...Non-Small Cell and Small Cell Lung Cancer Angela Cantley COM/156 September 16, 2012 Ms. Cowart Non-Small Cell and Small Cell Lung Cancer Lung cancer is a subject that almost everyone is familiar with on some level. Approximately “1 in 14 men and women will be diagnosed with cancer of the lung and bronchus in their lifetime” (Howlader N, 2011). Like any other devastating and deadly disease, most assume that it cannot happen to them. However, this may not necessarily be the case. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more people in the United States die from lung cancer than any other type of cancer. (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2012) There are two major types of lung cancer, non-small cell and small cell. These two types of cancer are named after the differences in the cell shapes when looked at under a microscope. The risk factors for non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer are identical, yet the treatments and prognosis’ can be significantly different. Non-small cell and small cell lung cancer have risk factors which can be modified to lessen the chance of a lung cancer diagnosis. “Tobacco use is the major cause of lung cancer in the United States” (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2004), (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2002). Avoid smoking and secondhand smoke. Exposure to chemicals at work happens every day. Asbestos, arsenic, radiation, and chromium are the most commonly...
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...Beacon pharmaceuticals limited Business Strategy for 2012 1. Total number of field force Field force recruitment & retention will get more emphasis so that average number of field forces will remain approximately at 500 throughout the year for general team. 2. Strategic Business Unit We will run four strategic business units simultaneously from the beginning of the year. These are General, Oncology, Cardiac and Biotech Sales team. For General team average number of field forces will be 450 throughout the year. For Oncology team average number of field forces will be 20 averages throughout the year. However based on performance we will divide the oncology team between Oncology and Hematology team. Again the Biotech team member will be 10 who will work with mainly Pegin and Eposis. 3. Mainly we will focus in institution, especially indoor. From analysis of present market we have found that if we want to succeed in 2012 we will have to focus mainly in institution. We have a number of injectable items within our portfolio like Xovir inj, Simpli 3 inj, Xenofer inj, Plasmex injection, Xemocid injection, Acupain injection etc. So if we can concentrate more in indoor activities then it will be fruitful for the company. 4. “Superbrand” items- Xelopes & Flexibac. We have select two brands as Superbrand for 2012. These are Xelopes and Flexibac. We all know these two items are now widely used by most...
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...Lung cancer is the second most spread cancer among women and men after skin cancer. Statics from American Cancer Society shows that 224.210 cases of lung cancer were observed in 2014 among them 116.000 cases in men and 108.210 in women. Lung cancer causes 159.260 deaths in 2014. Older people are in higher risk, 2 out of 3 people who have lung cancer are 65 years old or older than 65. The average age of people diagnosed with lung cancer is 70. Only 2 % of lung cancer cases were in people younger than 45. For man the possibility of lung cancer development is 1 in 13 and for women is 1 in 16. This statistic includes both smokers and non-smokers. The highest risk for lung cancer development has smokers - 80-90% compared to non-smokers - 10-15% who are passive smoker. Passive smokers are people who inhale of smoke from another smoker. Passive smoking causes 3.400 deaths from lung cancer in the United States. The other quite common reason of lung cancer development in the United States is radon gas radiation that generated from radioactive radium. Annually it is leads to 21.000 deaths. It is observed that approximately 1 out of 15 houses in the US have radon level higher than recommended. Air pollution with nitrogen dioxide, sulfate aerosols and other dangerous substances cause 1-2% of lung cancer cases. Genetic inheritance related to polymorphism in chromosomes 5, 6 and 15 provokes 8% of all lung cancer cases. ( American cancer society, 2014) . Lung cancer also called...
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...Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States, and one of the one most common cancers in the world. It’s a serious and aggressive disease that causes life threatening lung tumor that that develops when there is an uncontrolled amount of cell growth in the lung and is capable of affecting anyone. There are two different types of lung cancers that can develop: Non- Small Cell Lung Cancer also referred to as NSCLC and Small Cell Lung Cancer that is also referred to as SCLC, both cancers are treated and prognosed differently depending on the cancer type diagnosed. Non- Small Cell Lung Cancer is the most common type of lung cancer of the two. According to the American Cancer Society “ 85% of lung cancers...
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...Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Lung cancer, the most preventable cancer, it is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men and women in Canada. In 2008, it was estimated that there would be 23,900 new cases (12,600 men and 11,300 women) of lung cancer in Canada and that there would be 20,200 deaths (11,000 men and 9200 women) from lung cancer in Canada (Lewis, Heitkemper McLean, Dirksen Ruff, O’Brien Graber, & Bucher). Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a term for different types of lung cancers that have different types of cancer cells that grow and spread in their own way. NSCLC accounts for 80-85% of all lung cancer cases and includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma (Gutierrez-Cabezon & et al. 2012), which are the most common types of non-small-cell lung cancer. There are some rare types of NSCLC but the purpose of this essay is to cover the most common types of non-small-cell lung cancer. Overview of Non-small-cell Lung Cancer Squamous cell (epidermoid) carcinoma is closely correlated to smoking and environmental carcinogens such as “asbestos, radon, nickel, iron and iron oxides, uranium, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, chromates arsenic, and air pollution” (Lewis et al., 2010). The squamous cell carcinoma tends to originate in the central bronchi as an intraluminal growth and is thus more amendable to early detection through cytologic examination of sputum than other forms of lung cancer (Hannon, Pooler & Porth)...
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...Lung Cancer Cancer is one of the most feared diseases in the world; it is the number one cause of cancer deaths in both men and women worldwide. In Canada, approximately 75,500 people will die from cancer in the year 2014. Fortunately, scientists have developed a greater understanding of cancer by performing autopsies in 16th and 18th century on cancer patients. Scientists such as Galileo, Newton and Harvey led to an understanding of the circulation of blood through the heart and body which had been a mystery till then. In 1761, Giovanni Morgagni performed autopsies on patients to relate their illness to pathologic findings after death, later in the 17th century, Scottish Surgeon John Hunter found that some cancers might be able to be cured by surgery depending on whether or not the tumor had not invaded nearby tissue and was “moveable.” In the 19th century, Rudolf Virchow performed microscopic research on cancerous cells on tissue removed in surgery, this helped identify whether or not the surgery had completely removed the cancer from the patient. Lung cancer is cancer that forms in the lungs. It is formed when cancer cells grow out of control and take over normal cells and organs in the body. Cancer cells are formed when the DNA is damaged in a normal human cell and instead of repairing itself, the cells replicate themselves which the body cannot benefit from, these new cells all have the same abnormal DNA that the first cell has. People can inherit...
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...Cancer has become a common word used in everyday life. The rate of diagnosing many different types of cancers has drastically risen over the past century. What is even more shocking is that the most prominent cancer in the United States, lung cancer, has a leading cause that is completely preventable. Smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer and 100% percent preventable. The use of tobacco drastically increases the rate of being diagnosed with lung cancer. With the proper knowledge lung cancer risks can be reduced. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States (Schwartz et al. 1996). Lung cancer affects an individual by developing in cells that line the bronchi and in the alveoli. There are two types...
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...Lung Cancer: What Is It And Is There A Cure In Sight? Winifred Farria Composition and Communication II/COM 156 June 23, 2012 University of Phoenix Instructor: Jennifer Caracciolo Abstract Of the many illnesses and diseases known to humanity, few are more frightening or deadly than cancer. Lung cancer is of especially great concern, because it kills more people worldwide than any other form of cancer. It is a silent killer, often going undetected until it is too late, because it often has no symptoms and cannot be screened for readily. Despite research efforts, no cure has been found for the disease and treatments are effective in a relatively small number of cases. However, some progress has been made in preventing lung cancer, especially by reducing exposure to cigarette smoke, asbestos, radon, and other carcinogens in the environment. Other causes and factors of lung cancer demand more research, and prevention efforts should be promoted. Lung Cancer: What Is It And Is There A Cure In Sight? Incidence and Mortality Lung cancer is one of the most significant medical problems in the U.S. and around the world, because it is the cause of more deaths nationally and globally than any other form of cancer (Centers for Disease Control, 2011, a; Clément-Duchêne & Wakelee, 2010). According to the Centers for Disease Control (2011, a), 14% of all cancer diagnoses in the United States in 2007 were lung cancer, and 28% of all cancer deaths in the same year were...
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...Galvin RESP 112 20150924 Lung Cancer: Specifically Adenocarcinoma Lung cancer is a leading killer in the world today. “An estimated 158,040 Americans are expected to die from lung cancer in 2015” (www.lung.org). Combining both men and women, lung cancer is the leading cause of death for both groups. Specifically adenocarcinoma, which is a non-small cell cancer that can form in any mucus secreting cell. Understanding the causes of this deadly disease is the leading preventative measure a person can take to avoid becoming a self-induced victim. What is lung cancer, specifically adenocarcinoma? “Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that forms in mucus-secreting glands throughout the body” (www.cancercenter.com). Although this type of cancer can form anywhere in the body from mucus secreting glands, it typically starts in the lungs. Why is this? This is due to the large amount of mucus secreting glands in the lungs. Think of every year...
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...1. What is Lung Cancer? Lung cancer is one of the most common and difficult malignancies, and is thus a major focus of research. To understand lung cancer, it is important to understand the anatomy of the lungs. The lungs are organs found in the chest and are responsible for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. Each lung consists of lobes. The left lung contains two lobes, and the right lung contains three lobes. When you breathe in, air travels into your lungs through the trachea (windpipe). The trachea then splits into two tubes, called the bronchi. The bronchi continue to branch forming smaller bronchioles, and at the end of these bronchioles are small air sacs called alveoli....
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...Cancer is one of the most terrifying medical conditions in the world, and it has touched nearly everyone's life in one way or another. It can affect any part of the body and there is no way to exactly predict who will or will not develop it, or when it will appear. Lung cancer is the leading cancer killer of women and men in the U.S. About 170,000 people in the United States are diagnosed with lung cancer each year. British scientist Sir Richard Doll discovered the connection between smoking and lung cancer. Doll published a study in 1950 that confirmed that "smoking was a major cause of lung cancer." Doll was knighted in 1972 for his work, which saved millions of lives. Lung cancer appears when a cycle of mutations in normal lung cells cause them to become abnormal and grow out of control. These changes can occur anywhere from the windpipe, down to the small air sacs in the area around the edge of the lungs where oxygen exchange takes place. Lung cancer is an uncontrolled, very deadly division of cells in the lung. Lung cancer is a disease where cancer cell go out of control taking over normal cells and organs cells in the body. There are two main types of lung cancer; non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. There are many symptoms that are hard to notice in the early stages of lung cancer. Doctor’s use special machines to identify the awfulness of each stage. Treatments and cures are different in each person case. Small cell lung...
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...Unit 8 Assignment 1: Mutations and Cancer GE150 Date Due: May 17,2016 Elaine Leppert Lung Cancer Lung cancer, the most common killer cancer in the world, is largely caused by smoking. New results suggest that amongst smokers, some people may be as much as 80% more at risk than others because of their genes. By scanning the entire genomes of lung-cancer patients and healthy controls, research teams identified a region on chromosome 15 that seems to influence the likelihood of developing cancer. People possessing a certain set of mutations at this genetic location are more likely than others to have the disease. Research suggests about 50% of the general population carries a single copy of this cancer gene variant, while another 10% of the population is likely to carry two copies of this set of mutations, raising cancer risk by as much as 80% relative to people with equivalent lifestyles without the cancer-linked gene variant (Hopkin,2016). The most relevant genes in lung cancer include the following: EGFR, KRAS, MET, LKB1, BRAF, PIK3CA, ALK, RET, and ROS1 (El-Telbany & Ma,2012). Lung Cancer and the effects of smoking A typical smoker who refuses or fails to give up has a roughly 15% risk of lung cancer over their lifetime, but with two copies of the genetic variant, this rises to 23%. Researchers disagree over whether non-smokers who possess the genetic risk...
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...goes here cancer that affects older adults cancer that affects older adults \ THE LUNGS THE LUNGS THE LUNGS Your lungs are two sponge-like organs located in your chest. The left lung is smaller to allow room for the heart (American Cancer Society, 2013). Cancers in the lungs begin in the cells lining, the bronchi, and in other parts of the lung, such as the bronchioles or alveoli. In addition, lung cancers start as areas of pre-cancerous changes to the lung (American Cancer Society, 2013). MAJOR TYPES OF LUNG CANCERS There are two major types of lung cancers, small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Thus, these two types of lung cancers are treated completely differently (American Cancer Society, 2013). WHAT IS SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER? Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) usually begins in the bronchi near the center of the chest, and it tends to grow and spread quickly. Approximately 10% to 15% of all lung cancers are SCLC, which are named for the size of the cancer cells when seen under a microscope. More important, it usually spreads to other parts of the body before it is found (American Cancer Society, 2013). When cells from the cancer break away from the original tumor and spread to other parts of the body it is known as “metastasize” (American Cancer Society, 2013). Furthermore, the lymph system is one way in which lung cancers are spread, and the lymph system has several parts to allow the cancer to travel (American Cancer Society, 2013)...
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...Lung cancer is one of the leading killers of people today. I know it’s a serious thing. I know it can be very dangerous. I also know that smoking cigarettes is one of the main reasons why people get lung cancer in the first place. But there are a lot of things I don’t know. What exactly is lung cancer? How does it form? What are the symptoms? What other things cause it? What kind of treatment do people go through to cure it? How likely is it to die from lung cancer? Who suffers from lung cancer the most? After searching the Internet, I found many websites relating to lung cancer. Lung cancer, by the name, is cancer that starts in the lungs. As you breathe, air travels through the nose, down the windpipe, in the lungs and through tubes called bronchi. Usually, lung cancer begins in the cells that line the bronchi. The most common types of lung cancer are called non-small cell lung cancers. Non-small cell lung cancer usually grows and spreads faster than any other type. There are three common forms of non-small cell lung cancer. The first is adeonicarcinomas. This is usually found in the outer area of the lung. The second is squamous cell carcinomas. This is usually found in the center of the lung. The third is large cell carcinomas which can happen in any part of the lung. Non-small cell lung cancers come in four stages. In stage I, the cancer is just in the lung. In stages II and III, the cancer is in the lung and might also be in the lymph nodes. Stage IV of lung cancer...
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...types of cells. Normally, cells grow, divide, and produce more cells as needed to keep the body healthy and functioning properly. Sometimes, however, the process goes wrong and cells become abnormal, forming more cells in an uncontrolled way. These extra cells form a mass of tissue, called a growth or tumor. Tumors can be benign, which means not cancerous, or malignant, which means cancerous. Lung cancer occurs when a tumor forms in the tissue of the lung. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in men and women in the United States. Experts estimate that there will be 215,020 new cases of lung cancer in 2008-- 114,690 cases in men and 100,330 cases in women. 161,840 Americans are expected to die of the disease 90,810 men and 71,030 women. Lung cancer occurs most often between the ages of 55 and 65. There are two major types of lung cancer -- non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. Each type of lung cancer grows and spreads in different ways, and each is treated differently. Non-small cell lung cancer is more common than small cell lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer, sometimes called oat cell cancer, grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other organs in the body. Lung cancer may spread to the lymph nodes or other tissues in the chest, including the lung opposite to where it originated. It may also spread to other organs of the body, such as the bones, brain, or liver. When cancer spreads from its original location in the lung to another...
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