC is a major British multinational retailer in UK. It specializes in the selling of clothing and luxury food products. M&S was founded in 1884 by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer in Leeds. Company Background: Marks & Spencer is one of the UK's leading retailers of clothing, foods, home ware and financial services, serving 10 million customers a week in over 300 UK stores. The Company also trades in 30 countries worldwide, and has a Group turnover in excess of £8 billion (Prahalad, C. and Hamel, G. (1990)). M&S expanded into UK in 1973, and at one point had forty seven...
Words: 3268 - Pages: 14
...Technology vs. Guns: The Unseen Side Effect Gun control is a topic that is at the tip of every politicians tongue in today’s society. With mass shooting seemingly on the rise it is no wonder why many are in an almost frantic mental state to find the cure for this pandemic. Any sane person can tell you that it is a great idea to keep firearms out of the hands of criminals and the mentally unstable, but the question remains of how? With the aid of computers and a mass network of online information, many pro gun control advocates are pushing for laws that require more stringent background checks with the use of these online databases. But what if these same technologies that may help us regulate the ownership of firearms, also lead to a more easily access to firearms in the future? And will more laws for gun ownership make the country a safer place? First and foremost, do gun control laws work? According to the statistics it would seem to be so. But in order to grasp the issue fully, it is imperative to first look at the existing gun control laws that are in effect. There are numerous laws both at the federal and the state level restricting the sale, purchase and use of guns. Although they may vary from state to state there are basic federal laws that are in place nationwide. These laws include that no person convicted of a crime can own a gun and also that a person must be 21 or older to purchase a handgun. One of the laws having the most profound impact recently...
Words: 1282 - Pages: 6
...physical properties. In truth if one were to carefully classify all the physicalist positions in contemporary philosophy of mind we would need distinctions of a much finer grain than this story suggests. For the purposes of this paper, however, those philosophers who have thought that mental properties can be reduced to lower level properties will be lumped together (and called ‘reductionists’) and those philosophers who, although embracing physicalism, have thought that mental properties in principle defy reduction to something lower down will also be lumped together (and called ‘non-reductive physicalists’). As far as name calling goes these days ‘reductionist’, in some hands, takes a bit of beating as a philosophical insult. 3 The problems with reductionism have been well documented of course, and I will focus on one particular attack. But I also want to say something about what might be worrying about the non-reductive...
Words: 4246 - Pages: 17
