...Decision making and Thinking is a part of our lives like breathing, people don’t stop to analyze why they use this process. People may think that thinking and decision making is a simple process, there are many styles of thinking for every issue people come across in their daily lives. The four different styles of critical thinking are creative, logical, scientific, and persuasive. The different styles of thinking are fit to the different issues and they require thought and analysis to find the best fit. The thinking styles each have a different effect on the issue, so one will need to think about this as another variable. People use the thinking styles to remember, and perceive information, and also solve problems. In this paper we will discuss the four types of Thinking and Decision making and give workplace examples for each. Scientific Thinking The style of scientific thinking has changed the world. In the field of medicine, scientists have been successful in finding cures for diseases, developing new drugs that can extend life, and treatments that can improve the quality of life have been invented through this important style of thinking. The four major steps in the scientific thinking process are observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, and verification (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007). Scientific Thinking Decision Making Process Observation = Identify the problem Hypothesis...
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...Chapter 2: Research in Psychology Francine Shapiro/Critical Thinking Tested if eye movements have caused the change in her emotions During and after these eye movement sessions, their reactions to unpleasant thoughts faded away Their emotional flashbacks decreased dramatically Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: EMDR Critical Thinking: The process of assessing claims and making judgements on the basis of well supported evidence What am I being asked to believe or accept?- If EMDR reduces or eliminates anxiety related problems What evidence is available to support the assertion?- Experienced a reduction in her own emotional distress following certain kinds of eye movements Are there alternative ways of interpreting the evidence?- Dramatic effects might not have been due to EMDR but to people’s desire to overcome their problems or perhaps their desire to prove her right The ruling out process leads to the next step in critical thinking: conducting scientific research What additional evidence would help to evaluate the alternatives?- The ideal method for collecting further evidence would be to identify three groups of people with anxiety- related problems who were alike in every way except for the anxiety treatment they received What conclusions are most reasonable?- The research evidence collected so far hasn’t yet ruled out alternative explanations for the effects of EMDR Only reasonable conclusions EMDR remains a controversial treatment It seems to have...
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...Critical thinking is a process that many people use on a daily basis. The website Criticalthinking.org defines critical thinking as the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action ( Scriven, Paul, 2007). Critical thinking helps in making rational and better decisions in life. When used correctly the process of critical thinking can, among other things, help solve problems, help make minor choices, and help make major life changing decisions as well. The more that an individual uses critical thinking, the better that the individual will improve and develop in their critical thinking skills (Carter, Bishop, Kravits, 2007). When issues and conflicts arise the use of critical thinking can give a great help and be a huge benefit in finding the best way to successfully handle and resolve the problem. Critical thinking has been a tremendous benefit to the writer over the years especially at the workplace, which is currently at a recreation center. The writer must use critical and rational thinking almost every single day at the workplace. Tasks such as coming up with productive, entertaining and appropriate activities for children of all different age ranges, takes much in depth and thorough thought. Through observation and fairness, which are two...
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...Thinking about Thinking Critical thinking is a process of testing an argument or observation for legitimacy. (Moore & Parker, 2012) Critical thinking includes deductive and inductive arguments. One important survival skill humans have is critical thinking. Had our ancestors not had the ability to think critically, we would not be here. When determining the worth of an argument, it is necessary to break an argument into parts. One must determine the premise or premises and conclusion. Had our ancestors not learned that some red berries can kill you, many more would have eaten these berries; destroying the future of the gene pool. We learned that premises are statements of assumed or known facts which should not contradicts each other. (Moore & Parker, 2012) A conclusion is an assumption drawn from the premises. For example; one premise could be that two dogs sit before you. Another could be that both are white with black spots. Both statements suggest that the dogs belong to the same breed. We begin thinking critically by identifying the premises, then examining each for soundness. Any vagueness or uncertainty must be determined within the suggestions. In the case of a deductive argument, the conclusion must be true if the premises are true. (Moore & Parker, 2012) When the truth value of a conclusion is unclear, despite the truth of its premises, it is then an inductive argument. (Moore & Parker, 2012) For example; upon closer observation, one dog is white...
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...Thinking & Decision Making Paper Tommie Carter, Theresa Gately, George Miladinovic and Sharon Romine MGT/350 December 17, 2012 Lisa Stewart Thinking & Decision Making Paper In everyday life, all individuals are thinking. To be a critical thinker, an individual must be in control of their thinking. Critical thinking is when an individual improves their mode of thinking by analyzing, assessing and reconstruction of their thoughts. It gives individuals the ability to build upon their knowledge, opinions, and ideas. Critical thinking lets individuals take information and make informed decisions without being influenced by their own opinions. It causes you to raise questions and problems, and then, solve them clearly and precisely. Critical thinkers research and re-evaluate their solutions to find the one that will be the best fit. There are many different types of thinking. Each type affects the process of critical thinking differently. This paper will discuss the thinking types of creative, inductive and emotional. It will also explore in depth the similarities and differences of these types of thinking and how each type affects the critical thinking process. Creative thinking is defined as taking the elements presented during a problem while planning, and utilizing them to the best of your ability. Creativity is bringing in something which did not exist before. Creative thinking is using your thoughts to change the way that someone else looks at something...
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...Thinking Logically Thinking logically is a vital part of critical thinking. When using logic, a person can make a decision based on the facts and not on his or her emotions. To reach a decision through logical thinking, both inductive and deductive reasoning can be used. Inductive reasoning usually begins with a general observation about a person, thing, or event. From this observation someone draws a conclusion about other people, things, or events (cite book). Managers use inductive thinking in business. For example, a district manager may receive a report that shows that profit is down in a specific region. That manager may come to the conclusion that salespeople in that area are not working at capacity. Although this may be true, further research may show that there are other forces behind the profit loss in that region. For this reason, inductive reasoning can be both strong and weak. Deductive thinking is reasoning that begins with two or more premises and derives a conclusion that must follow from those premises, a conclusion that is in fact contained or hidden in those premises (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007). Deductive thinking is formed by using a syllogism. A syllogism is a sequence of three propositions such that the first two propositions imply the conclusion ("Syllogism," 2010). A syllogism contains three premises: major, minor, and conclusive. An example of a syllogism would be that all humans need food and water to survive. John is human. Therefore, John cannot...
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...Critical Thinking as defined by the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking: “The intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action.” (Scriven & Paul, 1987). A generalization of critical thinking is taking a step back and performing the most reasonable action after analyzing every possible solution. Critical Thinking can be broken down into three phases: Discipline- the ability to stop action; Conceptualize- gather information; and Decision- take the appropriate action. Phase one in critical thinking, Discipline, is the ability to stop from making a decisive action without critical forethought. Everyone does not have the discipline to stop and think of the repercussion of his or her immediate action. Phase two is Conceptualization, which is the gathering of information and analyzing all possible solutions. For example during phase two, a person will perform analysis of the immediate situation, observation of the surrounding, and will visualize all viable solutions prior to committing to an action. The final phase is the action phase, taking the appropriate action decided upon. To further elaborate the three phases of critical thinking, I will break down the example in an Internet video, Callahan (2103) states that, “We all have Emotional...
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...Critical Thinking Memorandum PHL/320 June 13, 2016 Critical Thinking Memorandum This document will explain critical thinking. An example will be provided from personal experience regarding application of critical thinking in business decisions. Other points in this paper will cover importance, benefits regarding the example provided and how they relate. Before the conclusion is stated the last point in this paper will cover how critical thinking is used in my current position. Critical Thinking Explained Critical thinking is the introspectively and orderly method of cleverly and vigorously applying, synthesizing, analyzing, conceptualizing, and classifying information collected from, or produced by, reasoning, experience, observation, reflection, or communication, as a compendium to action and belief. In its ideal form, it is based on global intellectual principles that go beyond the matter of which a thing is formed: accuracy, clarity, consistency, precision, sound evidence, relevance, depth, good reasons, fairness, and breadth. Critical thinking also involves the exploration of these elements and or structures of understanding in all purpose, assumptions, concepts, problems, or question-at-issue, concepts, reasoning leading to conclusions, empirical grounding, consequences and implications, objections from alternative viewpoints; and frame of reference. Critical thinking is being proactive to different issues, purposes, and subject matter in which it is...
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...Critical thinking is defined as reflective reasoning about beliefs and actions. It is a way of deciding whether a claim is always true, sometimes true, partly true, or false. The list of core critical thinking skills includes observation, interpretation, analysis, inference, evaluation, explanation, and meta-cognition. There is a reasonable level of consensus among experts that an individual or group engaged in strong critical thinking gives due consideration to establish, evidence through observation, context, relevant criteria for making the judgment well, applicable methods or techniques for forming the judgment, and applicable theoretical constructs for understanding the problem and the question at hand. The three major things that I learned about critical thinking is that one everyone has to develop critical thinking skills. There are ways to gather information, ways to analyze that information, and then finally how to use this information to benefit the way that you have evaluated the situation. I would consider myself in the practicing thinking phase. I have a hard time pulling myself out of everything I do, I have always had a hard time comprehending what I read or hear and when I was younger I taught myself that if I can associate myself with everything then it makes it easier to understand and retain. Now that I am older I understand that this was a mistake. I see with this material that I should have been trying to see things form the other point of view and not compare...
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...Culture is something that both unites and segregates individuals of the human race. I have always found different cultures to be interesting and have enjoyed meeting people from other ethnic backgrounds. Coming to a new country that did not understand nor fully accept the culture that I brought with me was not an easy adjustment. I always felt a bit lost and misunderstood, never really being able to celebrate my Punjabi heritage or the American culture. Holidays were especially hard because my family did not understand the traditional American holidays and we didn’t have an outlet to celebrate the holidays we did for the first 8 years of my life. It was hard finding a healthy balance. This all helped me to better understand culture in general. But, what is culture? More importantly what is its relationship to psychology? Culture is defined as a group of characteristics, behaviors, attitudes, values and customs that are particular to a group of people. “Behaviors must be judged according to cultural rules and ideologies or the judgment has no basis in the reality embraced by the culture” (Solomon, Greenberg, & Pyszczynski, 1991). Cultural Psychology deals with specific location, perceptive and beliefs of a culture that one has been raised in or is accustomed to. Cultural psychology looks at how factors of culture influence a person’s behavior. Cross Cultural Psychology, according to ‘Introduction to cross-cultural psychology’, “is the scientific study of human behavior and...
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...Thinking and Decision Making Thinking incorporates an individual’s thoughts through a process of carefully evaluating decisions so that a conclusion can be determined. Decision-making additionally involves implementing the proper steps so that the individual will reach his or her goals by making the right choices. The purpose of this paper is to present various concepts of different thinking styles. The thinking styles that will be discussed are emotionally, logically, creative, realistic, optimistically, pessimistically, divergently, and scientific style. Additionally, the following will discuss how to compare and contrast the three different types of thinking and comment on how each affects the critical-thinking process. Finally, the following will provide critical thinking to the decision-making process by discussing workplace examples that highlight each of the three different types of thinking. Logically Style Logical thinking is a style in which an individual feels that everyone should be thinking the same way as they do. Thinking logically can be either inductive or deductive. “Deductive thinking is the kind of reasoning that begins with two or more premises and derives a conclusion that must follow from those premises, a conclusion that is in fact contained or hidden in those very premises” (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007, p. 156). “Inductive reasoning usually begins with a set of evidence or observations about some members of a class, or about some events” (Kirby & Goodpaster...
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...There were no questionable assumptions, in the beginning and the end of the article they had two questions, the first was if there were trouble signs in Iowa for Romney? The last one was asking if all of Romney’s efforts and hard work were enough, which they did not answer this, they just stated we would know in two days. The article did not ignore any implications on the two presidents; they talked about them equally passing no judgment on one or the other. I believe that it is important to make distinctions when undertaking a critical evaluation because you need to point out everything good about the person and the other person involved. Also you need to state the bad. But make sure that they are all facts before you write them. You do not want a bunch of fiction or assumptions or bias in your article. You want facts. A lot goes into critical thinking. The list of core critical thinking skills includes observation, interpretation, analysis, inference, evaluation, explanation, and meta-cognition. There is a reasonable level of consensus among...
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...Critical Thinking Redefined Victoria Elbert Grantham University Critical Thinking Redefined Before actually redefining critical thinking in my own words and giving an example where I have used such thinking in my life, I will discuss the definitions of three of the aspects; conceptualizing, analyzing, and synthesizing, found in the definition according to the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking (Critical Thinking.org). First let’s look at the definition of conceptualizing, as defined by the Collins English Dictionary “to form (a concept or concepts) out of observations, experience, data, etc.”(Collins, 2015) To me this is saying that based on our life experiences, outside information, or simple observations in a given situation, we begin to form concepts or ideas. Secondly, we will look at how Random House Kernerman Webster’s College Dictionary defines analyzing “to separate (a material or abstract entity) into constituent parts or elements; determine the elements or essential features” (K Dictionaries, 2014). When you think about this definition, it is easy to say that we use this aspect of critical thinking probably far more than we do any other aspect. Next we will look at how they also define synthesizing “to form (a material or abstract entity) by combining parts or elements (opposed to analyze)” (K Dictionaries, 2014). This is self-explanatory as being the opposite of how we analyze, in that it combines elements vs. separating...
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...Critical Thinking Application Paper Critical thinking is method that helps people guide their behaviors and improve the quality of thinking. Many terminologies can define such complex yet logical process, creating unique characteristics, and meanings. According to Michael and Richard (summer 1987), Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, and evaluating information gathered from experience, observation, reasoning, reflection, or communication, as a guide to belief and action. Such process becomes accustom to everyday life and applies itself in every decision one makes. The process of critical thinking helps people benefits and take advances to improve not only mentally but also logically, when people apply these circumstances in an everyday lives. Looking into the basic characteristics of critical thinking, one cannot overlook its importance and what it brings to everyday activity. Functioning, evaluating, creating or even thinking has become a second nature to us. According to Paul and Elder (2001), critical thinking is that mode of thinking, which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully taking charge of the structures inherent in thinking and imposing intellectual standards upon them. Observing the importance of our logical steps naturally occurs in our minds core process. Keeping our mind constantly advancing separates humans from all other living...
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...us do not choose a place to live or a language to speak” (p. 2). These cultural elements influence many aspects of human developmental processes. From the moment of birth, cultural elements play an important role in human development, development of personality, and individual psychological aspects. It is impossible to separate human behavior from cultural experiences because cultural exposure forms individual value systems,belief systems, and knowledge bases for each individual within any specific culture. The goal of cultural psychologists is to study cultures and the effects those cultures have on human development, learning, behavior, and psychological processes. Cross-cultural Psychology Cross-cultural psychology is the “critical and comparative study of cultural effects on human psychology” (Shiraev & Levy, 2010, p. 2). The cross-cultural psychologist examines differences and similarities between...
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