...Unit 5 Analysis 1: Pentium Flaw The Intel Pentium microprocessor was introduced on March, 1993 that was hugely popular among consumers because of its cheap price and decent performance. Unfortunately, the early versions of these microprocessors had a flow within the floating point unit (also called a math coprocessor). This caused the Pentium's FPU to incorrectly divide certain floating-point numbers. Because only certain numbers divide incorrectly and Intel assumed that many users would never encounter the division error, the company decided to keep the issue quiet and fix the problem in updates to the chip. Thomas Nicely, a math professor at Lynchburg College, discovered the error however, and after sending his findings to Intel with no response, he posted his findings on the Internet, where others confirmed his theories. When Intel finally announced the bug, they originally said that they would only replace chips for users that require high-accuracy calculations, but when IBM publically refused to sell computers with faulty chips, Intel offered to replace all flawed Pentium processors. Because Intel chose to keep the flaw quiet, and because they originally refused to recall the product, they caused a great public outcry. Their mistakes also ended up costing them over $475 million and damaged their image. Intel now currently post all flaws and bugs that they find in their products in order to avoid another catastrophe like the Pentium Flaw. Other companies also take this...
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...Below is a free excerpt of "Nt1110 Unit 5 Analysis 1" from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples. NT1110 Unit 5 Analysis 1: Pentium Flaw The Pentium flaw began to be noticed on a public level in 1994. This was a huge flaw considering that the Pentium processor was used in 80% of the personal computers worldwide. The microprocessor is the heart of the computer and controls all of the operations and calculations that take place. “Flaws are not uncommon in complicated integrated circuits and most of them go unnoticed by the user” (Fleddermann, 2004). However, the Pentium flaw was very different. It caused incorrect answers when preforming double-precision arithmetic and was easily detected by the users. The first time that it was noticed, was by a university researcher. He noticed that the results of some of his calculations were incorrect. They began to do test on whether or not the microprocessor was flawed. “Using spreadsheet software, the user was able to take the number 4,195,835, multiply it by 3,145,727, and then divide that result by 3,145,727. As we all know from elementary math, when a number is multiplied and then divided by the same number, the result should be the original number. In this example, the result should be 4,195,835. However with the flaw, the result of the calculation was 4,195,579” (Crothers, 1994). Intel originally denied that there was even a flaw. Only after it become clear to the public that there...
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...Ariel Torrente NT1110 Unit 5 Analysis Pentium Flaw Ariel Torrente NT1110 Unit 5 Analysis 7/27/2013 Pentium Flaw The Pentium flaw also nicknamed the Pentium FDIV bug, was an identified error in the Intel P5 Pentium floating unit. The presence of the bug can be checked manually by performing the following application that uses native floating numbers, including Windows Calculator or Microsoft Excel in Windows 95/98 (Pentium FDIV bug). The Pentium flaw was discovered byProfessor Thomas R.Nicely at Lynchburg Collwge,Virginia USA (Emery, Vince). Dr.Thomas R Nicely is a mathematic professor, noticed a small difference in two sets of numbers, he always double-checks his work by computing everything twice, two different ways (Emery, Vince). Dr.Nicely spent months successively eliminating possible causes such as PCI bus errors and compiler artifacts (Emery, Vince). Intel wanted to keep to keep the Pentium flaw a secret, after Intel testers discovered a division error in the Pentium chip (Emery, Vince). Intel managers decided that the error wouldn’t affect many people, therefore no one outside of the company was not informed (Emery, Vince). The pandemonium over Intel’s Pentium chip cost the company millions of dollars and could have been prevented and became an uproar on the internet (Emery, Vince). This was Intel’s first mistake and the company was given a reputation that made Intel not a trustworthy company and not disclosing that information made them seem to be hiding a...
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...Unit 6 : Memory Cost 1. Elyse Segebart NT1110 Computer Structure and Logic 02.15.2014 Unit 6 Analysis 1: Memory Cost RAM Prices throughout the years: Year | Average Cost Per Gigabyte | 2013 | $5.5 | 2010 | $12.37 | 2005 | $189 | 2000 | $1,107 | 1995 | $30,875 | 1990 | $103,880 | 1985 | $859,375 | 1980 | $6,328,125 | 2. Historic RAM Prices | Year | Manufacturer | Size (KB) | Price | Price / MB | 1957 | C.C.C. | 0.00098 | $392 | $411,041,792 | 1960 | E.E.Co. | 0.00098 | $5 | $5,242,880 | 1965 | IBM | 0.00098 | $2.52 | $2,642,412 | 1970 | IBM | 0.00098 | $0.70 | $734,003 | 1975 | MITS | 0.25 | $103 | $421,888 | 1980 | Interface Age | 64 | $405 | $6,480 | 1985 | Do Kay BYTE | 512 | $440 | $880 | 1990 | Unitex BYTE | 8,192 | $851 | $106 | 1995 | Pacific Coast Micro | 16,384 | $494 | $30.9 | 2000 | Crucial | 65,536 | $72 | $1.12 | 2005 | Corsair | 1,048,576 | $189 | $0.185 | 2010 | Kingston | 8,388,608 | $99 | $0.0122 | 2013 | Crucial | 16,777,216 | $88 | $0.0054 | In 1957, one bit of RAM cost roughly $49 dollars based on the chart above. Just last year in 2013, the price per bit for ram storage is not even pennies. 3. I would say that in theory, it would be possible to create a flash-based SSD of 100TB capacity connected via PCI-e slot, and it could theoretically be done today. The problem is, it would cost somewhere in the neighborhood of (get this) $200,000 USD. It would require 200 M2 style 480GB SSD drives connected by a custom controller...
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...Unit 5 Analysis- Pentium Flaw NT1110 February 11, 2015 Instructor Sheila Pearson The Pentium flaw was when a segment among the Pentium CPU’s transistors performed division incorrectly. Engineers for Intel discovered the problem after the product was released in 1993 but they kept it hush hush and decided to fix the problem by using updates to the chip. A mathematician by the name of Thomas Nicely that worked for Lynchburg College in West Virginia also discovered the flaw. At first Grove, who was the CEO of Intel at the time, did not want to recall the product but when IBM got involved and made the announcement that they would not sell any computers that used that CPU chip, it forced Intel to do a recall that cost them about $475 million. In the beginning by keeping it quiet they were doing the wrong thing by trying to deceive the customer. By doing that they could have lost a lot of business from customers who might have felt that they were not trustworthy and were knowingly selling faulty products. But in the end they did the right thing and recalled the chips with the flaws in it which is the right thing to do. They decided to replace all flawed processors upon request and put aside a 420 million dollar budget to do so. They also hired hundreds of employees to specifically deal with customer requests. They placed four fulltime employees to read Internet newsgroups and respond to any and every question or remark about Intel’s products. If this same flaw was to happen...
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...Tiffany M Shamlee Unit 5 Analysis 1 NT1110 Pentium Flaw The Pentium flaw was discovered where the division result returned by the Pentium microprocessor was off by about sixty-one parts per million. When Intel discovered the flaw, their solution was to keep the information within the company. They did not want to disclose any of the information to the public, because of the negative publicity it would bring to the company. The flaw did not affect all microprocessors, only a very small number of customers. I feel that Intel should have openly acknowledged the problem despite the small number of customers affected. Intel determined if customers were affected by the flaw when they called in to report a problem. They did this by inputting a certain code into their system. Once they identified the problem, Intel would then implement a solution. However, if feel if Intel had openly accepted and informed the clients about the issue, it would have most likely saved them money. Their reputation between the company and their existing clients would have also been protected. Intel’s decision and way of handling the flaw caused a lot of their customers to be very unhappy. If this type of flaw was to be found in a new CPU today, the company would surely fail. With a problem in the floating-point math subsection with an error of approximately sixty-one parts per million, this would cause too many problems for the clients today. Especially considering that Intel declined...
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...Richard Ingram Nt1110 Mr. Evans 1-31-2015 Unit 6 analysis 1 YEARS | AVERAGE RAM AMOUNT AND COST | AVERAGE HARD DRIVE SIZE AND COST | 1980-1985 512 KB $440.00 | 20 MB $2399.00 1986-1990 8192 KB $851.00 | 20MB $899.00 1991-1995 16,384 KB $ 494 | 2500 MB $440.00 1996-2000 65,536 KB $ 72.00 | 40,900 MB$254.00 2001-2005 1,048,576 KB $189.00 | 200,000 MB $140.00 2006-2011 8,388,608 KB $99.00 | 1,000,000 MB $74.00 PART 2 Based on the numbers above I believe that consumers will be able to buy a 100 TB hard drive in the years 2020 to 2030. How I came to those years is right now in 2013 we are able to buy a 5 TB hard drive and the number is increasing rapidly year by year so with those numbers that is my prediction. As of right now for a hundred dollars you can purchase 8 GB’s of RAM, ten years ago you could purchase 1 GB of RAM for around two hundred dollars, so if you were going to predict how much RAM you could buy in ten years for a hundred dollars you could predict around 16 GB’s of RAM based on previous prices on RAM. Also as of right now you can purchase a 1 TB hard drive for around a hundred dollars depending on the make and model, so in ten years I say we will also have or about to have a 100 TB hard drive. So in ten years I believe based on prices on hard drives within the past that for a hundred dollars you will be able to buy a 50 TB hard...
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...In June, 1994 the media came out with a story that one of Intel’s Pentium microprocessors had a floating point unit flaw (FPU). This flaw had to do with a math calculation that gave out wrong number after you put in an equation. The story about this flaw came to light after Professor by the name of Thomas Nicely, who was a mathematics professor at Lynchburg collage. Nicely was trying to compute the sum of a reciprocal of a large group of prime numbers on his Pentium based computer. When he checked the results they were different by a large amount from the theoretical values. By running the same test program on a different computer with a 486CPU, he came up with the right numbers this lead him to be able to track down the error to the Pentium itself. After finding the problem Nicely send out an email to Intel describing the problem that he had come across in his test. The email stated that there was a flaw in the Pentium floating point unit (FPU). With no response back from Intel Nicely posted a general notice on the internet asking people to confirm his findings. When the media got wind of this story Nicely did some magazine and T.V interviews about what his test resolute showed him. The flaw in the Pentium flaw was not an isolated incident the flaw was quickly verified by other people around the world in the scientific community, which became referred to as the Pentium FDIV bug. When the story first broke Intel’s initial response was to deny that there was a kind of a problem...
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...Client-Server Networking I Onsite Course SYLLABUS Credit hours: 4.5 Contact/Instructional hours: 56 (34 Theory Hours, 22 Lab Hours) Prerequisite(s) and/or Corequisite(s): Prerequisite or Corerequisite: NT1210 Introduction to Networking or equivalent Course Description: This course introduces operating principles for the client-server based networking systems. Students will examine processes and procedures involving the installation, configuration, maintanence, troublshooting and routine adminstrative tasks of popular desktop operating system(s) for standalone and network client computers, and related aspects of typical network server functions. Client-Server Networking I Syllabus Where Does This Course Belong? 1st QTR GS1140 NT1110 GS1145 Problem Solving Theory Computer Structure and Logic Strategies for the Technical Professional 2nd QTR NT1210 Introduction to Networking NT1230 Client-Server Networking I MA1210 College Mathematics I 3rd QTR NT1310 NT1330 MA1310 4th QTR PT1420 NT1430 EN1320 5th QTR PT2520 NT2580 EN1420 6th QTR NT2640 NT2670 CO2520 7th QTR NT2799 SP2750 Physical Networking Client-Server Networking II College Mathematics II Introduction to Programming Linux Networking Composition I Database Concepts Introduction to Information Security Composition II IP Networking Email and Web Services Communications Network Systems Administration Capstone Project Group Theory The follow diagram indicates how this course relates to other courses in the NSA program: ...
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...Mr. Valeras-NT1110 Friday, April 18, 2014 Unit 5 Analysis 1: Pentium Flaw Pentium purpose and functions was that it was a microprocessor in the CPU and the chip included a floating point unit FPU also known as a math coprocessor. Unlike the old Intel CPUs that did arithmetic using integers, this was a program that used floating point number. The Pentium chips have the instructions built into the chip which was in the FPUs. It made the Pentium must faster for intense numerical calculations. It’s was more complex and was more expensive than the others. Only to discover a problem with Pentium was that it was incorrectly dividing certain floating point numbers. Fall of 1994, Intel Pentium had a major flaw in there system and was discovered by a professor at Lynchburg College. Thomas Nicely, a math professor discovered a flaw on Intel’s Pentium when he was computing the sum of a reciprocal of a large collection of prime numbers. He checked his computations and discovered his results differ from his theoretical values. He then got correct answers when he ran the same program on a computer with a 486 CPU. There is when he realized an error in the Pentium. Thomas did not receive any responds from Intel only after he posted a general notice on the Internet asking for others to confirm his findings. That’s when Magazine and CNN interviewed him. Intel publicly announced and I Quote ‘’an error is only to likely occur about once in nine billion random floating point divides”, and...
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...Course Number: NT1110 Unit 2 Analysis- Computer Shopper Instructor: Swailes Computer Shopper Make & Model Hard Disk Size RAM Installed Processor Speed Other Specs. HP ProDesk 405 Desktop PC 1TB HDD 2GB Memory AMD Quad-Core A4-5000 1.50GHz DVDRW, Windows 7/8.1 Pro 64-bit $369.99 Acer Aspire ATC-605-UR19 Desktop Computer 500GB HDD 4GB DDR3 Intel Core i5-4440 processor 3.10 GHz Windows 8.1 - 64-bit, Gigabit Ethernet, HDMI, USB 3.0 $499.99 ASUS N550JK 1TB HDD 8GB Memory Intel Core i7 2.4GHz GeForce GT 850M 15.6" Gaming Laptop Windows 8.1 64-bit - N550JK-DS71T 1YR Accidental Damage Protection Included $1,122.49 HP ProBook 450 500GB 8GB Intel Core i5 8GB 2.5GHz Memory 1GB Radeon HD 8750M 15.6" Notebook Windows 7 Professional/Windows 8 Pro 64-bit $679.99 A Doctor would need a computer with a small Hard Drive, Memory and Processor. The reason for this being is the Doctor only needs to store patient’s information which included records and more. So I would recommend a computer with about 250 GB - 500 GB, a 2 GB - 3 GB Memory and a Processor of 1.2 GHz - 1.8 GHz to store and access patient’s information in a timely matter. A Lawyer would need a computer with a large Hard Drive, Memory and Processor. The reason being is the Lawyer would need to have fast access to client’s information and other legal information relating to law. So I would recommend a computer with 750 GB - 1 TB, 4 GB - 8GB Memory and a Processor...
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...Marcos Corpas 1/18/2016 NT1110 Unit 5 Analysis 1: Pentium Flaw The Pentium processor flaw was a flaw in the floating-point math subsection of the Pentium microprocessor. When certain conditions were met low order bits of the result of floating-point division operations would be incorrect, an error that can quickly compound in floating-point operations to much larger errors in subsequent calculations. Intel corrected the problem in a future revision, but they refused to disclose it. The mathematics professor at Lynchburg College who discovered the flaw was Dr. Thomas Nicely. Dr. Nicely then had an inquiry with Intel and upon not receiving any response from them he posted about the flaw on October 30th 1994 online. Word quickly spread of the flaw and Intel responded by saying that the bug was minor and “not even an erratum”. Since the bug was easy to replicate by the average user, Intel's response about the bug was not accepted by many computer users. When New York Times Journalist John Markoff ran a piece that spotlighted the error, Intel in response to the media coverage changed its position on the matter and offered to replace every faulty chip. Intel put in place a large end-user support organization. This resulted in a five hundred million dollar charge against Intel's 1994 revenue. Interestingly enough, the attention paid to the Intel Pentium Processor Flaw made Intel go from a seemingly unknown computer supplier to a regular household name. The incident is considered by...
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...Unit 2 Analysis 1: Computer Shopper NT1110 Computer Structure and Logic 07/09/2014 1. DESKTOPS | FEATURES | Asus Essentio- Desktop$799.99 | AMD FX 8300 Volan Processor with AMD R9 255 graphics, 12GB DDR3 memory, Multiformat DVD±RW/CD-RW drive with double-layer support, 8MB L3 cache memory, 2TB hard drive (7200 rpm), 16-in-1 media reader, 4 USB 3.0 and 6 USB 2.0 ports, Built-in high-speed wireless LAN (802.11ac), Built-in 10/100/1000 Ethernet LAN, Bluetooth 2.0 interface, Microsoft Windows 8.1 64-bit operating system preinstalled, Q-fan technology. | HP-AMD A4-Series$389.99 | AMD Quad-Core A4-5000 Accelerated Processor with AMD Radeon HD 8330 graphics, 6GB PC3-12800 DDR3 SDRAM, Multiformat DVD±RW/CD-RW drive with double-layer support, 2MB L2 cache memory, 1TB Serial ATA hard drive (7200 rpm), 7-in-1 media reader, 2 USB 3.0 and 4 USB 2.0 ports, Built-in 2.4GHz 1x1 high-speed wireless LAN (802.11b/g/n), Built-in 10/100Base-T Ethernet LAN, Microsoft Windows 8.1 64-bit operating system preinstalled | 2. LAPTOP | FEATURES | Samsung 11.6 Chromebook$229.00 | Samsung Exynos 5 Dual (Exynos 5250) mobile application processor, 2GB system memory, 16GB flash (eMMC) memory, Bluetooth 3.0 interface syncs with compatible devices, HDMI output expands your viewing options, Dual-band wireless network connectivity, Google Chrome OS, Built-in 0.3MP webcam with microphone, Chrome OS keyboard | HP - Pavilion 17.3" Laptop$379.99 | AMD Quad-Core A8-4500M Accelerated Processor with...
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...deployment of network addressing structures, as well as router and switch configurations, are also examined. IP Networking Syllabus Where Does This Course Belong? This course is required in the associate degree program in Network Systems Administration and associate degree in Mobile Communications Technology. The following diagrams indicate how this course relates to other courses in respective programs: Network Systems Administration NT2799 NSA Capstone Project NT2580 Introduction to Information Security NT2670 Email and Web Services NT2640 IP Networking PT2520 Database Concepts NT1330 Client-Server Networking II NT1230 Client-Server Networking I NT1430 Linux Networking PT1420 Introduction to Programming NT1110 Computer Structure and Logic NT1201 Introduction to Networking NT1310 Physical Networking CO2520 Communications SP2750 Group Theories EN1420 Composition II EN1320 Composition I GS1140 Problem Solving Theory GS1145 Strategies for the Technical Professional MA1210 College Mathematics I MA1310 College Mathematics II Networking Technology Courses Programming Technology Courses General Education/ General Studies 1 Date: 7/18/2011 IP Networking Syllabus Mobile Communications Technology MC2799 MCT Capstone Project NT2640 IP Networking MC2560 Mobile Wireless Communication I MC2660 Mobile Wireless Communication II MC2665 Mobile...
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...Prerequisite: NT2580 Introduction to Information Security or equivalent Course Description: This course examines security implementations for a variety of Windows platforms and applications. Areas of study include analysis of the security architecture of Windows systems. Students will identify and examine security risks and apply tools and methods to address security issues in the Windows environment. Windows Security Syllabus Where Does This Course Belong? This course is required for the Bachelor of Science in Information Systems Security program. This program covers the following core areas: Foundational Courses Technical Courses BSISS Project The following diagram demonstrates how this course fits in the program: IS4799 NT2799 IS4670 ISC Capstone Project Capstone ProjectCybercrime Forensics NSA NT2580 NT2670 Introduction to Information Security IS4680 IS4560 NT2580 NT2670 Email and Web Services Hacking and Introduction to Security Auditing for Compliance Countermeasures Information Security Email and Web Services NT1230 NT1330 Client-Server Client-Server Networking I Networking II IS3230 IS3350 NT1230 NT1330 Issues Client-Server Client-Server SecurityContext in Legal Access Security Networking I Networking II NT1110 NT1210 Structure and Introduction to ComputerLogic Networking IS3120 IS3110 NT1210 Network Risk Management in Introduction to General Education / General Studies NT2580 NT2799 Communications Information...
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