4.1.1 So that every company follows the same rules and guidelines. Otherwise, there might be different companies that wire the same thing a different way.
4.1.2 Because the signal only needs to be strong enough to be detected on the receiving end. Anything more could lead to difficulties.
4.1.3 Machinery, PA systems, phone lines. Optimize performance, minimize interference.
4.1.4
Category | Maximum Speed | Application | 1 | 1 Mbps | Telephone Cabling (POTS) | 2 | 4 Mbps | Token Ring | 3 | 16 Mbps | 10BaseT Ethernet | 4 | 20 Mbps | Token Ring | 5 | 100 Mbps | 100BaseT Ethernet | 5e | 1 Gbps | Gigabit Ethernet | 6 | 1 Gbps | Gigabit Ethernet | 6a | 10 Gbps | Gigabit Ethernet |

4.1.5 Pin | Side A | Side B | 1 | Orange-white | Green-white | 2 | Orange | Green | 3 | Green-white | Orange-white | 4 | Blue | Blue | 5 | Blue-white | Blue-white | 6 | Green | Orange | 7 | Brown-white | Brown-white | 8 | Brown | Brown |

4.1.6 First, there’s the center core. Around that is the dielectric insulator. Covering that is the metallic shield. Followed by the plastic jacket.
4.1.7 It will function properly up to 100 meters.
4.1.8 A to S1 – Straight. B to S1 – Straight. C to S1 – Straight. C to D – Crossover.
S1 to S2 – Crossover. E to S2 – Straight. F to S2 – Straight. F to G – Crossover.
G to S2 – Straight.

4.1.9 No. The connection between S1 and S2, and between S2 and G. Simply move G closer to S2, and use some kind of router or modem in the middle that both S1 and S2 can plug into, to split the distance. Or use STP instead.
4.1.10 Multimeter – Used to measure voltage, current, and resistance.
Craftsmen Digital Multimeter $20.69
Tone Generator – Sends out electrically-generated audio pulses. Can be used to test audio equipment or phone systems.
Monoprice 108134 Tone Generator. $39.98
Pair Scanner – Used for reducing LAN