...NSA Surveillance Program The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) was created in 1978 as a response to past presidential abuses of massive domestic wiretapping and surveillance that were conducted by the National Security Agency (NSA) on many innocent Americans. FISA was designated to limit warrantless foreign intelligence surveillance for national security purposes and to issue the extent to which NSA could seize domestic communications. An executive power would need a warrant approved by FISA and only for the cases where the sole intention for the surveillance was to obtain foreign intelligence information (Skalski 15). Things changed shortly after the September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001 when President Bush secretly gave authorization to the NSA to wiretap Americans on the US soil without a warrant from FISA. By the same year, the Bush Administration passed the Patriotic Act that enabled FBI to demand the sharing of “any tangible things sought relevant to an authorized investigation” (Barnett 4), including strictly domestic records. Also, three days after the terrorist attacks, the Congress passed AUMF (Authorization for Use of Military Force) Act that was a necessity, but it was wrongly used by the Bush Administration as the reason of permission for the massive spying program. Because of the secrecy of these surveillance transmissions, the American public had no idea of the existence of these...
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...NSA Surveillance Program Eric D. Reeves ITT Tech Online MG517 – Ethical and Regulatory Environment Dr. Carrie A. O'Hare June 9, 2013 Abstract/Executive Summary The American people are reaping what they sow. They were so eager to have any semblance of security after 9/11, that they allowed the Patriot Act to be rammed through Congress and signed into law all in a matter of days despite warnings from critics that it could be used to infringe upon citizens’ rights. NSA Surveillance Program has been in the news over the past week. It was revealed Wednesday June 5, 2013 in The Guardian that the NSA had requested the phone records of millions of Version’s customers regardless of whether they were suspected of suspicious activity or not. In addition it seems that other carriers are requesting similar information. * Introduction: This week millions of Americans was informed by The Guardian of a top-secret government order that was approved by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, requiring that Verizon release and hand over millions of Americans’ phone records to the national Security Agency. Of course this information made many Americans uncomfortable and people started freaking out. Then the Washington Post reported that not only has the government been keeping an eye on whom we call, when, and how long we talk to them, but it’s also been tapping into the servers of nine major U.S. Internet companies and collecting emails, photos, videos, documents, and...
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...Since the invention of radio, intelligence-gathering organizations have been developing and using eavesdropping techniques to intercept and review wireless communications. Initially, these capabilities were solely used to spy on hostile nations, and particularly for military purposes. Human operators had to manually review each transmission, and cryptanalysts pored over military ciphers in an attempt to decode important messages. As wireless communication has become an integral part of commercial and individual existence, and potential threats to security are increasingly found in peacetime and on home ground, the scope of this intelligence gathering has likewise broadened. One of the most controversial eavesdropping systems in existence is a classified project known as ‘Echelon.’ Its use of computer hardware and software to filter communications from all over the world brings up many ethical issues related to the impact of computers on privacy. Overview of Echelon Most of the evidence for Echelon is circumstantial, though a few facts have been established. The participating organizations (notably the US Central Intelligence Agency and National Security Agency) have neither confirmed nor denied its existence. In lieu of a discussion of the ethical issues, a brief summary of the current knowledge follows. How it Works Echelon is the product of Cold War efforts to monitor wireless communications in the USSR. It traces its roots back to the clandestine UKUSA...
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...Ethics in the Government and Public Sector in Electronic Surveillance “Can you hear me now, Yes I can even see you” Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Abstract In todays society the number of computers, tablets, mobile devices will rise to about 65 billion devices connecting to the internet. That not counting vehicles, household applicances, gaming devices. However, with all of these deveices there is a significant benfit that will make our lives easier and one potential theat that invades our privacy called Geolocational Privacy and Surveillance (GPS). This sometimes hidden or masked feature is colleting our personal information, location and sometimes converstation. Laws have have enmpowered government and companies to collect databases of consumers without our consent. With ongoing technology where does the protection beging and the surveillance stop. Ethics in the Government and Public Sector in Electronic Surveillance In the movie Enemy of the State the lawyer played by Will Smith becomes a target by a corrupt politican who kills a congressman for his unwillingness to help with a new surveillance system with satellites. The politican with the help of National Security Aministration agents to destroy the lawyers life by manipulation thru the internet and surveillance. This movie was produced in 1998 and then the technological devices we have now were not that advanced. Little did we know that would become the norm of everyday life of those who possess...
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...Maham ashfaq 16020248 Junaid sirat Comparative law Edward Snowden. Born in North Carolina in 1983, Edward Snowden worked for the National Security Agency through subcontractor Booz Allen in the NSA's Oahu office. While working there, Snowden began noticing government programs involving the NSA spying on American citizens via phone calls and internet use. Before long, leaving his very comfortable life and $200,000 salary behind, in May 2013, Snowden began copying top-secret NSA documents while at work, building a record of practices that he found invasive and alarming. The documents contained enormous and pejorative information on the NSA's domestic surveillance practices, including spying on millions of American citizens under the name of programs such as PRISM. (Edward Snowden biography) Snowden later forwarded these documents to journalists, from where on June 5th Guardian newspaper released those secret documents about an American intelligence body (Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court) demanding that Verizon release information on a daily basis gathered from its American customers activities. Also the Guardian and the Washington Times released Snowden's leaked information on PRISM, a NSA program that allows real-time information collection, in this case, solely information on American citizens. Snowden now lives in Russia. One of his lawyers, Anatoly Kucherena, gave an interview with CBS News. Kucherena said that Snowden would seek temporary asylum in Russia and possibly...
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...The Ethics of the NSA Mass-Surveillance Program University Name Student Name Course Number/Name Professor Name Date Introduction One of the most explosive scandals of the 21st century was involved the National Security Agency (NSA), and the revelations that the agency had set up a robust, warrantless mass surveillance program in the years after the 9/11 attacks. Designed to pick up bits of intelligence that could be used in order to thwart future 9/11 attacks, critics of the program argued that not only was it unconstitutional given the lack of warrants obtained prior to engaging in the program, but that it was ineffective at stopping any kind of real terrorism. Supporters pushed back that the program was an essential tool for fighting terrorists who had become more advanced digitally, often using the internet in order to communicate with each other. Much of the discussion on the program related to the ethical appropriateness of the NSA’s activities. This paper will summarize the NSA’s surveillance program and discuss it from the perspective of utilitarianism and Kantian ethics; in addition, the paper will discuss the author’s personal viewpoint of the program. Summary of the Program The NSA spying program, named the “Terrorist Surveillance Program” by the New York Times, focused on monitoring the communications of between 500 and 1000 people within the United States with suspected ties to Al-Qaeda (Dunn, 2015). Many of these individuals were American citizens,...
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...Who is Edward Snowden? Edward Snowden, 30, was a three-month employee of a government consulting firm Booz Allen Hamilton. At Booz Allen (he has since been terminated), he worked as a systems administrator at an NSA Threat Operations Center in Hawaii, one of several facilities detect threats against government computer systems. In other words, he was a low-level intelligence government contractor. Background: Edward Joseph Snowden was born June 21, 1983, he grew up in Wilmington, N.C., but later moved to Ellicott City, Md., he told The Guardian. His mother, Wendy, is the chief deputy clerk for administration and information technology at the federal court in Baltimore, a court official told NBC News. His father, Lonnie, is a former Coast Guard officer who lives in Pennsylvania, the Allentown Morning Call reported. A neighbor said he has an older sister who is an attorney. Education: He did not complete high school. He told The Guardian that he studied computers at a community college and obtained a general equivalency degree. A spokesman for Anne Arundel Community College confirmed that a student with the same name and birth date took classes there, from 1999 to 2001 and again in 2004 and 2005. Military service: He spent four months in the Army reserves, from May to September 2004 as a special forces recruit to a 14-week training course, the Army said. "He did not complete any training or receive any awards," an Army statement said. No other details were given...
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...aired a report on the surveillance programs of the National Security Agency over one year ago. The report based on leaked information from one of the agency’s contractors named Edward Snowden. The national opinions from several interested parties concentrates on simplistic debates evaluating the tradeoff between individual privacy and national security. However, it is an important time for the government and other stakeholders to begin weighing the benefits and costs associated with the surveillance more carefully. In spite of the strong defense by intelligence officials in favor of the NSA programs, the officials fail to table any credible evidence in support of the benefits they suggest. In fact, some initial analysis of the programs indicates that the benefits are dubious. It is true that the United States is a target for terrorist and other malicious groups, state officials often use the threat as an excuse to conduct and promote the activities of the National Security Agency. It may be beneficial in the context of security, but the surveillance programs also jeopardize the activities and operations of other organizations and individuals within the United States. The impact of the activities of the NSA on other parties is a cause for an analysis of the economic effects realized within the economy of the United States by various parties. For the period that the National Security Agency has conducted its surveillance, through its programs, many nations lost trust in the intentions...
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...Training and Mentoring Program xxxxxxxxxxxxx HRM/531 December 5, 2011 Dr. Penny Wilkins Evaluation Ford provides many kinds of training programs to its employees, dealers and suppliers. For successful training programs it is important to see the reaction, transfer and its effect on the employees and company. Six Sigma is a successful training program Ford started in 1999. The first phase of Six Sigma called for customer satisfaction. "In fact, one and a half points of customer satisfaction drive about one point more loyalty. In North America alone, this translates into more than $2 billion in incremental revenue and roughly $100 million in profit." (http://www.qualitydigest.com). The employees gave a good response to this training and earned green belts, black belts, master black belts. Master black belts helped train senior leaders to apply Six Sigma in their departments. This program was such a success that in 2000, it helped to add $52 million to the bottom line of the company. Ford assembly plant in Chicago underwent a new training program accompanied with new tools and machinery, successfully reinvented Ford Explorer 2011. Ford Explorer 2011 is best in class fuel economic, improved driving dynamics and lightweight in design. ‘The reinvented 2011 Ford Explorer has started rolling off the line at Ford’s Chicago Assembly Plant, marking a new beginning for both the historic factory and the iconic SUV (media.ford.com). Reinforcement and Sustainability Ford reinforce...
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...Smythe From: Director of Human Resources Date: April 20, 2011 Subject: Volunteer Program I am writing this memo in response to the email request that you sent me about adding the Center for Non-Violence to our volunteer program. I would like to start off by saying that we here at Dawson & Engels greatly appreciate your input and your interest in expanding our volunteer program to better help the community. However, we are not going to be able to include the program you suggested in our list of company volunteer programs. The reason we cannot include this program is not because of what it currently does, but because of how it’s past may concern certain members of our company. The organization in question has a history of protesting military action in response to political problems. This specific part of the organization's background could offend veterans and the families of soldiers who are currently active. In order to ensure that none of our customers or employees are upset, declining this particular organization seems like the best decision. I understand your reasons for suggesting this organization, because they do a lot of great work with helping to provide conflict resolutions in schools. I have gotten to see how this program works first hand and I agree that it does help out with the vast number of violent outbreaks that are going on in schools. Even though this program could not be added to our company list, I encourage you to help out with the organization...
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...and are not attractive to the customer. Kudler has different types of options on how they could advertise the new shoppers program. Because these types of programs are commonplace within any market, Kudler needs to develop a complete database system, with including current and former customers. This database is used specifically for advertising of the new program and data collection of sales. Kudler would need to update or create a new website to add this new program and help customers understand the benefits of registering for the program. Legally Kudler needs to stay within the boundaries set up for E-commerce. The rules for online business and e-mail advertisement are very far-reaching some of which include an opt-out link that allows any consumer to stop receiving e-mail advertisements. This must be easily viewable and verifiable to the recipient for online spam advertisement. Electronic contracts are legal and binding along with electronic signatures, these forms of agreements must have legal disclaimers visible for the customer to read. These are just a few of many other legal ramifications that Kudler would need to investigate and consider before moving forward. Ethical considerations are also vital to both the customers and Kudler Fine Foods when implementing the shoppers program. Any customers who register with Kudler’s shoppers program...
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...47306-0155 Sponsored Programs are externally funded activities which fit within the mission Ball State University, and which are carried out under the direction of the faculty or staff members in fulfillment and furtherance of their various roles in the academic community. In the past decade, Ball State University has experienced growth in activities which are categorized as Sponsored Programs, with the potential for additional growth into the future. With growth comes the need for clarity in policies and procedures to be followed in the administration of these activities in order to meet University and sponsor requirements, and to provide the best possible support and service to all parties involved. It is important Sponsored Programs are identified as such and that each award is routed through the appropriate offices to assure that the acceptance and administration of these activities meet both University and sponsor requirements and that various technical, legal, and financial issues be properly addressed. I. ELEMENTS OF A SPONSORED PROGRAM Whether an external funding falls within the definition of a Sponsored Program is determined by the presence of most of the following elements: Commitment from an External Sponsor: A written commitment from the sponsor, which follows receipt and acceptance of a proposal, may take various forms such as a grant agreement, contract, purchase order, or a letter of award, depending on the type of Sponsored Program and sponsor policy. Restricted...
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...The organization that I have chosen to write about throughout this course, I could not find any programs or organizations they sponsor. So for the purpose of this assignment I will just write about the Guardian ad Litem program itself. I could easily give an analysis of this organization based off the six policy elements. This organization is awesome and I would recommend checking it out. The missions, goals, and objectives are great for this organization. The mission statement is: “Advocating for the child’s best interest is the Program’s only purpose. These Program Standards are to be interpreted to support the mission”. (Guardian ad Litem, 2004) This organizations goals & objectives are simple for powerful. This organization is purely to help children in the courts system. They believe that a child should be loved and have safe environment no matter what. The forms of benefits and services delivered are coordinated with the courts. On this org’s website they provide a standard of operations and it explains everything, having to do with benefits and services. Entitlement rules are easy for this org; it is solely for the children in the court system that has no voice. This org speaks for them in the courts when no one else will. This organization has a set of standards they go by for these two policies. Guardian ad Litem depends on many for their funding. According to Guardian ad Litem (2004), “Federal, state and local government agencies, non-profit and faith-based organizations...
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...A++PAPER;http://www.homeworkproviders.com/shop/ece-312-week-5-final-project/ ECE 312 WEEK 5 FINAL PROJECT Many parents begin their child’s program search via the Internet. Therefore, your program’s website plays a very importantroleincommunicatingafirstimpressiontofamilies. ManyprospectiveparentsusetheInternettohelpthem identify possible early childhood programs in their geographic area, and then choose which programs they would like to visit or learn more about based on the information they find online. This is your opportunity to market your program. An attractiveandwell-designedwebsiteshouldbeeasytoread. Visitorstothesiteshouldbeabletofindtheinformation they need quickly, with just a few clicks of a mouse. Please review the following childcare centers’ websites: Bright Horizons Childcare Network For your Final Project, you will create the appearance of a website for your own childcare program and facility using either PowerPoint or Prezi. For example, if you utilize PowerPoint, each slide will represent what would typically be seen on a page within a website. If you utilize Prezi, each featured point will communicate that information. Your “website” will be targeted toward prospective parents and must include all of the following elements: Name of program (title) Locationa. Is the program near their home or workplace? b. Is it easy to get to from a major road or highway? c. Is it located in a safe area? (Please see the examples in the websites listed...
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...behavior is an ongoing topic of discussion for law enforcement officials and agencies. There are many programs geared toward helping juveniles to cope with their issues and receive the help and treatment needed to be successful in life. In the city of Petersburg, Virginia there is a Firesetters Program. This program addresses the problem of fires set by children. A Juvenile Firesetter is a child typically between the ages of 4 and 14 who exhibits an unusual interest or curiosity in fires, or a child with a history of fire play. This program also seeks to find the reason behind the setting of fires or what triggers the child to set fires. Some reasons could be the divorce of parents, frustration, anger, loneliness, a crisis at home, death, or issues or problems at school ( City of Petersburg, 2015). This program also meets with the parents and the child or children to conduct confidential sessions with the Public Educator or Fire Marshal. An interview is conducted to try to find out how long the problem has existed, the primary reason for it, and the dangers associated with it. An evaluation is done and follow up visits are scheduled for the child. Another diversion program in the state of Virginia is the Community Services Program. This program allows youth to work without pay in a government or non-profit agency and it is an alternative program for active jail time. The youth are required to complete their allotted hours of service and if they...
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