...thick, trouble maker or hardworking. Participant observation is where a researcher takes part in the event or ordinary life of a group while observing it. There are two types of types of participant observation- covert and overt observation. Covert observation is when the study is carried out undercover, and the researcher’s real identity and purpose are kept a secret. Overt observation is the complete opposite where the researcher makes their true identity and purpose known to those being studied. The provided text looks into researching gender relations in school. Gender relations can cause many issues for the researcher, especially if the researcher is of a different gender. The item suggests that teachers working in the school may disguise their sexist attitudes because they have a professional duty to treat all pupils the same but they may find it hard to put up with this act when being observed over a long period of time. A strength of participant observation is that results are usually valid. Rather than getting a participant to fill out a questionnaire when there is no real way of telling if they are giving accurate answers, participant observation can however provide great amounts of qualitative data and the researcher can put his findings into great detail. By observing ethnic minorities and teacher/student interaction towards them, the sociologist can gain understanding of their viewpoints and actions. Studies that take place in a natural setting e.g. a classroom...
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...There are two types of observation, covert and overt. The difference between them is that covert observation is when the people being observed do not know they’re being watched or studied, and overt observation is when they have been told and given consent to be observed by the researcher. Observation can also be done in two ways. This is called participant and non-participant observation. In participant observation the observer joins a group and observes their activities, while at the same time taking care to observe what is going on. Often that means writing notes and reflections later on. In Non Participant observation, the sociologist simply observes the activities, but doesn’t take part in them. For example OFSTED; he or she is watching the lesson you are in, but they aren’t teaching, and they aren’t acting as a student. Everyone knows why they are there and often wish they weren’t observing them. A strength of participant observation is validity. It gives us an authentic understanding of the world views of social actors. This understanding is particularly important when researching issues such as classroom interaction and labeling in schools. The power difference between young people and adults is a major barrier to uncovering the real attitudes and behavior of pupils. They may present a false image when being observed by an adult researcher, thus undermining validity. Nevertheless, observation is more likely than most methods to overcome this problem, because it...
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...towards gender and this may make it difficult for the researcher to get at the truth. Sociologists are interested in the reasons for gender differences in subject choice. These include primary socialisation in the home peer group pressure, subject images and gender career opportunities. Question: Using material from Item A and elsewhere, assess the strengths and limitations of participant observation for the study of gender relations in schools. There are two types of observation, covert and overt. The difference between them is that covert observation is when the people being observed do not know they’re being watched or studied, and overt observation is when they have been told and given consent to be observed by the researcher. Observation can also be done in two ways. This is called participant and non-participant observation. In participant observation the observer joins a group and observes their activities, while at the same time taking care to observe what is going on. Often that means writing notes and reflections later on. In Non Participant observation, the sociologist simply observes the activities, but doesn’t take part in them. For example OFSTED; he or she is watching the lesson you are in, but they aren’t...
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...Observation Participant observation is a qualitative method with traditionally associates with ethnographic research and it considered as the foundation method for ethnographic research (Whitehead 2005). Usually ethnographic researchers used the data that collected through the participant observation to build up the design for other method especially interviews (Reeves et al 2008). The participant observation was selected as a primary data collection for the qualitative phase of this study because it helps to identify relevant topics for interview discussions as the topic is new. Moreover, participant observation helps to gain a sense of what exactly happens in that particular context regarding the topic of interest. In ethnography it...
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...without intentionally influencing the behavior and environment of study. The study has several observational styles where the scientist is not involved, can be notably present, but not involved, or becomes a participant for a firsthand view of the experience among the people studied. This hands-off research style requires the scientist to have discernment to remain oblivious, account for instances when their presence can affect the behavior and, as other studies, discipline to remain strictly not bias. The first component in this style of research is naturalistic observations, which is for the scientist to be present, but not involved in the study. This observation can be firsthand through one’s own eyes or even by way of media such as a recording of the activity exemplifying the behavior to be measured. As a side note, these styles are particularly interesting when investigating cross-cultural interactions. Observers would try to remain oblivious to the study and take notes about the study’s mannerisms and character directly related to the behavior they are currently observing. Note taking has to remain, as always, precise and, in time, leading to some conclusions testing a hypothesis. This study can be conducted consistently pending the behavior and specifics of the study group. The second approach is participant research where the scientist is actively infiltrating the group studied for firsthand observations. This approach is the most beneficial as it empowers the scientist...
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...must observe how people change over time at different ages. In the logitudinal design participants or groups are studied over and over again at differetn times and chages are noted as they age. The observation time can very depending on information being gathered. Sometimes lasting short periods of time or years. One benefit of the logitudinal approach is that it would observe each persons performances over the specified time span, allowing to identify any patters or problems in development. Another benefit is that it allows participants to be studied at different ages. Some problems with the longitudinal approach are cohort effects, participants moving or dropping out of the study and participants change to a population that is no longer part of the study, often happening from becoming familiar with test questions and stradigies. In the cross-sectional design people are studied at different ages at the same time. For example if all of the patients at an orthopedic office were interviewed about diet and exercise, all patients were between the ages of two and sixty-four. As a result the practice could then develop a proactive approach to patient education and preventing future injuries that might be prevelant in certain age-related trends. There are problems with this sort of study as well. In the example above different results are limited to age group averages. It is difficult to tell if individual differences are present. It might also be difficult to have comparison with...
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...Psychology 2 Abstract The definition of psychology has changed as the focus of psychology has changed. At various Times in history, psychology has been defined as the study of the psyche or the mind, of the Spirit, of consciousness, and more recently as the study of, or the science of, behavior. Perhaps, Then, we can arrive at and acceptable definition of modern psychology by observing the activities Of contemporary psychologist. These are just a few of the activities that engage contemporary psychologists. Clearly, no single definition of psychology can take into consideration the wide variety of activities engaged in by the more than 148,000 members and affiliates of the American Psychological Association, not to mention the many other psychologists around the world. Contemporary Psychology 3 Introduction to Contemporary Psychology The definition of psychology has changed as the focus of psychology has changed. At various times in history, psychology has been defined as the study of the psyche or the mind, of the spirit, of consciousness, and more recently as the study of, or the science of, behavior. Perhaps, then, we can arrive at and acceptable definition of modern psychology by observing the activities of contemporary psychologist. These are just a few of the activities that engage contemporary...
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...indicates that orders of less than 50 cases will cost $20 per case, 50 to 79 cases will cost $18 per case, 80 to 99 cases will cost $17 per case, and large orders (100+) will cost $16 per case. Determine the optimal order quantity and the total cost. (please note there was an error in the question) Optimal order quantity…….100. TC =$13,354 (3) Open Campus one of the UWI’s four campuses promotes a wide variety of executive- training courses for firms in the Mobay area. The Director believes that individually typed letters add a personal touch to marketing. To prepare letters for mailing, she conducts a time study of her secretaries. On the basis of the observations shown in the following table, she wishes to develop a time standard for the whole job. The campus uses a total allowance factor of 12%. The Director decides to delete all unusual observations from the time study. What is the time standard? Job Element | | Observed Time (minutes) | | | Perf. Rating | | | | | | | Typing letter | 2.5 | 3.5 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 85% | Typing envelope | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 3.1a | 0.7 | 100% | Stuffing envelope...
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...triangulation is researcher-participant corroboration, which has also been referred to as cross-examination. Other procedures can be used to improve understanding and/or the credibility of a study. These include research or inquiry audit, peer debriefing, and the seeking of negative cases in the field that might disconfirm interpretations. Participant Observation | Systematically seeks out and organizes data concerning what is being studied based on a social science theory and methodology rather than focusing on achieving a situationally defined goal. | | Keeps detailed records of what occurs, including those things characteristically taken for granted. | | Periodically detaches self from the situation to review records from the neutral position of a social scientist. | | Constantly monitors observations and records for evidence of personal bias or prejudice. | Five Types of Participant Observation | External Participation constitutes the lowest degree of involvement in observation. This type of observation can be done by observing situations on television or videotape. | | Passive Participation means the researcher is present at the scene of action but does not interact or participate. The researcher finds an observation post and assumes the role of a bystander or spectator. | | Balanced Participation means that the researcher maintains a...
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... They are usually defined as students who do not prioritize studies, who are nonchalant and could not accomplish their academic requirements because of having big chances for dropping their subjects. They had this mark and negative impression from other people that could be the cause of discouragement in their part. In this research we intend to change the perceptions towards these kinds of students. This research will figure out and analyze the problems and circumstances that irregular students often encountered, the reason why they decided to become one, how these affect them in certain aspects of their lives, and the advantages and disadvantages. Majority of the researchers of this study are irregular students. Based in our personal observations and experiences, being an irregular student is not easy. It requires courage and motivation in order for us to go on and look forward for our education. The common inferiority complex of an irregular student is the feeling of being unwanted, underdog, and invisible and out of place. Nevertheless, some students were brought up outspoken, sociable, confident, and more exposed that they could easily manage and get along with the masses. Oftentimes, we think of irregular students as drop-outs, could not submit and comply a certain subject requirement, and has the reddest marks and lowest grades on their report cards. Our opinions maybe influenced by our own observations however, not all irregular students are like this. As much as...
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...management meaning and features. Management as a Science: Science can be defined as a systematic and organized body of knowledge based on logically observed findings, facts and events. Science comprises of exact principles which can be verified and it can establish cause and effect relations. Main characteristics/features of science are: 1. Systematic body of knowledge: In science organized and systematic study material is available which is used to acquire the knowledge of science. Like science in management also there is availability of systematic and organized study material. So first feature of science is present in management. 2. Scientific principles are derived on the basis of logical and scientific observations: The scientists perform logical observation before deriving any principle or theory. They are very objective while doing the observations. But when managers are observing they have to observe human beings and observation of human being cannot be purely logical and objective. Some kind of subjectivity enters in the observations so this feature of science is not present in management. All the scientific principles have same effect, wherever we try them whereas effect of management principles varies from one situation to other. 3. Principles are based on repeated experiments: Before developing scientific principles scientists test these principles under different conditions and places. Similarly, managers also test and experiment managerial...
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...Observation The student is considered a novice as an observer of children. The student observes children to gain practice and understanding in child development. Students have an obligation to protect children and respect school personnel. Observers are usually visitors in the classroom. The observer must keep in mind that they are a disruption to the regular processes in the classroom and they should respect the classroom teacher’s direction. The protection of the child’s rights in any type of child study is important. Regardless of the procedure used to collect information, the child’s protection is paramount. The child must not come to any harm (physical or mental) through participation in the observation process. Confidentiality must be utilized at all times. Talking about children and families with others outside of class or with the classroom teacher is prohibited. Please use fictitious names in written reports. Any concerns about a child’s safety should be addressed immediately with the classroom teacher or other responsible party. Observation tells us about children’s behavior – what they are doing. If we want to understand children’s development in school settings then we should observe them in those settings. Observation that takes place in a natural environment is referred to as naturalistic observation. Qualities of a Good Observer: · Recognize personal bias and preconceived assumptions about children. · Stay focus for a long period...
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...ABSTRACT Lowering Recidivism by Easing One’s Transition Back into Society focuses on key factors in the lives of ex-offenders that may cause or prevent their rearrest. Using disguised field observation, I was able to examine the lives of 11 men who have served time in prison. I compared their ages, education level, marital statuses, number of children, and jobs to the number of times that they have each been rearrested. Initially, I used secondary data analysis to find out what factors have had an effect on ex-offenders. What lacked in previous studies are the long-term effects of these offenders’ family lives, values, socioeconomic status, prison programs/schooling, and their transitions. Therefore, while most research done on the impact consists of one factor alone, I incorporated all of these in to my study. By using existing data and disguised field observation, I was able to compare the data to real people who have experienced having to reenter society after serving time in prison. Of the 11 men that I observed, 5 of them have been rearrested at least once. Although my sample size was small, I was able to see similarities when comparing my results with other studies’ statistics. My findings suggest that the older a person is and the more time that he served, the less likely he is to recidivate. However, my research also suggests that the pursuit of an education, having a responsibility such as a child, or being married, provides enough structure to deter...
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...8 years old during play sessions. The data gathered for behaviour at 4 years of age were part of a previous study by Vandell and Powers in 1983. The Observation at 4 years consisted of a total of 20 children, half male and half female. They were observed in a random order during a free play session at their day care centres for 20 second intervals for 16 minutes. There were three behavioural categorises used in the observations, positive/negative interaction with peers, positive/negative interaction with adults and solitary play and unoccupied behaviour. In the observation at the age of 8 the children were videotaped through one-wag glass for 45 minutes whilst taking part in controlled play with three other children. The play was designed by the researchers to encouraged social behaviour. Whilst the children were playing, the mothers completed a survey from the researchers regarding family circumstances and the child’s day care history. For each child a behavioural checklist was completed using three categories. The first category is friendly interactions meaning is there a positive or neutral exchanges between two or more children. The following category is unfriendly interactions, negative behaviours including sarcasm and negative actions. Lastly, solitary play whether the child plays alone with objects with no communication with peers. The child play observations were coded individually to the videotapes, a single blind-technique for regulating...
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...Chapter 8 Verónica Rosendo Ríos © Observation Business Research Methods Verónica Rosendo Ríos Enrique Pérez del Campo Marketing Research CHAPTER 8. Observation “Never trust to general impressions, my boy, but concentrate yourself upon details.” Verónica Rosendo Ríos © Sir Arthur Conan Doyle “I believe in evidence. I believe in observation, measurement, and reasoning, confirmed by independent observers. I'll believe anything, no matter how wild and ridiculous, if there is evidence for it. The wilder and more ridiculous something is, however, the firmer and more solid the evidence will have to be. ” 1-2 ISAAC ASIMOV Marketing Research CHAPTER 8. Observation CONTENTS General concepts and characteristics Observation types Observation applications Pseudo-purchase Verónica Rosendo Ríos © 1-3 Marketing Research CHAPTER 8. Observation • OBSERVATION: Verónica Rosendo Ríos © “Tools researchers can use to collect primary data about human behavior and marketing phenomena, regardless of the research design, whether exploratory, descriptive or causal” Hair et al. 2006 1-4 Marketing Research CHAPTER 8. Observation Verónica Rosendo Ríos © • Advantages of observation: • They allow measurement of actual behavior rather than reports of intended or preferred behavior. • There is no reporting bias, and potential bias caused by the interviewer and the interviewing process is eliminated or reduced...
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