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The Perfect Tenses

The Basics

Perfect tenses make use of two verbs: haber + the past participle of the verb expressing completed action
There are four perfect tenses in Spanish: present (have done), past (had done), future (will have done), and conditional (would have done). There are also other subjunctive forms that you will use later. The equivalent English structures include I have eaten, they had gone, she would have called, etc. In both languages, these constructions share one past participle form. In Spanish, the difference between each is the conjugation of the verb haber. As you previously learned, haber is an auxiliary (helping) verb meaning “to have” in English, as in “to have done something.”
Remember, it does not mean the same thing as the verb tener.
Conjugations of Haber
Here are the four different conjugations of haber you will need to be familiar with.
Present Tense he hemos

Future Tense habré habremos

has

habéis

habrás

habréis

ha han Past Tense había habíamos

habrá habrán Conditional Tense habría habríamos

habías

habíais

habrías

habríais

había

habían

habría

habrían

The Past Participle
Remember that in English, the past participle is the verb form that usually ends in “-en” or “-ed.”
To form the past participle in Spanish, add the ending -ado to -ar verb stems and -ido to -er and ir verb stems, like this:
Infinitive

Participle

English

hablar

hablado

spoken

comer

comido

eaten

vivir

vivido

lived

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The Perfect Tenses

Here is a list of the irregular past participles:

Infinitive

Participle

English

Infinitive

Participle

English

abrir

abierto

opened

morir

muerto

died

cubrir

cubierto

covered

poner

puesto

put, placed

decir

dicho

said, told

resolver

resuelto

resolved

escribir

escrito

written

romper

roto

broken

freír

frito

fried

ver

visto

seen

hacer

hecho

done, made

volver

vuelto

returned

Remember that when used with the verb haber, past participles will always remain in the masculine singular form.
The Perfect Tenses
Now that you have seen the four forms of haber, let's combine them with the past participle and talk more about meaning.
Present perfect:
He estudiado español.
Past perfect:
Había estudiado español.
Future perfect:
Habré estudiado español.
Conditional perfect:
Habría estudiado español.

I have studied Spanish.
I had studied Spanish.
I will have studied Spanish.
I would have studied Spanish.

Here are a few other examples:
¿Has visto las ruinas en Guatemala?
Cuando tenía 16 años, Mara ya se había graduado de la secundaria.
Para el lunes, habremos estado aquí un mes.
Sara y Ana habrían venido a la fiesta, pero tenían otros planes.

The Perfect Tenses

© 2015 Middlebury Interactive Languages.

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