...Development of oil Oil has developed over millions of years. According to the biogenetic theory oil was earned through the dead sea-organisms that sank on the seabed and were covered by sediments. Through the sinking sediments these organic materials were put out to high pressure and high temperature. Under these conditions they converted themselves into “Kerogen”. The well-distributed “Kerogen” is moving upwards because it is lighter than water and is edged out by this. With the moving ("migration" of the oil) of the Kerogen it will fuse to more compact masses, which is the oil. The “migration” runs in general upward. If the oil gets under impervious layers of earth (oil traps), an oil bed will result. An oil bed exists of a memory rock, which in his pores located oil and more or less bed water, provided that available - also considers in the pores of the memory rock. Importance of oil In our today’s society many people do not understand the significance of oil and natural gas. The only thing people associate with oil is petrol and diesel that we use as source of energy in order to move cars. However, the value of oil to our world goes far beyond our personal transportation choices as many of the everyday items we use are either made from oil or are dependent upon oil for their production. Let’s take a closer look on the everyday products, which are used; the exotic fruits such as bananas or vegetables that is available in almost every supermarket or highly dependent...
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...1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Oil spill is the leakage or discharge of petroleum onto the surface of inland or coastal water. It assumes disastrous dimension when an uncontrollable well blows out or pipeline ruptures. On water surface, spreading takes place immediately, which is very harmful to various types of aquatic lives as it prevents sufficient amount of sunlight from penetrating and also reduces the land-dissolving capacity in the water. The magnitude of crude oil pollution and damage occasioned by multi-national oil companies operating in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria is incredible (Urhobo Historical Society, 2003). It is noteworthy that the devastating consequences of the crude oil spill in the region with its eventual hazards on both aerial and terrestrial environments is tantamount to an irreversible chain effect on both the biodiversity and human safety. Abbot (2007) in her article entitled “Think Jamaica is Bad? Try Nigeria” notes that the discovery of oil has been an ecological disaster for the Niger Delta where the oil is extracted. Oil and natural resources of a country are often considered to be national assets. Oil penetrates into the structure of the plumage of birds and the fur of mammals, reducing its insulating ability, and making them more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations and much less buoyant in the water. Animals that rely on scent to find their babies or mothers fade away due to the strong scent of the oil. This causes a baby to be rejected...
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...Westminster International College Module Title: Research Skills Programme: BABS Semester: Three Academic Year Period: June 2012 –September 2012 Lecturer: Dr. Kui Juan Tiang Date Given and Available on the Student Portal: 6 July 2012 Date of Presentation: Week Beginning 6 August 2012 Date of Completion and Submission: 15 August 2012 Submission Method: Online via Turn It In with one hard copy to the Examinations Department Assessment Type: An individual presentation and type-written assignment Student: Aliaskar Batyrbek Student ID: NE/WICKL/UWIC/BABS/1011/0117 Assignment Topic: An investigation study of development of oil and gas industry in Kazakhstan Table of Contents 2 Introduction 4 2.1 Country Profile 4 2.2 History of industry 4 3 Research Objectives 5 4 Literature Review 6 4.1 Geographic Factor 6 4.1.1 Major Oilfields 8 4.1.2 Export Operating Pipelines 9 4.2 Government Policies 11 4.3 Financial Factor and R&D Factor 12 4.4 Market Prospects 14 4.4.1 Market players 14 4.4.2 Production 15 4.4.3 Consumption 16 5 Research Methodology 18 6 Time Scale / Gantt Chart 19 7 References 20 Figure 1 4 Figure 2 (KMG, 2012) 5 Figure 3 (BP, 2012) 5 Figure 4 (European Dialogue, 2012) 6 Figure 5 (BP, 2012) 6 Figure 6 (CIA, 2012) 8 Figure 7 (Centre for Global Energy Studies, 2012) 9 Figure 8 (Centre for Global Energy Studies, 2012) 9 Figure 9 (The Agency of Statistics of...
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...DISEASES OF PLANTATION CROPS PLP 5003 TITLE: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF OIL PALM AS THE MAJOR PLANTATION CROP IN MALAYSIA GROUP 7: MOHD HARLIZAN BIN MOHAMAD DARUS GS32853 ADIBAH NOOR BINTI KHAIRUDDIN GS36223 SHAHFAHZIELAH BINTI SHAMRAN GS36066 SITI NOR ANIZAM BINTI ZAMRI GS38320 1.0 INTRODUCTION The oil palm, Elaeis guineensis was brought over to the Bogor Botanic Garden in the Island of Jawa, Indonesia from West Africa in 1848 (Polunin, 2004). It has been planted in almost 43 countries in tropical regions of Southeast Asia, Africa and South America. It was planted in Malaysia in 1896 much later after Indonesia (Yacob, 2005). Now, this crop has become major plantation crop in Malaysia contribute to palm oil industry. Palm oil industry is one of the most traded agriculture commodities in the world. In Malaysia, this industry has been an important agriculture in the economy for the past three decades. Malaysia is one of the major producer of palm oil in the world which contribute17.6 million tonnes respectively in 2009. Recently, concern over the environment impact people around the world keeps on talking about global warming, greenhouses effect, deforestation and other environment impact caused by human activities or improper development. Government and private sectors are being urged to commence all agriculture activities include oil palm within the concept of sustainable development. Therefore, sustainability becomes the main word uses in almost...
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...trade, production and marketing integration, according to the modern enterprise system and the operation of trans-regional, cross-sectoral, cross-border operations, integrated oil companies. As China's largest crude oil, natural gas producer, suppliers and the largest oil refining producer and suppliers, China National Petroleum Group is involved in oil, gas exploration and development, refining chemicals, pipeline transportation, oil and gas refinery product sales, petroleum engineering technical services, petroleum machinery manufacturing, oil trade and other fields, in China's oil and gas production, processing and market-dominant position in the U.S. "oil Intelligence Weekly" top 50 ranking of the world's oil companies, China National Petroleum Group, ranked No. 10 , in the "Fortune" magazine published in 2004, ranking the world's top 500 enterprises, from the previous year's first 69 upgraded to 52 bits, ranking ahead of 17. China National Petroleum Group registered a total capital of 114.9 billion Yuan, the existing total assets of 736.2 billion Yuan in China in the northeast, north, northwest, southwest vast region has 13 large and giant oil and gas field enterprises, 16 large and giant Oil Refinery and Chemical Company, 19 oil-marketing companies and a large number of research institutes and oil petroleum and petrochemical construction operations, technical services, machinery manufacturing enterprises, in the Middle East, North Africa,...
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...08 Fall 08 Fall MSc OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT International Environmental Law M28 CLS Ivenia M. Holt Impacts of oil pollution on the environment and wellbeing of a local indigenous community: A case study of the Ogoni people of Nigeria. 1.0 Introduction Ogoni is an ethnic group in the Niger (fig. 1) Delta area of Nigeria. It is a high oil-rich area, populated by approximately 500,000 people (Global nonviolent action database 1995). Ogoni’s who are hardworking people are farmers and fisher men, producing food not only for themselves but for most of the Niger Deltan’s (Ebeh n.d). The region has been plagued with serious environmental degradation resulting from activities of oil and gas exploration and exploitation since Shell petroleum development company discovered oil in Ogoni land in 1958 (Global nonviolent action database 1995). However, contaminated lands in this region were not only through wells and pipelines, but by gas flares which produced intense heat and chemical gas fogs that polluted nearby homes and rendered farmlands barren ( Johansen 2010). Oil exploration and production have been carried out by Shell international at Ogoniland since 1950s, but its operations were stopped in the 1990s due to disputes between Shell and the Ogoni’s (Kadafa 2012). As a result, Ogoniland has been characterized by oilfields and installations that have remained dormant, past spills, lack of maintenance, oil trapping and damages to oil infrastructure for over fifteen...
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...Methodology & Organisation of the paper 3 Methodology 3 Organization of the paper 3 Section 2: Potential Pitfalls of oil extraction in a developing country 4 2.1.1 Dutch Disease effects in the resource curse 4 2.1.2 Governance related aspects of the resource curse 4 2.1.3 Environmental and public health related effects of the resource curse 5 2.1.4 Institutions 5 2.2 How do these points relate to management in countries? 6 2.2.1 Management of oil discovery and exploitation in Norway 6 2.2.2 Management of oil discovery and exploitation in Nigeria 6 2.3 Is Uganda's current economy at risk of being cursed? 6 Section 3: Uganda Oil & Gas Policy 8 3.1 Conceptualizing the Oil & Gas Policy Framework 8 3.1.1 Linkages of the National Oil and Gas Policy to the Country’s key policy frameworks 8 3.1.2 Using Finite Resources to Create Lasting Benefits to Society 9 3.1.3 Transparency and Accountability. 9 3.1.4 Competitiveness and Productivity. 9 3.1.5 Capacity and Institution Building 10 3.2 Issues arising in the Oil & Gas Policy 10 3.2.1 Institutional Development 10 3.2.2 Size of oil reserves 10 3.2.3 Oil and Gas revenue management 10 3.2.4 Investment promotion 11 3.2.5 National Participation 11 3.2.6 Public anxiety and expectations 11 3.2.7 Contribution of oil and gas resources to the energy mix 11 3.2.8 Impact of oil and gas activities 12 3.3 Crosscutting Issues 12 3.3.1 Impact on national economy 12 3.3.2 Impact on Land Ownership...
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...ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE ATHABASCA OIL SANDS “The modern era began with the discovery that started the most brilliant, inventive, and destructive age in the history of mankind. The age of energy.” The Athabasca oil sands were founded in the late 1960s and have now developed into a major player within the Canadian economy, acting as its prominent supplier of crude oil. With roughly 2.5 trillion barrels of oil in the ground, the oil sands are one of the largest deposits in the world. However, a problem arises with the extraction process, as it is both expensive and cumbersome with the presence of bitumen within the oil (a highly viscous, black hydrocarbon). Therefore, the extensive extraction process that is required by oil mining companies leads to negative environmental implications. As a result, this paper will discuss the extent of these environmental implications in terms of escalating greenhouse gas emissions, the depletion and contamination of water reserves, and the destruction of terrestrial ecosystems within the Boreal forest. In addition to this, the underlying notion of Alberta’s unlikely future for a sustainable environment. Greenhouse gases (GHG) are emissions within the atmosphere that absorbs and emit radiation, thus damaging the ozone layer. Taking this into consideration, the expansionary development associated with the Athabasca oil sands are rapidly increasing the level of pollution emitted within Canada. The oil sands alone are a source of more than...
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...STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IN THE NIGERIAN OIL INDUSTRY WITHIN AN UNSTABLE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT AKINJIDE ODUNLAMI DECEMBER 31ST 2010 Table of Contents Introduction 3 The Oil Industry in Nigeria 3 Oil industry and the Nigerian Economy 5 Social and Environmental Impact 6 Strategy in the Nigerian Oil Industry 8 Managing External and Internal Forces 8 Assumptions 9 Key Strategic Activities 10 1. Timely Funding of the Joint Venture Cash Calls 10 2. Operational Efficiency 11 3. Cost Reduction and Leadership 11 4. Capacity Building 13 5. Facility Integrity and Innovation 14 6. Sustainable Development 14 7. Gas Utilisation 16 8. Security 16 Strategic Fit and Sustainability 17 Strategic planning and management system 17 Balanced Score Card 17 References 18 Introduction This paper considers Strategic management in the oil industry to deliver value and economic development in an economy very much dependent on crude oil revenue and with a fluctuating local currency rate against the US Dollar coupled with a volatile political climate with attendant security concerns. The industry, economy and political environment in focus here are those of Nigeria, a developing West African country. Within the context and space constraints of the Nigerian economic, political and social climate, an oil company must carefully define and manage its Corporate Strategy such...
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...Middle East Economy” Middle East Economy Background Main economic sectors & main actors Current trends with alternative investment apart from oil industry” by Panakant Raschasri 5303640691 Middle East Economy Background The economic structure of Middle Eastern nations are different in the sense that while some nations are heavily dependent on export of only oil and oil-related products (such as Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Kuwait), others have a highly diverse economic base (such as Cyprus, Israel, Turkey and Egypt). Industries of the Middle Eastern region include oil and oil-related products, agriculture, cotton, cattle, dairy, textiles, leather products, surgical instruments, defense equipment (guns, ammunition, tanks, submarines, fighter jets, UAVs, and missiles). Banking is also an important sector of the economies, especially in the case of UAE and Bahrain. Main economic sectors & main actors Middle Eastern Oil-Exporting Countries The oil exporters comprise 12 countries: the six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC—Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates) and Algeria, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Sudan, and Yemen. Together, they account for 65 percent of global oil reserves and 45 percent of natural gas reserves. The countries are mainly exporters of oil, gas, and refined products, with oil and gas contributing about 50 percent to GDP and80 percent to revenue. They are diverse and differ substantially in terms of per capita GDP, which in...
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...Submitted to: Prof. M.K Awasthi Table of Contents Introduction 2 History of Palm Oil 2 History of Palm Oil in Malaysia 2 Importance of Palm Oil in the World 3 Analysis of Economic Environment 5 Supply-Side Environment 5 Demand Side Environment 7 Palm Oil Economy in Malaysia 7 Key Inferences 8 Analysis of Political, Legal & Institutional Environment 8 FELDA, FELCRA & RISDA 9 Government Policies 9 Analysis of Social & Environmental Impact 11 Analysis of Technological Environment 12 Skills & Knowledge Development 12 Research & Development 12 Overview of Business Environment & Conclusions 13 Introduction History of Palm Oil The oil palm tree (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) is said to have originated in West Africa, somewhere between Angola and Senegal. The earliest archaeological evidence of palm oil has been found in an Egyptian Tomb in Abydos. These two facts point to two inferences. One, that palm oil production was happening even 5000 years ago. Secondly, as no palm oil was produced in Egypt, this means that Palm Oil trading also was prevalent at that time. Thus, Palm Oil has been used by mankind since historical times. A basic description of the palm oil extraction process is shown below: (Source: Malaysian Oil Palm Publication Annual Report 2011) History of Palm Oil in Malaysia Palm Oil was introduced in Malaysia by in 1910 by Scotsman William Sime and English banker Henry Darby as a plantation...
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...Nigeria Abstract The study examines the impact of petroleum on economic growth of the Nigerian economy. Data covering the period 1980-2011 was collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, and transparency international Agency annual publications and analyzed using econometric approach. The stationary status of the time series data was examined using Augmented Dickey Fuller test. The regressand is Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP), The regressors are Foreign direct investment (FDI), Oil revenue (OIL), Corruption index (CI), External debt (EXDEBT). The series attained stationary after differencing. The Johansen cointegration test was conducted to ascertain the long run equilibrium condition of the variables in the model. The variables were cointegrated because four cointegrating equations were found. The Parsimonous model was established to account for the short run dynamic adjustments required for stable long run equilibrium. It was discovered that the variables: oil revenue and corruption index impacts negatively on Real GDP, while FDI and EXDEBT have positive impact on the growth of the economy. This means that the resource curse theory is proven to be true in Nigeria. The study concludes that, if the petroleum industry bill is passed and implemented to the letters, there exists hope for the Nigerian nation. Keywords: petroleum, economic growth, Nigeria Citation: Baghebo, M. and Atima, T. O. (2013). The impact of petroleum on economic growth in Nigeria. Global...
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...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The technology status report on oil-field chemicals covers the classification, function, production technologies, end-uses, international scene, status of Indian Industry, technological gaps etc. in respect of drilling oil field chemicals. This report enable one to assess the state of art of the Indian Industry, identify technological gaps and deduce the measures that need to be taken to fill the gaps including the need for import of technology if so required. The oil-field chemicals used in the various operations for completion of any oil well can be grouped into the following categories. — — — — — — Drilling fluid/Mud chemicals and Mud additives Cement and cement additives Production chemicals Water Injection Chemicals Well Stimulation Chemicals Process Chemicals. Drilling fluids or liquids perform a variety of functions that influence the drilling rate, the cost, efficiency and safety of drilling operations. There are many types of drilling fluid systems available like water base muds, oil base muds, stable foam muds, air or gas base muds from which the right system may be chosen. Main drilling mud additives include viscosifying agents, fluid loss control agents, drilling fluid dispersants and corrosion inhibitors. Cement and cement additives are considered to be critical inputs in the completion of any oil and gas well. The increase in demand for cement suitable for oil and gas wells led to the establishment of API codes by the American Petroleum Institute...
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...the north by the Beaufort Sea, on the east by the U.S. Canadian border, and on the west by the Canning River. The Coastal Plain of ANWR is being considered for oil and gas development since it potentially holds billions of barrels of recoverable oil and trillions of cubic feet of recoverable gas. Of the 1.5 million acres of the Coastal Plain, less than 2000 acres would be affected by development. However, because it is an important wildlife habitat, some are concerned that development would hurt the land, endanger wildlife, and not recover enough oil to make the effort worthwhile. ANWR is about the size of South Carolina, and the proposed development area in the Coastal Plain is about one-fifth the size of Washington, DC’s Dulles International Airport. Although ANWR could produce greater than a million barrels of oil per day, more than enough to replace U.S. imports from Iraq, we have to look at the potential social, economic and ecological benefits and consequences to exploring/drilling in ANWR. Environmentalists want to protect ANWR from any drilling because of its environmental and ecological value. They believe that there is too great a danger to the refuge, which is home too many species of birds and fish as well as both land and marine mammals. Environmentalists argue that conservation will save far more oil than the Arctic refuge could produce. ANWR could produce more than 150 billion cubic feet of natural gas per year, which is about the volume of gas consumed...
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...Assignment 4 – Group Assignment Palm Oil Dilemma in Indonesia Natural Resource Economics 601 – Lecturer: John Karasinski Word Count – 2,016 (not including Tables and Figures) Aaron Smith: 1662 4483 Leonardo Molinari: 1728 4820 Reuben Dias:1313 9900 Group Assignment 2 Palm Oil Dilemma in Indonesia Executive Summary Indonesia’s GDP is estimated at $US868 billion in 2013, which classifies it as a lower middle income country. GDP growth has averaged almost 6% over the last decade with a population growth averaging at 1.4%. Indonesia’s population is expected to grow at an annual growth rate of 0.57% to over 271 million by 2030. Indonesia’s industrial sector largely dominates production, contributing over 48% to aggregate economic activity (including oil and gas which accounts for 10% of GDP). The palm oil industry has the potential to generate significant social and economic development in Indonesia. It is Indonesia’s largest agricultural export and provides income and economic development to the large proportion of rural poor Indonesia. In recent decades the global market for palm oil has seen exponential growth with current production estimated at over 45 million tons, with Indonesia being one of the world’s, largest producers and exporters, producing over 18 million tons of palm oil annually. Although only contributing 8 % to GDP, the palm oil plantations provide for around two thirds of rural household incomes. Over 41% of plantations were owned by small land...
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