...PROJECT ON THE TOPIC Niger Delta Conflict: Why the violence still burning? National University Of Study and Research in Law, Ranchi BIT Polytechnic Campus Ranchi 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS Topic Page no. 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................3 2. Government’s response and its outcome........................................................................4 3. Why the conflict burning despite the government’s effort today...................................5 a. Selfish Nigerian Government...................................................................................4 b. Criminalization of the Delta.....................................................................................6 c. Poverty.....................................................................................................................6 d. Role of oil Companies..............................................................................................7 4. Conclusion......................................................................................................................9 INTRODUCTION The conflict in the Niger Delta is complex, a crisis involving local patriots and freedom fighters. The Niger Delta is rich in mineral-petroleum and gas...
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...An Assessment of Oil and Gas Industries in the Niger Delta Thesis Statement Oil and Gas companies operating in Niger Delta are causing damage to the health and safety of environment and the communities of Niger Delta. Introduction Companies participating in Oil and Gas Industry, either upstream, midstream, or downstream, know the pressure from governments and environmental organizations that have been at the center stage environmental issues, while traditional security issues and reliability are even more critical as the industry is driven by strong demand. All the oil companies, especially after the oil spill fiascos that took place in the last 2 decades in Niger Delta, have committed their resources to ensure health and safety of its employees, the people inhabiting the region where company’s operations are taking place, and the protection of environment and other resources such as water. The assessment of all Oil and Gas companies reveals that all the oil and gas companies in Niger Delta are committed to the values, morals, standard and principles that are discussed below in the literature review section (Yusufu et al., 2011, Pp. 34). Discussion Health and Safety: Not to harm people, whether they are employees or contractors of third parties. Accompanying water: Treatment and re-injection of water associated with oil production methods and techniques that are in line with the standards of environmental protection. Drilling Fluids: Management and disposal of...
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...leakage or discharge of petroleum onto the surface of inland or coastal water. It assumes disastrous dimension when an uncontrollable well blows out or pipeline ruptures. On water surface, spreading takes place immediately, which is very harmful to various types of aquatic lives as it prevents sufficient amount of sunlight from penetrating and also reduces the land-dissolving capacity in the water. The magnitude of crude oil pollution and damage occasioned by multi-national oil companies operating in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria is incredible (Urhobo Historical Society, 2003). It is noteworthy that the devastating consequences of the crude oil spill in the region with its eventual hazards on both aerial and terrestrial environments is tantamount to an irreversible chain effect on both the biodiversity and human safety. Abbot (2007) in her article entitled “Think Jamaica is Bad? Try Nigeria” notes that the discovery of oil has been an ecological disaster for the Niger Delta where the oil is extracted. Oil and natural resources of a country are often considered to be national assets. Oil penetrates into the structure of the plumage of birds and the fur of mammals, reducing its insulating ability, and making them more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations and much less buoyant in the water. Animals that rely on scent to find their babies or mothers fade away due to the strong scent of the oil. This causes a baby to be rejected and abandoned, leaving the babies to starve...
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...Shell in the Niger Delta: A Framework for Change Five case studies from civil society sponsored by February 2010 About ECCR The Ecumenical Council for Corporate Responsibility (ECCR) is a church-based investor coalition and membership organisation working for economic justice, environmental stewardship, and corporate and investor responsibility. ECCR undertakes research, advocacy and dialogue with companies and investors. It seeks to influence company policy and practice and to raise awareness among the British and Irish churches, the investor community and the general public. For more information, please visit www.eccr.org.uk. Acknowledgements ECCR would like to thank the five civil society organisations that contributed case studies based on their work in the Niger Delta; Cordaid for generously sponsoring the report; members, partners and independent experts who advised, read and commented on the text before publication; Royal Dutch Shell Plc and Shell Petroleum Development Corporation of Nigeria for providing company information and commenting on the text. Cover photo credits: Friends of the Earth International; IRIN/UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs; Milieudefensie/Friends of the Earth Netherlands; Stakeholder Democracy Network. Disclaimers ECCR has commissioned and published these case studies as a contribution to public understanding. The text has undergone a careful process of fact-checking and review to achieve accuracy and balance. Nevertheless...
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...in the Niger Delta Shell in the Niger Delta There is a long and terrible record of environmental destruction and human rights violations in the oil-producing regions of Nigeria. The gross level of environmental degradation caused by oil exploration and extraction in the Niger Delta has gone unchecked for the past 30 years. Evidence shows that the oil companies operating in Nigeria have not only disregarded their responsibility towards the environment but have acted together with the military’s repression of Nigerian citizens. The profit-driven collusion between multinational oil companies and the past and present Nigerian governments has cost many lives and continues to threaten the stability of the region. In the course of writing this paper, based on all the accounts of reports read, interviews conducted, news and report findings, I came to the realization that oil extraction and the related operations of multinational oil corporations pose a serious threat to the livelihood of the people of the Niger Delta. Tensions in the Niger Delta continue to erupt into violence as natural resources vital to local communities’ survival are destroyed by oil operations. Environmental and social justice for the people of the Niger Delta remain central issues for achieving peace in the region. As long as people’s calls for justice continue to be ignored and resisted by both multinational oil corporations and the Nigerian government, the situation in the Delta can only...
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...A State Intervention Approach to International Trade and the Right to Health in the Crude Oil and Natural Gas Sector of Nigeria Table of Contents A State Intervention Approach to International Trade and the Right to Health in the Crude Oil and Natural Gas Sector of Nigeria 1 Chapter 1 General Introduction 6 1.1. Background 6 1.1.1. Definitions 14 1.1.2. Trade Liberalization 14 1.1.3. International Trade Law 15 1.1.4. Right to Health 16 1.1.5. Human Right Laws 17 1.2. Research Questions 18 1.3. Justification of the Research 21 1.4. Research Objectives 30 1.5. Research Methodology 31 1.6. Research Structure 37 Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework and Literature Review 40 2.1. Introduction 40 2.2. International Trade Rules and Protection of People’s Right to Health 41 2.2.1. Sources of International Trade Rules 41 2.2.2. Trade Liberalization and the Protection of the Right to Health 44 2.3. Scope of the Right to Health 54 2.4. Brief Overview of State Intervention Theory 59 2.5. States Duty towards the Fulfilment of the Right to Health 65 2.6. Legislative and Institutional Regulations Protecting the Right to Health in Nigeria 73 2.6.1. The International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 1966 76 2.6.2. The African Charter on Human and People’s Rights (ACHPR) 78 2.6.3. The International Health Regulations, 2005 81 2.6.4. The Nigerian Constitution 82 2.7. Conclusion 83 Chapter...
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...industrialization and urbanization are assessed in threefold: health threats, criminal threat and threat regarding food insecurity. The aforementioned threats to be analyzed are intertwined with the concept of urbanization and industrialization and the repercussions of food insecurity and the physical health threat in urbanized cities are interrelated with the criminal threat, which could be accounted by mental illness(Antai& Moradi, 2010). With this introductory overview, the essay proceeds to outline the modern situation of urbanization and industrialization in Nigeria with definitions conceptualized. The following part is an evaluation of the health threats comprised of two section, in which the overcrowding issue is explored and illustrative case study focusing on health surveillance in Niger Delta is examined. The next part dwells on the positive correlation between crime rate and urbanization. In the final part, the risk of imperative food insecurity and its negative impact on political stability are analyzed. Industrialization and Urbanization in Nigeria The term ‘industrialization’ is used to describe the process in which a society transforms itself from a primarily agricultural society into an industrial one characterized by of the use of...
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...Impact of Nigeria's Bilateral Investment Agreements in Oil and Gas on the Right to Health and the Right to a Healthy Environment: A Case Study of the Niger Delta” Full Name of Student (Your student registration number) A XXXXXXXXXXX DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF DEGREE OF XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX UNIVERITY Declaration I hereby declare that research thesis is my original work and has never been used presented for any degree or diploma in any university or institution. Where material is obtained from published or unpublished works, this has been fully acknowledged by citation in the main text and inclusion in the list of references. Table of Contents Declaration 2 Table of Contents 3 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 11 1.1 Background of the study 11 1.2 Statement of the Problem 27 1.2 Research Aims 29 1.3 Research Objectives 30 1.4 Research Questions 31 1.5 Justification of the Research 32 1.6 Research Methodology 42 1.6.2 Research design 45 1.6.2 Target population 45 1.6.3 Sampling 46 1.6.4 Data collection 46 1.6.5 Data presentation 46 1.7 Definition of terms 46 1.8.2 Environment 47 1.8.3 The right to health and the right to a healthy environment...
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...Forbes (Christopher Helman 2012). Despite its prominent reputation and its claimed aim of achieving the worldwide energy demand in a responsible manner, it does negate the fact their business operations have impacted the environment of Nigeria. The pressing argument that will be discussed in this paper would be the interminable oil spills due to the defective facilities and insufficient checks of equipments which are identified as the one of the main sources of the environmental contamination by Shell in the Niger Delta, how these irresponsible activities have implicated the environment which leads to unfavourable circumstances for society and stakeholders such as institutional investors, and the efforts made by Shell to counteract the situation. Background of Oil Spills in Niger Delta Before Shell tapped on the Delta, the eastern area of Nigeria was resource wealthy. However what thought to be a profitable activity for the corporations as well as Nigerian people too turned out to be a severe environmental threat and has been evolving for a few decades since 1956. Shell did acknowledge that their operations have caused oil spills, but did not agree on the extent of it. Analysts have recorded that in the year 1995 to 2006, Shell has committed an average three hundred spills annually which results to more than four hundred fifty thousand barrels of oil ( Tuodolo 2009 , 537 ). Bodo Oil Spills in 2008 The oil spill that occurred in Bodo town in 2008 was...
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...The objective of this study is to determine, from accounting perspective, the environmental consequences of the operations of oil and gas companies in the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria. The study was motivated by the curiosity to explain what goes on in the Niger-Delta region in the light of environmental degradation and the continuous agitation for a sustainable approach to corporate social responsibility (CSR). The study adopted the ex-post facto research design. Questionnaires were used to collect data from primary sources while relying on previous studies for secondary data. The Yaro Yamani sampling determination technique was applied to a sample size of 300 respondents drawn from a population of three million. Data collected were analysed...
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...A Study of Shell Oil and its Stakeholders in Nigeria Part 1 (Week Six) A Review of Basic Issues Regarding the Background and Interests of Stakeholders of Shell Oil Company in Nigeria Chapter 1 Introduction The complexity of understanding the Shell Nigeria oil spill and applying critical analysis and leadership theories to the problem is a challenging debate. A reader would tend to assume that Shell is at fault and should take all the blame for this corporate and ecological mess. Therefore, the introduction needs to provide the reader with sufficient historical information and background of stakeholders such as Royal Dutch Shell Company, Nigeria (country), Niger Delta (province of Nigeria) and its directly affected tribal communities of the oil spill. The introduction is thorough as to avoid explaining in other key elements of this research paper. The Royal Dutch Shell was ranked No1 as the largest organisation in the world in 2012 by Global 500. Shell has boosted its first quarter earnings of 2012 by 11% compared to that of 2011. Shells long term projects that have just commenced creating; a gas to liquids plant in Qatar and further projects in Canadian oil sands, have in part contributed to these revenues. Royal Dutch Shell has 87000 employees globally (Global 500, 2012) The first Shell Company in Nigeria was started in 1936 by The Royal Dutch/Shell Group. The Royal Dutch/Shell Group then founded Shell D’Arcy. Two years later in November 1928...
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...PFII/2007/WS.3/6 Original: English UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS Division for Social Policy and Development Co-organizers Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues Government of Khabarovsk Krai and the Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON) INTERNATIONAL EXPERT GROUP MEETING ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT KHABAROVSK, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AUGUST 27.-29, 2007 The Adverse Impacts of Oil Pollution on the Environment and Wellbeing of a Local Indigenous Community: The Experience of the Ogoni People of Nigeria Paper by LEGBORSI SARO PYAGBARA MOVEMENT FOR THE SURVIVAL OF THE OGONI PEOPLE (MOSOP) OF NIGERIA Introduction Crude oil has had profound impact on the world civilization than any single natural resource in recorded history. Oil has become a very decisive element in defining the politics, rhetoric and diplomacy of states. This fact is adumbrated in a public lecture entitled “Oil in World Politics” delivered by a former secretary of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the late Chief M.O.Feyide, when he asserted that “All over the world, the lives of people are affected and the destiny of nations are determined by the result of oil explorations. Oil keeps the factors of the industrialized countries working and provides the revenues,...
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...Shell in Nigeria: The Ethical Issues Ethics are moral principles, as of an individual, a country or a religion. A lot of people have different perspectives of the world and carry different opinions involving what is ethical and what is not. Ethics are a major concern in International Business and companies face ethical issues very frequently. Royal Dutch Shell, commonly known as Shell, is a fusion of over 1,700 companies around the world. Shell Nigeria is one of the largest oil producers in the Shell Group and more than 80% of the oil extractions in Nigeria is in the Niger Delta. The Delta is a home to many small minority ethnic groups, such as Ogoni, all of which suffer exploitation of human rights, environmental rights, and economical and health issues by big multinational oil companies, mainly Shell. Emanuel Nnadozie, A famous writer, has said "Oil is a curse which means only poverty, hunger, disease and exploitation for those living in oil producing areas.” This paper will focus mainly on the case of Shell’s ethically immoral attitudes towards Ogoni, but one must keep in mind that there are dozens of other groups that suffer the same exploitation of resources and injustices, both environmentally and economically. Firstly, Ogoni continuously faces human rights violation from Shell. Oil from Ogoniland provides close to $30 billion to the economy of Nigeria and the people of Ogoni see only very little from their contribution to Royal Dutch Shell. According to The Essential...
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...Critical Essay- Shell Dann Sokol: 14679766 Word Count: 1665 Oil products are controlling aspects of how people and societies go about everyday activities and life. Thus, the ever-growing corporations such as Royal Dutch Shell and BP, who supply these products, are subject to immense public scrutiny to the quality of these products and more recently the ways in which they are manufactured. The focus of this argument involves the ethical aspect of Shell’s management with regards to the issue of human rights in the regions they operate in, as well as their engagement with their employees and other stakeholders. According to their website the Niger-Delta region, which Royal Dutch Shell produces a quantity of their oil, the company provides funds to the government and commissions. Under law of the Niger Delta Development Commission and operations through the Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria (SPDC), Shell contributed up to $82 million in 2008 ($56.8m and $25.2m, respectively). The contributions through the SPDC “promote and support small businesses, agriculture, skills training, education, healthcare, micro lending and capacity building.” They also have contributed through royalty payments amounting to “$36 billion in taxes and royalties from 2005-2008.” Although the government will ultimately decide how to allocate the funds, Shell firmly believes that through their contributions “these funds can be used to promote development, reduce poverty and support economic...
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...populated nation. The Nigerian National Petroleum Corp owned 55 percent of the Shell Petroleum Development co of Nigeria Limited joint venture. They settled similar deals with other oil companies like Chevron, Texaco, and Mobil. In the late 90s, oil counted for about 90% of the country’s foreign exchange profits and placed it among the top 10 oil producers and distributers in the world. In the Niger Delta, which most oil was extracted from, 20 tribes could be found. The Nigerian government had promised to invest to help these tribes but the organization in charge of the project claimed to have never received funding from the government. On the other hand, Shell had spent about $22M in community development projects to appease the tribes near the Niger Delta. Around that area, because of oil extraction, refining, storing, and transportation, the environment had been severely damaged. The people provoked oil spills in response to the environmental damage and with the intention of generating spill-cleaning employment opportunities. Ogoni is one of the 20 tribes in the Niger Delta. The Ogoni Bill of Rights was published and blamed the government for various injustices. Ken Saro-Wiva emerged as a leading spokesperson and peaceful protestant for the tribe. Shell was asked for 10 billion dollars to repair damages and this caused tension. Saro-Wiva was controversially arrested and trialed....
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