...should have been more variation in his measurements. The case, which led to two scientific papers being retracted, came on the heels of an even bigger fraud, uncovered last year, perpetrated by the Dutch psychologist Diederik Stapel. He was found to have fabricated data for years and published it in at least 30 peer-reviewed papers, including a report in the journal Scienceabout how untidy environments may encourage discrimination. The cases have sent shockwaves through a discipline that was already facing serious questions about plagiarism. "In many respects, psychology is at a crossroads – the decisions we take now will determine whether or not it remains a serious, credible, scientific discipline along with the harder sciences," says Chris Chambers, a psychologist at Cardiff University. "We have to be open about the problems that exist in psychology and understand that, though they're not unique to psychology, that doesn't mean we shouldn't be addressing them. If we do that, we can end up leading the other sciences rather than following...
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...Report on: Accurate Representation of the Original Article Student Name<> Professor<> Institution<> Dated<> Summary of the Journal Article A research was undertaken to examine the fruit eating habits of the children in elementary and middle schools. This research showed that apart from general hatred among the children for fruits, there are certain other reasons which turn to affect their eating habits, psychologically. One of them was spotted as the form in which the fruits are presented. Researchers said, on average slice cut fruits are more liked by the children as compared to whole fruits. In this experiment, three of six schools were allotted randomly to serve apples in cuts. The variable set was the amount of fruit intake by the students in the schools. Three control schools served apples as a whole, in their cafeterias. Determination, utilization, and misuse of apples were measured before and amid treatment. (Robert, Washington) This result suggested the key finding that in the schools where slice-cut pieces were served, the fruit eating students’ percentage increased by 71% as compared to the schools which served whole fruits. This study applies the rule of accommodation from behavioral financial aspects and gives a case of an adaptable, easy ecological change that advances adherence to a good diet and declines waste. Summary of Journalist’s Article From the start the journalist has made an engaging tone. Starting with the fact that although...
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...Research, Statistics, and Psychology Psychology is the scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior (Kowalski & Westen, 2007, p. 3). During the late 19th century, psychology became an actual science because of the fascination of human behavior. Psychologists use observation to measure human behavior better to understand mental and biological processes, motives, and personality traits. Human behavior may be understood through applied and academic science (Psychology Majors, 2011). Based on this, research using the scientific method is necessary for statistical psychology. Early research and use of scientific method in psychology included the works of Edward Titchener. Titchener used structuralism to explore aspects of the mind. Research through this method focused on introspection, or individual conscious experience. Titchener used a table method similar to a chemistry periodic table to study human behavior. Titchener believed experimentation was the only scientific method to use for the study psychology (Northern Illinois University, 2003). A paradigm in psychology is a set of theoretical assertions that provide a model, abstract picture, or object of study (Kowalski & Westen, 2007, p. 11). A paradigm is a set of shared metaphors that compare any object of study through investigation. Many modern psychologists use innovative approaches to study human behavior to support traditional methods of psychology through use of research using the scientific method...
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...Research, Statistics, and Psychology Research and statistics employ such meaningful roles in psychology whereas without both psychology may not exist. In psychology the importance of research is to help understand human beings and behaviors, but without research questions concerning human beings and behavior would go unanswered. Thoughts and theories concerning human beings and behaviors would go unanswered as well. Using and relying on the scientific method, psychology uses the research and statistics gathered to prove or disprove thoughts and theories. The importance of statistics in psychology is that they help in determining if research findings are not substantive or substantive. Not only do research and statistics play a part in psychology, the roles of the scientific method, primary data, and secondary data contribute as well. Research and the Scientific Method Research is the collection and evaluation of information or data about a particular subject (Nordquist, 2013). Psychology research is about values, variables, and scores. Values are categories or numbers, variables are characteristics or conditions that can have different values, and scores are a particular individual’s value on a variable (Aron, Aron, & Coups, 2009). Psychological processes confirmed by research to occur outside one’s awareness with several associations between behaviors, and feelings, or situations guiding one’s behavior, either unconsciously or implicitly (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). There...
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...Research, Statistics, and Psychology To understand thoroughly something a person must understand its background and conduct research. According to Bing Dictionary (2012), research is an organized way to study something; that can include an investigation to uncover facts, to create a theory or correct a previous one, or to make a plan based upon the discovered facts. A person cannot conduct or make connections in research without the use of statistics. Statistics can be just about any compilation of information on any subject in use with performance, time management, effectiveness, budgeting, and many more. Both research and statistics are important components in psychology. This paper will discuss the role of research and statistics within psychology. Examining what research and the scientific method are, comparing and contrasting the characteristics of primary and secondary data, and explaining the role of statistics within research. Role of Research and Statistics Research is a vital component in just about any field for advancement of a product or idea, especially in psychology. As stated above research is an organized way to study something. Because psychology is a field that tries to understand human thinking and behavior it is necessary that research be a vital component. Research is important to psychology because it provides pertinent information about the way a person may think or behave and forming an idea or opinion as a response from the conducted research. A...
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...Research, Statistics, and Psychology There are different forms involved in the study of psychology. Whether in the field of psychology or any academic field, research is necessary to further society from what it is now into what it will become in the future. Research means expanding current knowledge without progressing, stagnation occurs. Research and statistics are unique tools in psychology because the information is part of the methodology of psychology. In the field of psychology, research is what makes it possible to better understand human behavior and gives the knowledge needed to help others. Research and statistics are tracking methods that must stay accurate. Research must be conducted with precision and accountability it is of utter importance, both ethically and morally or it can lead to disastrous results. The methods of primary, secondary data and the branches of statistical methods are key factors used in research. Research is an attempt to find information in a scientific manner (Word Net,2011). By using the scientific methods the results from the research are valid, reliable, and accurate. The scientific method is a process where secondary data is compiled, analyzed, hypothesized, and tested. Using this method decreases human error and subjective thinking from having a influence on the results and interpretations (Pervez & Gronhaug, 2005). While nothing is without fault by using the scientific method of hypothesizing and testing the hypothesis decreases the...
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...Running Head: LABOR MARKET DISCRIMINATION A Field Experiment: Labor Market Discrimination Meghrie Jaridian Notre-Dame University ABSTRACT In a pretest done about the choice of applicants that are most likely to get hired, 83 % of sixty participants voted for applicants of the Lebanese origin, and 17 % voted for applicants of the Syrian origin. In the experiment, sixty participants randomly selected from The American University of Beirut students were randomly assigned to two different conditions and a control group, making twenty participants in each condition. In condition 1, 85 % of participants rated for the applicants of the Lebanese origin, 15 % rated for applicants of the Syrian origin. In condition 2, 65 % of participants rated for the applicants of the Lebanese origin, 35 % rated for applicants of the Syrian origin; and finally in the control group results for the Lebanese and Syrian applicants’ ratings were equal. Differential treatment by ethnicity still appears to be still dominant in the Lebanese labor market. A Field Experiment: Labor Market Discrimination Discrimination toward or against a person or group is the prejudicial treatment of them based on certain characteristics. It can be positive behavior directed towards a certain group (e.g. affirmative action), or negative behavior directed against a certain group (e.g. redlining). The latter is the more common meaning, i.e. negative discrimination. Moreover, racial discrimination differentiates...
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...1)The teacher's personal opinion cannot be accepted as scientific evidence because she is making a generalisation from just her own class. She has not used the scientific method to come to her conclusions about breakfast and reading abilities and she should have operationalised her criteria when working out if her pupils had proper nutrition in the morning rather than using loose vocabulary such as 'decent breakfast'. 2) The researcher could of put all names of the 400 students on pieces of paper into one container. He could of then selected 100 names from the container collecting his random sample of his access group. To reduce the risk of bias the researcher should use the same size paper for each name and have the paper folded in a way so he cannot possibly know which names he is picking. 3) Limitations of using random sampling in this study could come from the fact that the sample may not be truly representative. All names selected could come from only a few of the schools or he may not get an equal representation from each gender. The sample he does get at the end may be bias as not all parents will agree to their child being used in a study so a limitation would be that there are difficulties in getting a sample through this method. 4) It is important to operationalise the independent and the dependent variables in this study because the psychologist needs to have clear criteria for what exactly a 'decent breakfast'...
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...Support Material GCE Psychology OCR Advanced GCE in Psychology: H568 Unit: G544 This Support Material booklet is designed to accompany the OCR Advanced GCE specification in Psychology for teaching from September 2008. Contents Contents 2 Introduction 3 Scheme of Work - Psychology : H568 : G544 5 Lesson Plans - Psychology : H568 : G544 27 Other forms of Support 35 Introduction Background A new structure of assessment for A Level has been introduced, for first teaching from September 2008. Some of the changes include: • The introduction of stretch and challenge (including the new A* grade at A2) – to ensure that every young person has the opportunity to reach their full potential • The reduction or removal of coursework components for many qualifications – to lessen the volume of marking for teachers • A reduction in the number of units for many qualifications – to lessen the amount of assessment for learners • Amendments to the content of specifications – to ensure that content is up-to-date and relevant. OCR has produced an overview document, which summarises the changes to Psychology. This can be found at www.ocr.org.uk, along with the new specification. In order to help you plan effectively for the implementation of the new specification...
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...Psychology is wide broad discipline, with many possible career tracks to pick. The most usual specialization in the broad view of psychology comprises psychologist, counselor, social worker and therapist. Choosing a specialization can be formidable task on how long you will study is depending on the specialty that you choose. Below are the different specializations in the field of Psychology Addiction Psychology As the specialty name implies, this area of psychology uses psychological research and theories to counsel, diagnose and treat individuals with addictions. Addiction psychologists take various psychological approaches, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, behaviorism and psychodynamics to treat and better understand addictions. Addiction Psychology uses a method which are psychological research and theories to treat, counsel, diagnose a...
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...PART I We all get sick from time to time. Illness, disease, and physical ailments are included in the package of life. Many will argue that these problems are caused by biological factors, such as bacteria and other micro-organisms, while others are more genetically influenced. Health psychology reveals that maladies can also be caused by social, emotional, and mental factors. Health psychologists are involved in healthcare in a variety of programs including medical units, specialized health care programs, oncology, rehabilitation, and many other programs. They are authorized to work in governmental agencies, corporations, and colleges and universities. I am pursuing a career in clinical health psychology. This area of health psychology focuses on the treatment of individuals in...
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...Research, Statistics, & Psychology Psy/315 January 9, 2012 Research, Statistics & Psychology The scientific, objective, and the methodic gathering of information for a theory is research. Statistics is collection of data, interpretation, the analysis, and presentation of the data. Statistical data is the important part to any good research. Psychology, statistics is the method of pursuing the truth (Aron, Aron, & Coup, 2009). The statistics methods is to make sense out of the large amount of data collected during research by psychologists. This paper will explore the role of research and statistics in psychology field. The paper will give the definition of the research and the scientific method, and the characteristics of the primary and secondary data that researcher use to help form an hypothesis. The paper will also explore the role of statistics in research. Research and Scientific Method Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines research has the, “studious inquiry or examination, especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical...
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...Cassidy Hanson (W0495976) PSYC 101 SEC 1 Sport Psychology Sport psychology is simply the psychology that goes with athletic activity and exercise. This subfield of psychology is used mostly with athletes and coaches to test the athletes speed, agility and improve his or her motivation. This paper will provide some insight on how this subfield of psychology came to be, some examples of certain topics discussed and researched as well as some examples of research still used today. First let us begin on the history of sport psychology. Sport psychology is a relatively new subfield of psychology dating back to the 1920s. A psychologist by the name of Coleman Griffith organized the first American sport psychology laboratory at UIC. After a few years, in the 1930s the laboratory got shut down due to insufficient funding. This did not stop Coleman Griffith when he consulted with professional sports teams like the Chicago Cubs. Meanwhile three men from Stanford University, B.C. Graves, Walter Miles and football coach Glenn Warner, all created and experiment to find the fastest way to get the offense to run together once the center hikes the ball. Miles created a durable chronoscope to...
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...Psychology, Only a Dream or Wise Career Choice? What career do I want to be a professional in? I aspire to become a Counseling Psychologist. Due to all the obstacles I have had to learn how to cope with I want to help others do the same. My passion for understanding how the brain works has become stronger in the recent years. I love learning about the brain, helping others and have a caring personality. I understand the challenges I will face on the road to becoming a counseling psychologist. Some of these challenges that could delay or prevent me from obtaining my career goal include change in major, academic and financial struggles. What is counseling psychology? According to the American Psychology Association, counseling psychology focuses...
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...Research, Statistics, and Psychology Paper Psychology uses statistics and research to validate or invalidate theories. Research is used to find answers to questions. The scientific method is important because it provides researchers with the steps they must take to find the answer they are looking for in a study. Statistics are used to prove or disprove theories or questions by using the collection of data and mathematics. Many types of research could be used to make the world a better or even healthier place and this is why statistics and research is important in all fields of study. Research is an important part in the field of psychology. It is used to establish facts rather than opinions. Research is defined as an organized and systematic way to find answers to questions (Henrichsen, Smith, & Baker, 1997). There are four main goals of research in psychology, these goals are describe, predict, explain, and apply. Researchers use the scientific method to meet these goals. The scientific method is described as a process involving fives steps to conduct research. The first step is to determine a problem or make an observation. The second step is the development of the hypothesis. Testing the hypothesis is the third step. Recording the observations is the fourth step. The final step is to draw a conclusion(s) (Cowens, 2006). The scientific method is used in all fields of research. Primary and secondary data is used in research to support a hypothesis. A research first focuses...
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