...for its development. The structured system analysis and design (SSAD) method has been fine-tuned and used for many years in the real world. However, during the last several years, object-oriented approaches towards analysis and design (OOAD) have become increasingly more popular and more widely used in industrial organizations all around the world. The OOAD strategy approaches the problem from an object point of view as opposed to a functional perspective, which is the primary focus of the traditional structured development methodology. Over the years, the increasing use of OOAD over the traditional structured development methodology has spread significantly, throughout the many levels of production and in various projects. As newer and more sophisticated object-oriented languages are created, there appears to be an even greater need for an object-oriented approach to develop business applications. While the use of OOAD methodology is justified in many cases, in some cases it may be inappropriate and we should consider the use of the traditional structured analysis in the design and development of those information systems. This paper shall begin by outlining both the traditional structured and object-oriented approach towards systems analysis and design and then discuss how the object-oriented approach has addressed the weaknesses of the traditional method, and if it has succeeded in doing so. The SDLC is more commonly known as Structured Systems Analysis & Design. Structured...
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...structured analysis and relies heavily on modeling, prototyping, and CASE tools. Thinking back, you realize that you did not fully understand those terms. As you prepare for an interview with Rainbow's End, a large retail chain, you decide to review some IT terms and concepts. You want to be ready for the following questions: What are the main differences between structured, O-O, and agile development methods? There are several differences between structured, Object-oriented, and agile development analysis methods. Structured analysis employs processes and data separately, whereas Object-oriented uses objects to represent the data and related processes. Object-oriented analysis also takes advantage of object models that combine data, object behaviors, as well as how objects interact and interact with each other. With O-O, the objects and object models can be reused and customized as new needs arise. The combination of the data, processes and object behaviors, along with reusable models, makes the Object-oriented method flexible and more efficient when compared to the more rigid structured analysis ((Shelly & Rosenblatt, 2012, p. 21). The Agile analysis method is normally based on a spiral model that involves revisions developed through feedback from users. While the Agile method can be more flexible and can lead to less risk and better development time, it can still be risky if the user feedback is not applied properly. If changes based on user needs is not in line...
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...1. Diagramming Method When it comes to recording the results of a system analysis, there are so many diagramming tools and methods available that it can be difficult deciding which one to use. Before discussing the details of any template or methodology, there are two principles that are common to all diagramming techniques. First, the context of a diagram must be clear, and second, each diagram must present a view of the system that is independent of other views. A diagram's context must be fully understood by its title, title block, a reference to a larger (smaller) context, or some combination thereof. Time and version dependencies should also be considered. Care to waste your time writing a new program - from an old database document? A date and time stamp will resolve any confusion. If you can expect a second version to be made (almost always), a version identification will also help. Some media (e.g. the Internet) facilitate keeping a document within context, while others (e.g. paper) require extra care. If there will be more than one type of diagram for a system, each diagram type must be Orthogonal to all the others. Orthogonal projections show aspects of a system from perspectives that are fully independent of each other. In the same way that an architect views a building plan from front, side and planar elevations (relating to the perpendicular x, y and z axes), we we want to view a system from similar orthogonal views. Given a 3-dimensional system, any 2-dimensional...
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...FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE. 4. PROPOSED DEGREE: M. Sc. (INFORMATIC SCIENCE) 5. TITLE: Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design: a case of District Health Information System, Mozambique. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT i INTRODUCTION 1 RELEVANT FINDINGS (LITERATURE REVIEW) 2 OBJECT-ORIENTED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 2 THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND WHY THIS PROBLEM AREA 5 THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS 5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 6 TARGET GROUP 7 PERSONAL MOTIVATION 7 METHODOLOGY 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY: 13 ABSTRACT Many organisations are relying on software systems. Thus these organisations spend a lot of money on software systems and, to get a return on that investment, the software must be usable for a number of years. For many organisations, introducing new software implementation from scratch is a risk. This is because their requirements are not well defined or they don’t have enough expertise to understand and identifies software that can fit their problems. So, many organisations adopt software. That means they take analogy software (software developed for another organisation with the some similarities) and adopt it to fit their needs. In my research, I want to address the problems of adopting systems developed in the functional-oriented methodology and propose object-oriented systems analysis and design methodology. Mainly I would like to assess the flexibility of the structure of software and...
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...DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATICS – FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE. 4. PROPOSED DEGREE: M. Sc. (INFORMATIC SCIENCE) 5. TITLE: Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design: a case of District Health Information System, Mozambique. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT i INTRODUCTION 1 RELEVANT FINDINGS (LITERATURE REVIEW) 2 OBJECT-ORIENTED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 2 THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND WHY THIS PROBLEM AREA 5 THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS 5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 6 TARGET GROUP 7 PERSONAL MOTIVATION 7 METHODOLOGY 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY: 13 ABSTRACT Many organisations are relying on software systems. Thus these organisations spend a lot of money on software systems and, to get a return on that investment, the software must be usable for a number of years. For many organisations, introducing new software implementation from scratch is a risk. This is because their requirements are not well defined or they don’t have enough expertise to understand and identifies software that can fit their problems. So, many organisations adopt software. That means they take analogy software (software developed for another organisation with the some similarities) and adopt it to fit their needs. In my research, I want to address the problems of adopting systems developed in the functional-oriented methodology and propose object-oriented systems analysis and design methodology. Mainly I would like to assess the flexibility of the structure of software and the development and...
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...technology is ever changing the world. For programmers to design and code a procedures, object, or module program can be very time consuming and complex for the programmer. It makes a lot of sense to use codes that you know work correctly as often as is practical to save time. Being an efficient programmer you need to be able to reuse codes, called the reusability of codes. Programs are a sequence of codes that are made of modules, which performs data using the hardware. The two types of programming languages that will compares in this paper are Procedural and Object-Oriented programming. Programmers can use flowcharts diagram that can represents, and visual the program processes. Key difference between Object-oriented and Procedural programming for the object-oriented program break down programming task into objects, which encapsulate methods and data; and for the procedural programming, which break task in to subroutines and variables of collections. The object-oriented program designing technique that used the top-down aspects to abstract data types with the combined modules and structure design. Object-oriented program design composes of system based on concept of an object. Object-oriented programming supports several characteristics directly. Message, method, object, and class are the attributes or entities in the object-oriented programming. Some benefits are include in the object-oriented programming like reusability of code, which helps programmers reaching their goals...
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...approaches—a predictive approach and an adaptive approach. The second important concept is that there are two types of development methodologies—a structured approach and an object-oriented approach. These are two separate concepts. Projects can be any mix of these two approaches, the approach to the life cycle and the approach to the methodology—predictive with structured, predictive with object-oriented, adaptive with structured, or adaptive with object-oriented. The chapter first presents and explains the differences in the life cycle approach—the predictive and the adaptive approaches. These two approaches are really a continuum and any give project may have elements of both approaches. The predictive approach to the SDLC is used for projects that are well understood and low risk. The adaptive approach to the SDLC is used for projects that are not well understood and are higher risk. Adaptive SDLCs are more iterative and allow the project team to adapt the project to changing circumstances. The other important concept that you should learn from this chapter are the difference between the two main methodologies to system development that are currently used to develop business systems: the structured approach and the object-oriented approach. The object-oriented approach refers to system development using newer object technologies that require a different approach to analysis, design, and programming. Finally the chapter concludes with a discussion of the Agile philosophy and...
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...Logical Modeling in Systems Analysis Table of Contents Topic Page Chapter One Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Chapter Two Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Information Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 IS Analysis Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Modeling Definition and Concepts. . . . . . . . . 5 Traditional Approach Logical Models . . . . . . . . 7 Object Oriented Approach Logical Models . . . . . . 9 Chapter Three Current Topics in Data Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 CHAPTER ONE Abstract Today’s organizations are utilizing their core competencies while exploiting the core competencies of subcontractors to produce highly differentiated and high quality products at a lower cost. Business process reengineering has played a key role in remaining competitive, enabled through information technology. Existence of the automated information system, developed through Systems Analysis and Design, has become a requirement for survival of today’s companies. Process requirements...
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...changing world. For programmers to designing and coding a procedure, module, or object programming can be very complex and time consuming. Once these elements of a computer program are working correctly, it makes sense to use the code as often as practical. Reusability of codes has become a valuable part of adding efficiency to computer programming. Programs are instructions in sequence, which are made up with modules, which helps the computer hardware on performing data. The two types of programming languages that will compares in this paper are Procedural and Object-Oriented programming. Programmers can use flowcharts diagram that can represents, and visual the program processes. Key difference between Procedural and Object-oriented programming for the object-oriented program break down programming task into objects, which encapsulate methods and data; and for the procedural programming, which break task in to subroutines and variables of collections. The object-oriented program designing technique that used the top-down aspects to abstract data types with the combined modules and structure design. Object-oriented program design composes of system based on concept of an object. Object-oriented programming supports several characteristics directly. Message, method, object, and class are the attributes or entities in the object-oriented programming. Some benefits are include in the object-oriented programming like reusability of code, which helps programmers reaching their goals...
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...1. What is object-oriented analysis, and what are some advantages of this method? Object-oriented analysis is a style of analysis that is created on concepts of object, class, inheritance and methods. Some benefits can be that objects can symbolize people, things in a system more accurately and objects can be changed into reusable codes and components. 5. Define encapsulation and explain the benefits it provides. Encapsulation means that all data and methods are self-contained within an object. Some uses are it prevents changes to an objects internal code by another object or process by limiting access to internal processes. It also allows objects to be used as a sectional component anywhere in the system because objects send and receive messages but do not change the internal processes of other objects. 6. Define polymorphism and provide three examples. Polymorphism means one kind of object can look like another kind of object. Some examples: The message “Eat” could have three different meanings: Parent: Time to cook dinner Child: Are you hungry? Neighbor: Time to go home 9. Define a use case and a use case diagram and prepare a sample of each. Use cases are steps in a specific business function or process in UML (Unified Modeling Language). MOTHER-ACTOR USE CASE 10. Define the term black box and explain why it is an important concept in object-oriented analysis. Black box theory is an example of encapsulation...
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...stakeholder integration, cost efficiencies, and globalization. 2. Define business profiles, processes, and modeling. Business profile is an overview of a company’s mission, functions, organization, products, services, customers, suppliers, competitors, constraints, and future direction. Business process describes specific events, tasks, and desired results. Business process model (BPM) displays one or more business processes, such as an airline reservation, filling a product order, or updating a customer account. 3. Identify the main components of an information system and describe the system’s stakeholders. The main components of an information system are hardware, software, data/Information, processes/procedures, and people. Stakeholders are the people who have an interest in an information system. This includes the management group, the users (end users), and IT staff members. 4. Explain the differences between vertical and horizontal systems packages. A horizontal application is a basic software package system that can be adapted to common business processes for example inventory and payroll. A vertical application system is customized to meet the unique needs of a particular business, industry, or organization. 5. How do companies use EDI? What are some advantages of using XML? Companies use EDI to plan production, adjust inventory levels, or stock up on raw materials using data from another company’s information system. XML enables company-to-company traffic to migrate...
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...Chapter 1 Even 1. Define business profiles, processes, and modeling. a. Business profile is an overview of a company’s mission, functions, organization, products, services, customers, suppliers, competitors, constraints, and future direction. b. Business processes is a specific set of transactions, events, and results that can be described and documented. c. Modeling is a standard based language used by analysts. It includes various shapes and symbols to represent events, processes and workflows. 2. Explain the difference between vertical and horizontal systems packages. d. A horizontal system is a basic software package system that can be adapted to common business processes like inventory and payroll. e. A vertical system is customized to meet the unique needs of a particular business, industry, or organization 3. Describe five types of information systems, and give an example of each. f. Enterprise computing systems support company-wide data management. e.g. airline reservations systems g. Transaction processing systems process data generated by day-to-day business operations. e.g. customer billing systems h. Business support systems provide job-related information support to users at all levels of a company. e.g. inventory reordering systems i. Knowledge management systems simulate human reasoning by combining a knowledge base and inference rules that determine how the knowledge is applied. e.g. technical...
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...Introduction to BAPIs Definition The SAP Business Objects held in the Business Object Repository (BOR) encapsulate their data and processes. External access to the data and processes is only possible by means of specific methods - BAPIs (Business Application Program Interfaces). A BAPI is defined as a method of a SAP Business Object. For example, the functionality that is implemented with the SAP Business Object type "Material" includes a check for the material's availability. Thus, the Business Object type "Material" offers a BAPI called "Material.CheckAvailability". Use To use a BAPI method, an application program only needs to know how to call the method; that is, it needs to know the method's interface definition. Therefore, when including a BAPI invocation in your application program, you only need to supply the appropriate interface information. A BAPI interface is defined by: Ø Import parameters, which contain data to be transferred from the calling program to the BAPI Ø Export parameters, which contain data to be transferred from the BAPI back to the calling program Ø Import/export (table) parameters for both importing and exporting data Structure The BAPIs in the R/3 System are currently implemented as function modules, all of which are held in the Function Builder. Each function module underlying a BAPI: Ø Supports the Remote Function Call (RFC) protocol Ø Has been assigned as a method to an SAP Business Object in the BOR Ø Is processed without returning...
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...are defined by the systems requirements, which reflects the aspects of outer world. Real time systems are now become important part of this modern age, safety and privacy issues and performance of such systems have also been raised .In 2000 Halang and Druzovec explained that performance in real time system depends on higher bandwidth, faster response and faster computation power. A real time systems state is dependent on a function of physical time eg; a chemical reaction continues to change its state from one state to another even after the supervising computer system is stopped. This real time system can easily be decomposed into a set of subsystems i.e. human operator, controlled object, real time computer system. A real time system must react to the stimuli with the help of the controlled object within specific time period. Typical examples of real time systems include multimedia applications, command control systems, air traffic control systems, space systems, embedded automotive electronics etc. Real time systems are classified into two categories:- * Factors outside the computer system * Factors inside the computer system Characteristics of Real time systems:- Real time systems...
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...is object-oriented analysis, and what are some advantages of using this technique? O-O (Object-Oriented) analysis describes an information system by identifying things called objects that combine data and processes with the use of various O-O diagrams depicting system actors, methods and messages. Advantages: Integrates easily with O-O programming languages.Code is modular and reusable, which can reduce costs and development times.Easy to maintain and expand as new objects can be cloned using inherited properties.Disadvantages: Somewhat newer method might be less familiar to development team members.Interaction of objects and classes can be complex in larger systems. Question 2: Define an object and give an example. An object represents a real person, place, event or transaction and possesses characteristics called properties (which the object either possesses on it's own or inherits from it's class) and attributes (which are the characteristics that describe the object). For example: When a patient makes an appointment to see a doctor, the patient is an object, the doctor is an object and the appointment is an object. Question 3: Define an attribute and give an example. An attribute is a single characteristic or fact about an entity. An attribute, or field, is the smallestpiece of data that has meaning within an information system. In an O-O analysis, an attribute is part of a class diagram that describes the characteristics of objects in the class, also known as a data element...
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