...Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data. There are variety of different types of statistics, hard statistics are numerical data that can not be manipulated, soft statistics are numerical data that can be manipulated, official statistics are produced by formal institutions whilst unofficial are carried out by informal institutions. By definition, statistical data is quantative data which increases its reliability. Using Statistics in research has a variety of different advantages. This kind of research is cheap and easily accessible. Also, as not much time is spent on primary research, analysis will be fairly quick so the results are fairly up to date. The ready availability of official statistics mean the researcher does not have to spend time and money collecting his / her own information. Unlike in Qualitative research methods such as interviews that could possibly involve travelling costs. It may be the case that official statistics are the only available source for a piece of research. Durkheim, for example, in his study of in 1897 used official statistics drawn from coroners' reports from different societies to establish that suicide rates varied within societies. By doing this, he was able to argue that social factors, such as religious belief, were significant variables and influences in the explanation of why people committed suicide. For some topics, therefore, secondary research is the only way...
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...sociological research, it can be advantageous to the researcher to use official statistics within their research. Official statistics are fairly easy to access and by using them a lot of time is saved by not having to collect as much primary data, analysis of this data would be quick and the data itself would be fairly up-to-date. It is also cheaper to use official statistics as having to collect qualitative data could result in travel costs by moving to the area of the study. In some cases, official statistics may be the only way to collect a certain set of data needed for the research, for example, in 1897 Durkheim used official statistics taken from a coroners reports from different areas to research the suicide rates of those areas. Because he had done this he was able to argue that the social factors of those areas, such as overall wealth or religion, were infact major influences on the rates of suicide. For some topics the only way to do the research is through the use of secondary data, if you are trying to research something that happened many years ago then there is no way that you would be able to collect primary data for it in the present, forcing the need for secondary data to be used. Even though using official statistics is reliable it also has quite a few weaknesses. One major weakness is the definitions of the words used, you can't always be sure that the person who wrote the statistics definitions of words like “Crime” or “Class” could be the same as...
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...The Going, the first of the 1912-1913 poems on the death of Emma Hardy on 27 November, 1912 Why did you give no hint that night That quickly after the morrow's dawn, And calmly, as if indifferent quite, You would close your term here, up and be gone Where I could not follow With wing of swallow To gain one glimpse of you ever anon! Never to bid good-bye Or lip me the softest call, Or utter a wish for a word, while I Saw morning harden upon the wall, Unmoved, unknowing That your great going Had place that moment, and altered all. as if you didn’t care end your time alive ever anon – ever again lip me – give, with your lips Why do you make me leave the house And think for a breath it is you I see At the end of the alley of bending boughs Where so often at dusk you used to be; Till in darkening dankness The yawning blankness Of the perspective sickens me! You were she who abode By those red-veined rocks far West, You were the swan-necked one who rode Along the beetling Beeny Crest, And, reining nigh me, Would muse and eye me, While Life unrolled us its very best. Why, then, latterly did we not speak, Did we not think of those days long dead, And ere your vanishing strive to seek That time's renewal? We might have said, "In this bright spring weather We'll visit together Those places that once we visited." the cliffs near St Juliot, Cornwall swan-necked – long beautiful neck beetling - projecting ere - before Well, well! All's...
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...using official statistics for investigating the effects of material deprivation on educational achievement. Material deprivation is a technical name for poverty and its effects on educational achievement. It is a theory put forward by sociologist Harker. Official statistics is a form of secondary data produced and published by the government and its agencies. These are collected in three main ways: government surveys, registration and record-keeping. The strengths of official statistics are that they are easily accessible and cheap. They are an up-to-date source of data which means the researcher doesn’t have to spend time and money collecting information. Official statistics can be useful in providing relevant statistics in areas such as household income. They cover large populations and are therefore representative, which is useful when conducting a large, quantitative study. This information can be linked to educational achievement by studying income alongside educational achievement rates in schools in poor and wealthy areas. Official statistics have shown that students who are from materially deprived backgrounds and who are entitled to free school meals and bus passes are the children who tend to have lower results when they finish school. Attendance is also a factor that has been found through official statistics, to affect how a student will achieve in school. They have also shown that EMA used to affect the achievement of students. The limitations of official statistics...
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...The Ballard Integrated Managed Services or (BIMS) is support Service Company, headquartered in New York. BIM it is responsible for providing housekeeping and food services to many corporations and institutions to include 22 Fortune-100 businesses. The focus of the research is the BIMS site at Douglas Medical Center (BIMS-DMC). The problem BIMS is facing is to determine the cause for the decrease in worker productivity and morale, which resulted in an increase in complaints from the hospital staff and administration. The purpose of the survey is for BIMS-DMC employees to express their view about their job and to compute descriptive and frequency techniques and further study data for possible correlations. The research questions ask if respondents enjoy working for BIMS, how many times they have called in sick, if they are well trained, if they are paid fairly, and if they like their supervisor. Our assumption is that at 17% participation, this survey will not have enough participants to get enough data to determine the problems in BIMS-DMC; a larger sampling or new sampling method may have to be acquired. The instrument used in collecting the data was from a sample survey. In some sample surveys a couple of questions that may be included could stem from demographics and age brackets. Also, some of other areas of consideration that may be included are a rating scale. For example, a rating scale is stated poor, fair, good, very good, and excellent, but in this survey its...
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...Research Methodology – Open Doors – Extending Hospitality to Travellers with Disability 1. How did ODO operationalise the definition of an adult with a disability? What arguments could you make that the definition was too inclusive or too narrow? Disability was defined by ODO as “having blindness, deafness or a condition that substantially limits one or more basic physical activities such as walking, climbing stairs, reaching, lifting or carrying”. Respondents were screened based on these criteria using a variation of the 2000 Census question. Fifteen percent of the general adult population (or more than 31 million adults aged 18 and older) defines themselves as having one or more of these characteristics. In terms of sampling, ODO narrowed its definition of an adult with a disability. “We wanted the disability to be permanent, and we wanted to cover the full range of physically limiting disabilities,” shares Turk. “But we didn’t want to include those with mental or emotional disorders.” Harris Interactive identified an ‘adult with a disability’ participant by using a variation of the 2000 U.S. Census questions. In the U.S. Census, a disability was defined as ‘blindness, deafness, or a condition that substantially limits one or more basic physical activities such as walking, climbing stairs, reaching, lifting, or carrying.’ For purposes of the study conducted by Harris Interactive and Open Door Organization, the definition is sufficient. However, the inclusiveness...
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...Assess the Advantages and Disadvantages of Official Statistics Official statistics are quantitative data produced by local and national government bodies, and can cover a wide range of behaviour including births, deaths, marriages and divorce, income, crime, and work and leisure. Official statistics can be produced as a by-product of the normal workings of a government department, but they can also result from research designed specifically to produce them. Two main sources of official statistics are the government and its departments, and surveys. For example, government departments such as the Home Office and Education and Skills request; process and then publish information from organisations such as local tax offices, social services and hospitals. An example of a source of surveys that produce official statistics is The Office for National Statistics, which is a government agency and is responsible for compiling and analysing statistics. Every ten years this agency carries out the Census of the Population, which covers every household in the UK. By law each head of household must complete a questionnaire that includes family composition, housing occupation, transport and leisure. Official statistics are used by sociologists because of their many advantages. A main plus is that official statistics are often compiled from data which has been gathered from a large sample size. The majority of sociologists could probably not afford to carry out such vast research. The size...
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...Interactionalists reject official crime statistics; they believe they are socially constructed (made by society) Howard Becker: Deviance is in the eye of the beholder What is classed as crime or deviant is based on subjective decisions by moral entrepreneurs These are agents of social control who decide what behaviours are to be labelled as deviant or not How society responds to a deviant act depends on whether the act or person has been publicly labelled as deviant or not Lemert talks about this in terms of: Primary deviance – an act that has not been labelled as deviant Secondary deviance – an act that has been publicly labelled as deviant Once an act has been labelled as deviant… The deviant actor may see themselves as a deviant person they adopt this as their master status This can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy as they then behave in a way which lives up to this label The media can contribute to this by demonising those who have been labelled as deviant This creates moral panics amongst society… Creating ‘folk devils of the deviant individuals which marginalises them even further’ This process is known as deviance amplification Cicourel: The negotiation of justice Agents of social control (E.g. police) hold ‘typification’ (stereotypes) about who is more likely to commit crime. This is more likely to be based against the more powerless groups in society – the young, the poor and ethnic minorities. This can lead to a self-serving bias; police are more...
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...negative impact on capitalism and foreign investment in that; it changes the environment which in turns affects decisions and actions. Corruption causes discriminatory treatment along tribal, ethnic, race and class. It also impacts in decision making process. Multinational corporations (MNCs) may be unable to compete in certain countries due to dishonesty by government officials, dependent upon a system of graft and bribery to approve and facilitate permits and various company operations. Corruption may be at the highest levels of government, where government decisions regarding military equipment, civilian aircraft, infrastructure or broad policy decisions about industrial subsidies are made, based upon favoritism rather than ethical weighing of facts. Corruption may involve elected officials and politicians as well as nonelected officials. Corruption may be voluntary and petty, for instance, paying to expedite a building permit. It may be extorted, in which a licensing officer holds up a building permit until a bribe is pad. It can also be grander, in which a voluntary bribe is paid to a public elected official in exchange for awarding a contract for a large municipal building, despite the contractors lack of experience. Or a grand extorted bribe might be having a high-level...
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...turns affects decisions and actions. Corruption causes discriminatory treatment along tribal, ethnic, race and class. It also impacts in decision making process. Multinational corporations (MNCs) may be unable to compete in certain countries due to dishonesty by government officials, dependent upon a system of graft and bribery to approve and facilitate permits and various company operations. Corruption may be at the highest levels of government, where government decisions regarding military equipment, civilian aircraft, infrastructure or broad policy decisions about industrial subsidies are made, based upon favoritism rather than ethical weighing of facts. Corruption may involve elected officials and politicians as well as nonelected officials. Corruption may be voluntary and petty, for instance, paying to expedite a building permit. It may be extorted, in which a licensing officer holds up a building permit until a bribe is pad. It can also be grander, in which a voluntary bribe is paid to a public elected official in exchange for awarding a contract for a large municipal building, despite the contractors’ lack of experience. Or a grand extorted bribe might be having a high-level construction ministry official threaten to condemn the building unless a large bribe is paid. Each of these cases causes...
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...The Hong Kong Polytechnic University MGT682 Independent Studies Corruption in China: Effects on Economic Development and Remedial Policies Thomas Wu 02715615G August 6, 2003 The Hong Kong Polytechnic University MGT 682 Independent Studies Corruption and Bribery in China Thomas Wu 02715615G August 6, 2003 Table of Content RESEARCH PROPOSAL TOPIC.........................................................................................................3 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................3 OBJECTIVES AND HYPOT HESIS.......................................................................................................4 NATURE OF RESEARCH.....................................................................................................................5 RIVAL THEORIES.................................................................................................................................5 “GREASE-THE-WHEELS” THEORY .........................................................................................................5 MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIUMS ......................................................................................................................7 LOGIC MODEL......................................................................................................................................8 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY..............................
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...defined as society’s expectations of how one should be. For instance, our society categorizes gender with color. Case in point, boys are generally expected to wear blue clothing and play with trucks, whereas girls are expected to wear pink and play with dolls. If there are individuals whom do not fall into their “correct” gender acceptable category, we as a nation have been trained to shun them or treat these individuals unfairly. Our media and our society carefully construct ways in which they can relay messages regarding suitable careers for certain genders. For example, the military was geared mainly for men until the last decade or so, and teachers, nurses and caretakers were all acceptable employment choices for women. Government officials are another occupation left primarily for men. For this reason, our nation is dependent on the decisions and policies that the men in these elected positions are making for us as individuals and for our country. There are many questions and concerns that can be brought up over this matter, the biggest question that comes to mind is ‘how would our lives be different if there were an equal amount or women making these governmental decisions?’ Especially when it comes to our military, if we had women serving as generals and presidents would we have been a...
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...while poor people do nothing but to follow. Like our government, it is visible to us that having a position in government makes them superior. In just a blink of an eye everyone follows, everyone becomes a slave, and everyone is powerful when you are in a position. Wrong doing becomes a trash when it pertains to our government. They do nothing but to buy anything even the service of our dear servants. Money is very powerful, where it can buy anything. As a citizen we have the rights to fight for what is right! We should know how to act for something that we want to accomplish. Come to think of it, without us government officials are nonsense. We are the reason why they are in that position that’s why we are responsible for their good doings. Not because we’re poor they have the rights to do anything they want. Those corrupt government officials must be jailed. They don’t deserve to be respected because the stole some of the money that is not for them. Instead of doing different projects, which can help the Filipino citizens, they use the money for their luxuries. Katniss is a very brave woman; she sacrificed herself for the safety of her young sister. Like what we’ve always said, “Family comes first”. She became the representative of their district, district 12. She has nothing to do but to save her life to the battle that she had been playing....
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...Topic | | Item | | | GlaxoSmithkline Consumer Healthcare Ltd. | | Conduct on Behalf of the firms | 1 | Relations with Home Govt | It is the Company’s policy to comply fully with all applicable laws and regulations governing contact and dealings with government employees and public officials, and to adhere to high ethical, moral and legal standards of business conduct. This policy includes strict compliance with all local, state, federal, foreign and other applicable laws, rules and regulations. If you have any questions concerning government relations, contact the Company’s Legal Department at Complianceandethics@infosys.com. | GSK employees must ensure that dealings with Government Officials are carried out according to the highest standards of integrity required for all GSK business and in compliance with all relevant laws and regulations. | How should the top management behave with respect to ….. | 2 | Relations with Customers | Customer Relationships If your job requires interfacing or contacting any Company customers or potential customers, it is critical to remember that you represent the Company to the people with whom you are dealing. Act in a manner that creates value for our customers and help build a relationship based upon trust. The Company and its employees have provided services for many years and have built up significant goodwill over the years. This goodwill is one of our most important assets, and you must act to preserve and enhance our...
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...Rules Implementing the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees Pursuant to the provisions of Section 12 of Republic Act No. 6713, otherwise known as the “Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees”, approved Dn February 20, 1989, and which took effect on March 25, 1989, conformably to Section 17 thereof, the following Rules are hereby adopted in order to carry out the provisions of the said Code: Rule I Coverage Section 1. These Rules shall cover all officials and employees in the government, elective and appointive, permanent or temporary, whether in the career or non-career service, including military and police personnel, whether or not they receive compensation, regardless of amount. Rule II Interpretation Section 1. These Rules shall be interpreted in the light of the Declaration of Policy found in Section 2 of the Code: “It is the policy of the State to promote a high standard of ethics in public service. Public officials and employees shall at all times be accountable to the people and shall discharge their duties with utmost responsibility, integrity, competence and loyalty, act with patriotism and justice, lead modest lives, and uphold public interest over personal interest.” Rule III Reforms on Public Administrative Systems Section 1. Every department, office and agency shall, as soon as practicable and in no case later than ninety (90) days from the effectivity...
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