...Thermofluids Thermal Power Lab Report T1 (Gas Turbine), Prof. T. Megaritis T2 (Refrigeration, Dr L. Ganippa Contribution to total module mark: 15% Suggested Allocation time: 20 hours Submission Date: Tuesday 8 January 2013 NO LATER THAN 4:00pm on the submission date to the General Office for FULL credit. Otherwise, a penalty for late submission as specified by the Board of Studies will apply. (NOTE: ANY MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCES must be notified a.s.a.p. Failure to print work on the project in good time, or other machine-related failure will not be deemed to be a Mitigating Circumstance). Aims: • To show an understanding of the principles of vapour compression refrigeration cycle • To appreciate and apply thermodynamic analysis to a refrigerator • To show an understanding of the principles of a gas turbine power plant Specification of Assignment: The assignment comprises two parts: Part 1: Laboratory report on Refrigeration Experiment Part 2: Brief description of the gas turbine apparatus, its operation and sample calculation Specification of the material to be submitted: Marking Scheme Front cover: Title, name, group number, and the date of experiments Introduction and objectives of the Refrigeration Experiment 5% Sketch and brief description of the Refrigeration Experimental Setup 5% Refrigeration Laboratory Results (sample calculation for one of the tests) 35% Refrigeration Laboratory Discussion and Conclusions 35% Brief description of the gas turbine apparatus, its operation and sample...
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...FUNDAMENTALS OF GAS TURBINE ENGINES INTRODUCTION The gas turbine is an internal combustion engine that uses air as the working fluid. The engine extracts chemical energy from fuel and converts it to mechanical energy using the gaseous energy of the working fluid (air) to drive the engine and propeller, which, in turn, propel the airplane. THE GAS TURBINE CYCLE The basic principle of the airplane turbine engine is identical to any and all engines that extract energy from chemical fuel. The basic 4 steps for any internal combustion engine are: 1. Intake of air (and possibly fuel). 2. Compression of the air (and possibly fuel). 3. Combustion, where fuel is injected (if it was not drawn in with the intake air) and burned to convert the stored energy. 4. Expansion and exhaust, where the converted energy is put to use. In the case of a piston engine, such as the engine in a car or reciprocating airplane engine, the intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust steps occur in the same place (cylinder head) at different times as the piston goes up and down. In the turbine engine, however, these same four steps occur at the same time but in different places. As a result of this fundamental difference, the turbine has engine sections called: 1. 2. 3. 4. The inlet section The compressor section The combustion section (the combustor) The turbine (and exhaust) section. The turbine section of the gas turbine engine has the task of producing usable output shaft power to drive the propeller...
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...Turbochargers Introduction The internal combustion engine is an air consuming machine. This is because the fuel that is burned requires air with which it can mix to complete the combustion cycle. Once the air/fuel ratio reaches a certain point, the addition of more fuel will not produce more power, but only black smoke or unburned fuel into the atmosphere. The denser the smoke, the more the engine is being over fueled. Therefore, increasing the fuel delivery beyond the air/fuel ratio limit, results in excessive fuel consumption, pollution, high exhaust temperature (diesel) or low exhaust temperature (gasoline), and shortened engine life. If however, the engine is supercharged, then a greater supply of air will be available, enabling more fuel to be burnt; this will result in the engine producing more power. (Supercharging is the introduction of air to an engine at higher than atmospheric pressure). Mechanical Supercharging With mechanical supercharging, the combustion air is compressed by a compressor driven directly by the engine. However, the power output increase is partly lost due to the parasitic losses from driving the compressor. The power to drive a mechanical turbocharger is up to 15 % of the engine output. Therefore, fuel consumption is higher when compared with a naturally aspirated engine with the same power output. [pic] Fig. 1 Schematic of a mechanically supercharged four-cylinder engine Exhaust Gas Supercharging (Turbocharging) In exhaust...
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...MOTHERFUCKING STEAM ENGINES BITCH TOP INTRO Brief History of the Steam Engine One of the most significant industrial challenges of the 1700's was the removal of water from mines. Steam power was used to pump the water from the mines. Now, this might seem to have very little to do with modern steam-powered electrical power plants. However, one of the fundamental principles used in the development of steam-based power is the principle that condensation of water vapour can create a vacuum. This brief history discusses how condensation was used to create vacuum for operation of early steam-based pumps, and how James Watt invented the separate condenser. Although the cyclic processes presented in this history are not used in today's continuous flow steam turbines, current systems use separate condensers operating at sub-atmospheric pressure, adapting the principles explained here. Also, the stories of the inventors and their inventions offer insight into the process of technological discovery. One of the most important principles applied in the operation of steam power is the creation of vacuum by condensation. Savery Pump In the early days, one common way of removing the water was to use a series of buckets on a pulley system operated by horses. This was slow and expensive since the animals required feeding, veterinary care, and housing. The use of steam to pump water was patented by Thomas Savery in 1698, and in his words provided an "engine to raise water by fire". Savery's...
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...ACADEMIC PLAN FOR SEMESTER-VIII (for 2011-12) SUB : Quality Control & Quality Assurance Sub. Code: ETME – 402 Total Lecture Available: Total Teaching Weeks in Semester: weeks Total Tutorial Classes : |S.No. |TOPICS TO BE COVERED |Lecture | |FIRST TERM | | |1 |Introduction | | | |Introduction, Definitions & Need of Quality | | | |Quality Design, Quality of Conformance, Quality of Performance |1 | | |Quality Characteristic, Specification of Quality, Quality Function | | | |Cost of Quality, Value of Quality, Optimum Quality of Design |1 | | |Inspection & Types of Inspection | | | |Concept of Quality Control & Its Objectives, Inspection v/s...
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...produced for an engine of a given size.[1][2] A turbocharged engine can be more powerful and efficient than a naturally aspirated engine because the turbine forces more intake air, proportionately more fuel, into the combustion chamber than if atmospheric pressure alone is used. Turbochargers were originally known as a turbosuperchargers when all forced induction devices were classified as superchargers, nowadays the term "supercharger" is usually applied to only mechanically-driven forced induction devices.[3] The key difference between a turbocharger and a conventional supercharger is that the latter is mechanically driven from the engine often from a belt connected to the crankshaft, whereas a turbocharger is driven by the engine's exhaust gas turbine. Compared to a mechanically-driven supercharger, turbochargers tend to be more efficient but less responsive. Twincharger refers to an engine which has both a supercharger and a turbocharger. Turbos are commonly used on truck, car, train and construction equipment engines. Turbos are popularly used with Otto cycle and Diesel cycle internal combustion engines. They have also been found useful in automotive fuel cells Operating principle In most piston engines, intake gases are "pulled" into the engine by the downward stroke of the piston[16][17] (which creates a low-pressure area), similar to drawing liquid using a syringe. The amount of air which is actually inhaled, compared with the theoretical amount if the engine could maintain...
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...GAS AND MULTI-FUEL POWER PLANTS The Sheki power plant in Azerbaijan is equipped with 10 x Wärtsilä 20V34SG engines. WÄRTSILÄ GAS AND MULTI-FUEL POWER PLANTS’ BENEFITS: • Plant electrical efficiency over 53% • Fast start-up – 2 min from hot standby to full plant load • Combined heat and power as an option • Excellent plant availability and reduced need for back-up capacity due to multi-unit installation • High part-load efficiency • Low gas pressure requirement • Maintenance schedule independent of the number of starts, stops or trips • Full plant output at high altitudes and in hot and dry ambient conditions • Minimal water consumption due to closed-circuit radiator cooling • Stepwise investment with smaller risks and optimized profit generation. 2 ICE-strengths: Relatively high efficiency at small scale; modular; rapid start-up; lower capital cost than OCGT; tolerant of different fuel qualities Source: Internal Energy Agency: Energy Technology Perspective – Harnessing Electricity’s Potential, 2014 Whether you need baseload, intermediate, peaking or standby power generation, we provide it. WÄRTSILÄ® gas and multifuel plants are typically based on modular 4–19 MW internal combustion engine (ICE) units. ICEs are designed for continuous operation on natural gas or in multi-fuel mode (gas/oil). Our gas and multi-fuel power plants offer high output and efficiency even in the most challenging conditions and locations. In the hottest deserts or high in the mountains...
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...of High-speed Flight Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University From the beginning of the age of manned flight, aviators and engineers have continuously sought to increase the performance envelope. Many parameters for defining aircraft performance exist, but here I’d like to focus on going fast. Since I was a child I’ve been fascinated with military aircraft and the pursuit of speed. From the Bell X-1 to the famed SR-71 Blackbird and beyond, high-speed flight has been a chase toward an ever increasing limit. Several factors contribute to the aerodynamics of supersonic flight and many limitations apply as the envelope is pushed. I will focus the perspective of this paper on design characteristics, engine technology, and atmospheric considerations and take a peek into the future of hypersonic flight. In order to discuss the design characteristics of high-speed aircraft, a definition for the speed regimes must be given. Supersonic flight is typically defined as greater than Mach 1 but less than Mach 3. “High” Supersonic flight is a narrow band of operation from Mach 3 to 5 and hypersonic flight is in excess of Mach 5 (Benson, 2013). Shape technology and wing design are the primary areas of concern in setting out to build an aircraft capable of supersonic speeds. If airflow velocities reach sonic speeds at some location on an aircraft further acceleration results in the onset of compressibility effects such as shock wave formation, drag...
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...PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY KAPURTHALA Scheme& Syllabus of B. Tech. Mechanical Engineering [M.E.] 3rd & 4th Semester effective for Batch 2011 By Board of Studies Mechanical Engineering/ Production Engineering / Industrial Engineering Punjab Technical University B.Tech Mechanical Engineering (ME) Batch 2011 Approved on June 27, 2012 Third Semester Course Code BTME301 BTME302 BTME303 BTME304 BTME305 BTME306 BTME307 Course Name Load Allocation L 3 3 1 4 4 3 18 T 1 1 1 3 P 6 2 2 2 1 13 Contact Hours: 34 Hrs. Marks Distribution Internal 40 40 40 40 40 40 30 30 30 60 390 External 60 60 60 60 60 60 20 20 20 40 460 Total Marks 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 50 50 100 850 Credits Strength of Materials- I Theory of Machines-I Machine Drawing Applied Thermodynamics -I 4 4 4 5 4 3 1 1 2 1 29 Manufacturing Processes – I Engineering Materials & Metallurgy Engineering Materials & Metallurgy Lab BTME308 Strength of Materials Lab. BTME309 Applied Thermodynamics Lab Advisory Meeting BTME 310 Workshop Training* Total * Workshop Training will be imparted in the Institution at the end of 2 nd semester for Four (04) weeks duration (Minimum 36 hours per week). Industrial tour will also form part of this training. Fourth Semester Course Code BTME401 BTME402 BTME403 BTME404 BTME405 BTME406 BTME407 Course Name Strength of Materials – II Theory of Machines – II Fluid Mechanics Applied Thermodynamics - II Manufacturing Processes-II Fluid Mechanics Lab Manufacturing Processes...
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...navigation, taxi, landing, strobe lights and other electronic systems. The electrical system consist of a battery and an alternator (you will find a generator on older type aircraft) to power the system and recharge the battery. You will also find fuses and switches and lights for indication purposes. Some electricity generators are used as backup power or other indication purposes. For example, a volt and/or ammeter are used for monitoring a change in voltage or current. However, this change in voltage or current could be brought about through the means of heat or light, which are electricity generators too. In a situation where primary power has failed, the aircraft storage batteries provide an emergency source of electrical power for operating electrical systems of an aircraft. All of these are connected through several meters (kilometres in large aircraft) of wire and connectors, attached to the airframe with insulation materials. In this report, I will be focusing on how these electricity generators are used in the various sections of the aircraft so as to understand the function they serve. I will be looking at four different methods of electricity generation. They are Magnetism and motion, Chemical Action, Light and Heat. Method of Electricity Generation 1 (Magnetism and Motion) It is important to note that magnetism itself does not create electricity. It requires motion relative to the magnetic field to produce electricity. Energy is required...
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...review of the technology Is solar power the answer to the ever-growing problems of global warming and depleting fossil fuel supplies? In the first of two articles Hans Müller-Steinhagen and Franz Trieb explain the principles and development of concentrated solar-thermal power and outline its considerable potential for alleviating the constant pressure on our existing resources. Three main technologies have been identified during the past decades for generating electricity in the 10 kW to several 1000 MW range: ● he limited supply of fossil hydrocarbon resources and the negative impact of CO2 emissions on the global environment dictate the increasing usage of renewable energy sources. Concentrated solar power (CSP) is the most likely candidate for providing the majority of this renewable energy, because it is amongst the most cost-effective renewable electricity technologies and because its supply is not restricted if the energy generated is transported from the world's solar belt to the population centres. T dish/engine technology, which can directly generate electricity in isolated locations parabolic and Fresnel trough technology, which produces high pressure superheated steam solar tower technology, which produces air above 1000°C or synthesis gas for gas turbine operation. ● ● While these technologies have reached a certain maturity, as has been demonstrated in pilot projects in Israel, Spain and the USA, significant improvements in the thermo-hydraulic performance...
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...un-cooled components in the engine. Operating around 900k at 10,000 rpm, the material used in making the drive cone is operating at edge of its safe working temperature changes at these high temperatures. A 10 K rise in shaft temperature can reduce the life of the shaft. The temperature must therefore be predicted to within 10 K or better to guarantee accurate stress predictions. It the thermal model cannot guarantee the 10 K accuracy required, a much shorter component life would have to be declared or alternative materials must be found. This report contains the different type of the materials which can be used to enhance the performance of the drive cone cavity and in order to do so the criteria is sub-divided into four group as shown in figure 1 Key drivers for the selection of the material Fig 1 (Ref: http://www.mtu.de/en/technologies/engineering_news/others/Smarsly_Materials_komp.pdf) Trends in aero-engine materials use As shown in Fig 2 the trends in increase of high temperature materials for gas turbine part. Although there are many monolithic ceramics materials show evidence of fundamental properties, but the main issue is relative to their application in aero engines has been their flaw sensitivity and brittle fracture modes. In addition fibre CMCs are very appealing materials due to (i) their high temperature performance as compared with other super alloys and (ii) their higher fracture toughness relate with monolithic ceramics in aero engines, in which structural...
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...CITROËN TECHNICAL TRAINING PRESENTATION OF THE AL4 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION CITROËN UK LTD 221 BATH ROAD SLOUGH SL1 4BA _________________ DEALER PERSONNEL DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING _________________ © CITROËN UK LTD. Reproduction whether partial or in full without written permission from Citroën UK Ltd is forbidden PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com A DOCUMENT SUMMARY PRESENTATION OF THE AL4 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION The aim of this document is to give a brief description of the design and operation of the electronically managed AL4 automatic transmission which offers precise, adaptive control as well as excellent gear changing quality. The following subjects are dealt with in this document: - Presentation of the transmission and various pieces of information, - The selector control, - Lubrication, - The converter, - The mechanism, - The ECU, - Auto-diagnostics, - The electrical circuit, - Unit maintenance. AL4 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION © AUTOMOBILES CITROËN Toute reproduction ou traduction même partielle sans l'autorisation écrite d'AUTOMOBILES CITROËN est interdite et constitue une contrefaçon PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com B CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 : PRESENTATION - GENERAL ............................. III III IV VVI INTRODUCTION.............................................................................. PRESENTATION .......................................
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...Precaution must be minimum of four PART 1 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE 1.1 INTRODUCTION A synchronous machine is an a.c machine in which the rotor moves at a speed which bears a constant relationship to the frequency of currents, in the armature winding. A synchronous machine is one of the important type of electric machines. Large a.c networks operating at constant frequency of 50Hz rely almost exclusively on synchronous generators, also called the alternators, for the supply of electrical energy. Private, stand-by and peak load plants with diesel or gas-turbine prime movers also have synchronous generators. Synchronous motors provide constant speed industrial drives with the possibility of power factor correction. Synchronous machine are generally constructed in larger sizes. Small size alternators are not economical. The modern trend is to build alternators of very large size capable of generating 500MVA or even more. The synchronous motor is rarely built in small sizes owing to superior performance characteristics and economical construction of induction motors. 1.2 OPERATING PRINCIPLE The operating principle of a synchronous machine is fundamentally the same as that of a d.c machine, but, unlike the latter, in the synchronous machine there is no need to rectify the time varying e.m.f which is induced in the armature winding. Consequently a synchronous machine does not require a commutator. It is in fact quite possible to use a d.c generator as an alternator...
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...affect human as well as other animal species' ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. Rudolf Diesel and his invention diesel engine is the object of the paper. The goal of the paper is to analize this invention, talk about Rudolf Diesel and his theory of diesel engine, its advantages and disadvantages, types and working principles. The diesel engines of today are refined and improved versions of Rudolf Diesel's original concept. They are often used in submarines, ships, locomotives, and large trucks and in electric generating plants. Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advancedeconomies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment. Contents INTRODUCTION 4 1. Rudofl Diesel. Biography 5 2. HISTORY 6 3. How diesel engines work 7 3.1. Early fuel injection systems 7 3.2. Mechanical and electronic injection 8 3.3. Direct injection 8 4. Types 9 4.1. Size Groups. 9 4.2. Basic Types of Diesel Engines 9 4.3. Gas generator 10 4.4. Modern High- and Medium-speed Engines 10 5. Advantages and disadvantages versus spark-ignition...
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