...Student Name: | Rae Loulache | Check | Requirement | | This checklist is the first page of my paper. | | The “Title Page”, which is formatted in accordance with APA Guidelines, is the second page of my paper. | | The page following the Title Page is marked page #2 and subsequent pages are numbered sequentially. All page markings appear in the lower, right hand corner of the each page. | | My entire paper (everything) is double spaced. | | I have not included an “introduction” or “opening paragraph” and have instead launched right into the review of the assigned topic. | | Each claim or fact presented in my paper is supported with a reference citation. | | For each quotation, there is a citation of the page number(s) from the original source. | | On average, there are no more than one quotation every two pages. | | I have not cited or mentioned the first and last names of authors in the body of my text. I have included first initials and last names of authors on the “Reference” page, which is the last page of my paper. | | I have not cited or mentioned the title of an article or book in the body of my paper, but have instead included this information on the “Reference” page. | | I have made sure that when citing a reference at the end of a sentence that I have placed the period after the parentheses which contains the reference (example). | | My paper does not include any personal stories from my own life or experience. | ...
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...Bowden Phobias and Addictions There two ways that one learns behaviors and actions, classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning revolves around the idea that one learns certain behaviors, whereas aberrant conditioning revolves around one naturally responding to stimuli. Classical conditioning leads to phobias by the way of learning. For example, if a dog bites someone, they might develop a fear of dogs. They might also become weary for their entire life and never be able to approach another dog without feeling immense fear that they might get bitten again. People do not generally develop fears when they have no prior, negative correlation between an object and the feeling of fear. Something must stimulate a person to evoke a feeling of fear. There are different phobias that can be excluded from classical conditioning as a reason behind the development of such phobias. Phobias that are not rationalized can include a fear of heights or fear of an inanimate object such as pickle. Just because someone is afraid of heights does not mean that have fallen from a great height, it is a non-rationalized fear. A fear of pickles does not mean that someone had to have had a bad experience about them; it just means that there is an unknown reason as to why they fear this object. There is no presence of classical conditioning apparent in these phobias. Extinction within classical conditioning refers to a process in which a classical conditioned response is weakened...
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...Phobias, Addiction, Conditioning Amy A. Schroeder University of Phoenix General Psychology 300 Belky Schwartz March 16, 2014 Phobias, Addiction, Conditioning Phobias, addictions born that way or are we taught these characteristics through different forms of conditions that occur throughout our lives, in this paper I will be exploring these ideas. Distinguish between classical and operant condition, explain what extinction means and how it is achieved it is achieved in both classical and operant conditioning, explore how phobias can be developed through classical conditioning, and how addiction can be developed through operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is probably most recognized in the field of behaviorism, and the work of Ivan Pavlov, Pavlov's dog. Classical conditioning was discovered completely on accident, just as many of the world's great scientific endeavors. Pavlov noticed that when he came into a room that his dogs were in they would begin to salivate, even if he were not feeding them. This leads him to explore what was happening on a deeper level, and ultimately leads to a great scientific discovery. Classical conditioning occurs when there is an association between environmental and naturally occurring stimulus, eventually, after conditioning only one stimulus will need to occur for the desired result. In Pavlov's study, the food was the unconditioned stimulus, and the salvation was the unconditioned response. Using a bell as a neutral stimulus...
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...Behavioral Learning Kerry Jefferson PSY 331 Julia N. Tannehill Apr 22, 2013 I introduction What we know about behavior is that it can be changed by learning. But, the sad thing is that it can be lost if we do not use these new develop skills. The way we learn is by seeing, touching, hearing, tasting, and smelling. Our five basic senses help us to experience change, without them learning would be difficult. There are three major theories that help contribute to the learning process, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and neobehaviorism. Although they share some similarities, they are different when it comes to performance. Classical conditioning is learning that comes from experience, operant conditioning is behavior that has been reinforce through some type of punishment, and neobehaviorism is a phenomena that cannot be measured and observed directly. But these three theories have theorist who have found ways to demonstrate them in their studies. classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and neobehaviorism are theories that help shape our learn process through performance. II Body Paragraph # 1: classical conditioning Topic Sentence 1: Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which an organism comes to associate certain events. It was revealed by Ivan Petrovich Pavlov a psychologist from Russia. Pavlov had a passion for physiology; it stuck with him throughout his life. He also developed surgical procedures for...
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...Intro Behavior in children can be complex as well as unpredictable. Adults can be the ideal role models however there are times children will display behaviors that are unwanted. The parents then have to find a way to modify and stop this undesirable behavior. This essay will discuss three ways to modify behavior in children: Motivation, Operant Conditioning and Classical Conditioning (positive and negative reinforcement with or without stimulus).Also included in this will be how these methods are used and which method is most effective. Motivation Motivation itself can be very rewarding from success in any accomplishment. This can be used for children and behavior. Behavior can be changed thru motivation such as the child getting a reward for good behavior. “Piaget discovered that children act on their own in the world and eventually will discover how the world works and what all is in it for them” (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2013). As Piaget suggested, when a child discovers what is in it for them they will willingly want to change the undesired behavior. Children are often swayed and motivated by rewards. If they know they will get something for displaying good behavior the undesired behavior will become less and less. Eventually the behavior will become extinct if the parent uses the motivator in a lengthier time frame. One must understand that children have psychological needs and motives. According to Deckers, “ For human motivation, biological and psychological motivates...
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...class, has an assignment of writing a paper regarding phobias and addictions. It includes the meanings and the differences between classical conditioning and operant conditioning. The paper explains what phobias are as compared to addictions and how each of them affects behavior in individuals. It also explains what classical conditioning means to phobias as well as what operant conditioning means to addictions. Phobias and Addictions Every person is in one way or another, conditioned by either operant or classical conditioning. Phobias develop through classical conditioning, whereas addictions develop through operant conditioning. The classical conditioning theory involves learning a new behavior via the process of association, (McLeod, 2012). Operant conditioning is the other type of conditioning whereas an individual learns through a reward system. It is more or less association made between behavior and consequence of that behavior. Phobias and addictions develop through these two types of conditioning. Phobias develop through classical conditioning and addictions through operant conditioning. Through the past decades, psychologists studied these two relationships to develop a more understanding of these emotional disorders. Phobias and addictions are negative behaviors and usually come from classical conditioning or operant conditioning. Phobias happen out of a fear of something and addictions happen because an individual becomes controlled by an activity or habit. People...
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... Classical Conditioning There are two main explanations of how organisms learn. The first explanation is known as classical conditioning. The second explanation is known as operant conditioning. These two types of learning are exhibited in our everyday lives through our home, school, and school. Classical conditioning was discovered by Iran Petrovich Pavlov. He was originally a physiologist whose main focus was the digestive system (Anderman, 2009). His discovery was made during a study on the salivation of dogs when given food. Pavlov observed that the dogs began salivating at the sound of the scientist’s footsteps and at their appearance into the room (Anderman, 2009). This led Pavlov to study the phenomenon further. The experiments that Pavlov was originally observing were based on the set of unconditioned stimulus and its unconditioned response. What is meant by conditioned is that the response is automatic and based on instinct. To compliment this name the stimulus is known as the unconditioned stimulus (Anderman, 2009). With Pavlov's new observations a new set of stimulus and response was found. This new set is known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response. What is meant by conditioned response here is that the response was learned. The stimulus begins as neutral and causes no conditioned response. However, if the neutral stimulus can be associated with another stimulus, then it becomes a conditioned stimulus. Classical conditioning can be exemplified...
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...we do. Maybe our behaviors are the results of the type of family we come from, cultural, our environment or the examples set before us. All these situations can play apart in shaping the behaviors we exhibit; this process is known as conditioning, which is a form of learning. Classical conditioning is a learned process by which a response is prompted by an outside stimulus or the thought of such stimulus. For example, experimenter presented a small child with a white rat, a dog, and a few other furry items. Initially the child showed no fear of the items. Whenever the child would reach out for the white rat the experimenter would hit a metal pipe behind the child resulting a fear response in the child. As a result the child associated the frightening sound with reaching for the white rat. When experimenter later presented the same white rat the child once reached for with no fear he cried, and was fearful of the rat. The same fearful reaction was evoked when experimenters presented the child with other white furry items (Kowaski & Westen, 2004). The process of classical conditioning can cause the development of phobias, as with the case of the small child and the rat. Even though the startling sound that initially scared the child was no longer present just the sight of the rat evokes the same fearful reaction once evoked by the startling noise. Although classical conditioning can be weakened by a process called extinction. Extinction in our example would suggest...
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...addiction can be described as a compulsive need to obtain access to a substance that is usually harmful. Classical and operant conditioning involves a way for a person to learn or acquire new behaviors. Classical conditioning is a learned response; as to operant conditioning is a behavior that is controlled by the environment. A phobia or addiction can develop through any of these two learning process. Classical conditioning can teach a fear on someone from an early age. For instance; a child who has a fear spiders, learned though a past experience, this experience formed a negative response in the child, that now every time a child is exposed to a spider it has taught him to react with fear of being bitten. Since operant conditioning is a learned sense that has been obtained through the environment, can develop a compulsive behavior on someone and therefore create an addiction. Through classical conditions, phobias can be developed, and addictions can be a consequence from operant conditioning. “Learning refers to any enduring change in the way an organism responds based on its experience. Learning theories assume that experience shapes behavior that learning is adaptive and that only systematic experimentation can uncover laws of learning. Principles of association are fundamental to most accounts of learning” (Kowalski, & Westen, 2009). The classical conditioning process involves a learning process that “occurs through associations between...
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...Phobias and Addictions Chantel Billingsley PSY/300 May 30, 2014 Brian Hawkins Abstract This paper provides a broad overview of phobias and addictions. The difference between classical conditioning and how it relates to phobias will be dicussed, as well as operant conditioning and how it develops into addictions. Distinguishing between classical and operant conditioning, will show the differences between the two. I will cover what extinction means and how it is achieved in both types of conditioning. "Phobia" means "morbid fear" in greek (What is Phobia, 2014). Fear is a natural response to a genuine danger. Phobias are the emotional and physical reactions to feared objects or situations; this fear becomes irrational and excessive. Feelings of horror, panic and terror may occur. Reactions become automatic and uncontrollable, taking over a person's thoughts and sometimes causing physical symptoms. These symptoms can include rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, trembling and overwhelming desire to avoid the feared object or situation. There are three major categories of phobias. First category called specific phobias focuses on certain objects, animals, people and situations. Some of the most recognized phobias fall under this category; the fear of heights (acrophobia), the fear of spiders (arachnophobia) and the fear of enclosed spaces(claustrophobia). The second major category is the fear of open spaces (agoraphobia). Most individual...
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...adapt to our environments we are able to experience and learn many things. As soon as we are born we start to experiment with various mediums for pleasure and for survival. The ways in which we learn have been studied and reviewed many times by many social researchers. The two most prominent forms of learning styles are labeled as Classical and Operant Conditioning. Both Styles allow individuals to perform experiments in which we find out what works, why it works, and the possible changes and outcomes that may be applied as a result. In classical conditioning, a stimulus that already leads to a response is replaced by a different stimulus. In operant conditioning a behavior is picked out and either reinforced or punished to make it more or less common. In laymen’s terms it acts to modify or replace the stimulus that leads to a given response, and the other to modify or refine a response (Psychology 5e, 2010). Classical Conditioning is a technique used in the change and adaption of a specific behavior. It is the naturally occurring stimulus that is paired with a defined response. A neutral stimulus is then paired with the naturally occurring stimulus. The goal is to have the neutral stimulus evoke the response without the need of the naturally occurring stimulus. The two functions become the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response. The classical conditioning model of behaviorism is based upon the psychological mechanism of association. Classical conditioning functions...
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...in the psychology world. B.F. Skinner born March 20, 1904, in a small railroad town in Pennsylvania, was a creative child who liked to think out side the box. Skinner was a behaviorist, which means he seeks out the explanation to human behavior not in the mind but outside within the environment that collectively determines behavior. In the opinion of his professional peers, he was the most influential psychologist in the country. Over his career in Psychology, Skinner also faced criticisms, especially when it came to the Air Crib. Skinner was a revolution to the times in psychology, with his research, his workings with the military, experiments on dogs, pigeons and rodents to his observational findings. His philosophies of behaviorism still play a major part in the psychology world today. Skinner is the most important American psychologist of the twentieth century, and arguably the most important world psychologist. No issue seemed too large or too small for his observant eye and his analytic insights. 1. A Skinner Family Background. 2. How did Skinner make his way in to Psychology? 3. What is the cumulative recorder? 4. What is the operant conditioning chamber; also know as Skinner’s Box? 5. What is operant behavior? 6. The Air Crib and the controversy. 7. Skinner’s work with the military. A Skinner Family Background. Burrhus Frederick Skinner was born on March 20, 1904, known to his family as Fred. His father was a lawyer and his mother...
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...Learning Experience Paper Learning Experience Paper Introduction Psychology has become interesting to me due to my current class of Intro to Psychology. In this paper, I will be discussing my learning experiences with the perspective of using classical and operant conditioning. I will also discussing how using cognitive-social learning theory could have occurred. Learning a fear We all learn to be afraid of something or things in our lives. These fears can be learned at a young age and throughout our lives. However, these fears can also be unlearned over time. I learned at a young age to fear or dislike eating any kind of fish or food that was able to “swim”, sea foods. At the age of seven, my sister and I were placed in a foster home. This foster home had specific rules that I did not understand back then but now as an adult with children I do, to an extent. According to (Carpenter, 2013), Classical conditioning is learning through involuntarily paired associations. This occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. In regards to classical conditioning, my fear of eating fish or sea foods can be traced back to when I was in a foster home at age seven. One night for dinner, my foster mom made a fish dinner. Growing up I was always taught to eat all of my food on my plate that was just what we did. However, this particular night I could not do this. I was always one to try new things...
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...don't know however, is how we learn. Our minds are very complex, and learning is essential to keep them running smoothly. Learning things, shape who we are, and what type of person we will become. They influence our behavior, and change us. In life, there are three types of behavior change. The three ways to change your behavior are, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning. The first way to change your behavior is classical conditioning. The definition of classical conditioning according to Glencoe, Understanding Psychology is, “A learning procedure in which associations...
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...Operant Conditioning Pamela Combs PS124: Introduction to Psychology Kaplan University June 9, 2014 Operant conditioning is a method of learning base upon a system of rewards and punishments to change behavior. In other words, psychologist use positive and negative reinforcement or positive and negative punishment to change behavior using a basic cause and effect method. Psychologist Edward L. Thorndike was the first to study operant behavior and was later expanded on by psychologist B. F. Skinner. Skinner was a behaviorist that believed that to understand behavior you must look at the causes of actions, and its consequences. Skinner’s theory explains how we acquire the range of learned behaviors we display each and every day. Two of the four components used in operant conditioning are positive and negative reinforcement, which is used to increase a desired behavior. Positive reinforcement is defined in our text and there is really no better way to explain it, as the strengthening of a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after the response. (Stangor, 2010, p. 204). An example of using positive reinforcement is that I gave my child a prize after he got a good grade in his class. Another example is that I received praise for doing a good job at work. Ethical concerns when using this method is one might come to expect a reward for the certain desired behavior. Negative reinforcement is defined as the strengthening of a response by removing a typically...
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