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Online Voting

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ABSTRACT
This report presents a proposal for an Online voting system for Imo State University.”ONLINE VOTING SYSTEM” is a voting technique which contains rules for valid voting and how votes are counted and aggregated to yield a final result. Voting involves counting which means it’s algorithmic in nature. This is an important area for development because the opinions of the students are pivotal to the future of the university, and such a system can increase awareness of important matters. However, it is still questionable whether elections could be conducted online due to the high level of concern over security and even accessibility of internet and other IT infrastructures.
The aim of this project is to develop an interactive voting system with which users can participate using internet enabled computers. Online voting would be more convenient, relatively secure and utilize fewer resources. This project will be useful in two ways. It will provide an easier system for the school Student Union Government (S.U.G) than the traditional voting system and it will also help me improve my experience and knowledge of web technologies. HTML, My SQL and Java Programming Language will be used to create the Online Voting System.

Project Functions and Goals
• User login system and secure administrator login system.
• User registration system into the database.
• The polling or voting interface proper.
• Add/delete polls under administration privilege.
• E-mail system may be implemented to notify non-voters of the deadline.
• Email system for confirmation to voters of the candidates they voted for.
• Interface to the school S.U.G’s database may be implemented.

Chapter 1
Introduction
The term voting is understood to be the form of choice. This form of expression can be performed through the ballot, or by any other electoral scheme. The online voting (e-voting) is a way in which votes are cast by voters through a particular electronic medium which can be retrieved, sorted, analyzed, counted and stored electronically. It involves a systematic approach in its collation.
This project will be focusing on converting and modelling the traditional paper based electoral system currently being used by the Imo State University Student Union Government (S.U.G) into an online/electronic system. The system will implement different election mechanisms used for casting votes. The current voting system used by the S.U.G is seriously hampered by poor voters’ turnout due to the fact that it is not convenient for most students. The system to be created will handle this issue by providing students with the ability to cast their votes for their chosen candidates via an internet enabled device (computer, mobile phone, etc).
This system will be built to have strict security features starting from the point of voters’ registration and login into the voting system, to casting their votes for choice candidates to the point of their exit from the system. It will also have secure restrictions to prevent any voter from voting more than once. In other words, the system to be implemented will address the issues concerning security needs of a vote being cast over the internet, authentication and validation of users, access right, vote security and information encryption, therefore, a secure means of voting online.
1.1 Existing System
The voting system currently being used by the university’s students’ union is a paper based system, in which the student simply picks up ballot sheet from electoral officials, tick off who they would like to vote for and cast their votes by slotting the paper back in a ballot box. At the end, the electoral officials gather and count the votes cast for each candidate and determine the winner of each category.

1.2 Limitations With Existing System

The system in use today has a number of limitations my proposed system would aim to rectify. These include:
• A highly insecure system which is prone to election malpractices
• Any student can come and fill out a ballot sheet without prior authentication to determine who the voter is.
• The administration of the voting system as a whole is highly inefficient, slow and time consuming.
• It is highly prone to human error.

1.3 Software Design Methodologies

The most important aspect of software development is the meticulous planning which takes place before the project can begin. It is usually a time consuming and complex process when one is developing a software system. In order to control the software system process we try to follow some kind of framework that introduces certain degree of structure to the overall development process.

Software methodologies are the backbone for developing software. These methodologies simply assist one on how to go about the building of a software system which meets its purpose. Different types of methodologies are chosen for different types of software developments depending on the scale and scope of the software to be developed.

This project is about building a dynamic web-based voting system. In order to achieve this, an appropriate software design methodology which would suit the project has to be chosen. These are:

• Waterfall
• Rapid Application Development
• Prototyping

1.3.1 Waterfall

The most important aspect of the waterfall model is that unless a particular stage is complete, the next stage cannot be started off with. Here the six stages of the waterfall model will be discussed.

Stage 1: Requirement Phase

Whether you are designing a small program or developing a software system for an entire airline company, this is the first stage which can never be overridden. Unless you know what you are to design, you cannot approach the problem. Here the output specifications or final product is studied and marked.

Stage 2: Specification phase

With all the requirements and constraints in hand, a final view of how the product should exactly be, is decided. The exact way in which the software should function is mentioned in this stage.
Stage 3: Design phase
This is where the actual work begins. All the resources which will be required for the smooth designing of the software are mentioned in this phase. What type of database to use, what type of data should be supported, etc. Are some of the vital aspects that are decided in this phase. The algorithm of the process in which the software needs to be designed is made in this phase. The algorithm forms the backbone for the actual coding process that takes place in the next stage.

Stage 4: Implementation and Testing Phase
In this stage the coding begins. Here the software is coded as per the algorithm. Hence it becomes very important that the algorithm should be properly designed. The software that is designed needs to undergo constant testing and error correction processes to find out if there are any flaws or errors.

Stage 5: Integration and Testing phase
This phase, the various codes designed by different programmers are integrated and is tested if the software works as per the specifications provided. The setup of the final software which needs to be installed at the client system is also designed and tested, so that the client does not face any problem during the installation of the software. The product is then handed over to the client.

Stage 6: Maintenance Phase
The cycle of software development does not end with handling the software to the client. Software designers may have to constantly provide support to the client to resolve any issues which may arise. During the maintenance phase, support and debugging is provided for all such problems.

Waterfall Model Advantages
This model is the oldest and most widely used model in the field of software development.
• Being a linear model, it is very easy to implement.
• The amount of resources required to implement this model are minimal.
• Documentation is produced at every stage of the software’s development. This makes the product designing procedure simpler to understand.
• After every major stage of the software coding, testing is done to check the correct running of the code.

Disadvantages
• Ironically, the biggest disadvantage is one of the greatest advantages. You cannot go back a step; if the design phase has gone wrong, things can get very complicated in the implementation phase.
• Often the client is indecisive when it comes to the specifications of the software. Any changes mentioned in between may cause a lot of confusion.
• Small changes or errors that arise in the completed software may cause problems
• Until the final stage of the development cycle is complete, a working model of the software does not lie in the hands of the clients.

1.3.2 Rapid Application Development (RAD)

This methodology is for compressing the analysis, design, build and test phases into a series of short, iterative development cycles in order to develop systems at quicker pace. The two key features of RAD are timeboxing and Joint Application Development (JAD).
Timeboxing is an approach for fixing the resource allocation for a project. JAD involves both the developers and the client to identify what the client wants from the system. Hence both parties participate in the building of the system.

Advantages
• Avoidance of Risk is enhanced.
• Strong approval and documentation control.
• Additional functionality can be added at a later date.
• Very flexible for scope changes.

Disadvantages
• Cost can become expensive.
• Applied differently for each application.
• Risk of not meeting budget or deadline.
• Possibility to end up implemented as the Waterfall framework.

1.3.3 Prototyping Methodology

Software prototyping refers to the activity of creating a partially complete system to examine some parts of the system requirements that is not to be used as the final completed working system. A user interface prototype is very useful, because it provides a means of visualizing what the proposed system would like and how it will work. This methodology is vital for producing fast, reliable and efficient systems.

Advantages
• Missing functionality can be identified easily.
• Encourages innovation and flexible designs.
• May generate specifications for a production application.
• The usability of the system can be tested out by other users at an early stage.

Disadvantages
• Prototyping involves a considerable amount of the users’ involvement which may not be available to the developers.
• Incomplete or inadequate problem analysis.
• Client may be unknowledgeable.
• Approval process and requirement is not strict.
• Requirements may frequently change significantly.

1.3.4 Choosing Waterfall for the Software Design

Building a web-based voting system involves meticulous planning and structuring, it can be often be difficult if one does not follow the a well structured methodology approach.
After evaluating the possible methodologies for software development, Waterfall model is going to be used to create the proposed system, because it is particularly suitable for addressing the needs of this project.

1.4 Summary

This chapter provided an insight into the over scope of the project to be developed, it discussed the features of the current system being used by the student union and its deficiencies. This chapter also analysed various methods of developing software based systems

Chapter 2
Project Planning

The project to be undertaken has to have a specific project plan, which would serve as a structured guide for researching, designing and developing the project.

2.1 Aims and Objectives
• Create a secure authentication facility to check, validate users logging into the voting system.
• To build an online system that would enable voters to cast their votes on chosen candidates.
• Create a database that will be used to store votes and users’ information on the system.
• Enable the system to tally votes cast according to candidate voted for.
• Create tools for the administrator to add, delete and update detail of voters, candidates and sub administrator on the system.
• Create a backend administration section which will enable the administration to manage the election system effectively.
• Display voting results in a graphical fashion to be analysed.
• To enable voters cast their votes for their chosen candidates.
• Enable voters to view biographies of the candidates being voted for in the election.
• Timestamp votes cast to the database to know when each vote was cast.
• Enable administrators to generate report on the vote results.
• Prevent voters from voting more than once for their choice candidates.

2.2 System Features

The system to be delivered at the end of the implementation and testing phase would consist of an amiable website, which would act as the front-end of the system and also as a main entry point to the system. A Java application in form of Servlets would be produced to facilitate the numerous requests, which would be sent to the web server to be used.
A database would also have to be constructed to store the data to be retrieved of the system’s users; it will also be a highly essential tool for authenticating the system’s users. Security would be highly prioritised in the building of the voting system, and SSL (Secure Socket Layer) and a mode of password encryption would also be utilised in the construction of the system.

2.3 System Design
The voting system’s design is an important factor to the usability and durability of the whole system. The system will be engineered in a simple and straight-forward pattern, decreasing complexity and maximizing simplicity, usability and efficient structuring.

2.4.1 Unified Modelling Language (UML)

UML was designed to give its users an “expressive visual modelling language” which would allow them to exchange models they developed. It is object-oriented modelling language, allows for specialised extensions, it is independent of the programming language used and provides a formal method of interpreting the language.

2.5 Summary

This chapter covered the projects main aim and objectives; it shed light on what the system would be delivering to the users after completion. The chapter also showed brief overview of the way in which the project would be planned and structures

REFERENCES

1. Jayson Falkner, Casey Kochmer, John Timney (2001), Beginning JSP Web Development.
2. Peter denHann, Lance Lavandowska, Krishnarag Perrumal, (2004), Beginning JSP 2 Form Novice to Professional.
3. Sun Educational Services (2011)Java fundamentals.

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