...Loss of Top Predators is Humankind’s Most Pervasive Influence on Nature Thesis: For thousands of years, nature and humans have coexisted in equilibrium. As human population increases and expands, it cases severe effects in every ecosystem. Evidence of human growth and urbanization can be seen through the impacts on virtually every ecosystem in planet earth, marine and terrestrial. Effects of, such as species decline, endangerment and extinction of enormous proportions. In most cases, driving some species to the edge of extinction. Possibly no species are more affected than the world’s large top predators. These animals are extremely important to the overall health and function of an ecosystem, but conservation and restoration of them and their habitat is a remote thought on humans. The absence of predators in certain areas has led to an explosion of their natural prey, which leads to a damaging impact on their habitat. Ecosystems need to be healthy in order to maintain the health of all living things within and around them, including humans. It seems logical then to restore the natural balance by reintroducing the animal’s natural predator, conserving the population, and protecting the wild environment. Humans can no longer wait to address this growing environmental and ethical issue, and by establishing clear goals they can ensure the future of these species and ecosystems along with the continuing growth and success of their own. DOT: Sharks influence on the structure and...
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...History of Digital Crimes and Digital Terrorism and Their Common Current Forms Stephanie Fisk Strayer Universality CIS 170 Professor CIANCIOTTA Dec. 12th, 2013 Introduction Computer crime refers to any crime that involves a computer and a network. The computer may have been used in the commission of a crime, or it may be the target. Net crime refers to criminal exploitation of the internet. Dr. Debarati Halder and Dr. K. Jaishankar (2011) defines cybercrimes as: "Offences that are committed against individuals or groups of individuals with a criminal motive to intentionally harm the reputation of the victim or cause physical or mental harm to the victim directly or indirectly, using modern telecommunication networks such as internet chat rooms, emails, notice boards, groups, and mobile phone. Such crimes may threaten a nation’s security and financial health. Problems surrounding these types of crimes have become high profile, particularly those surrounding cracking, copyright infringement, child pornography, and child grooming. There are also problems of privacy when confidential information is lost or intercepted, lawfully or otherwise. Internationally, both governmental and non-state actors engage in cybercrimes, including espionage, financial theft, and other cross-border crimes. Activity crossing international borders and involving the interests of at least one nation state is sometimes referred to as cyber warfare. The international legal system is attempting...
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...T. Robinson Challenges Fighting Cybercrime CIS 170 Strayer University Dr. Wesley Phillips Putting together hundreds of individual computer networks has created a virtual space on which much of the world's business and communication now depends. Email, peer-to-peer data sharing, and wireless networks are examples of the technology that enables almost unlimited access to information. This access comes with significant risk. Criminals, terrorists, and foreign industrial competitors share this access to information as well. In the industrial age, we protected ourselves with high walls and deadly weapons. However, in the digital age, the availability and rapid development of cyber weapons requires layers of defenses and improved awareness of adversarial capabilities and intentions. There are a number of challenges that law enforcement has to deal with cyber-crime, one of the greatest challenge facing law enforcement agencies in investigating exploitation, cyber stalking, and obscenity is the power of anonymity. Anonymity gives the Perpetrator a sure advantage in that, without the target knowing, he could either around the corner, in another state, or even next door. The cyber stalker could be a former friend or lover, a total stranger met in a chat room, or someone playing a joke on an unsuspecting victim. (Pettinari, 2002). The anonymous use of public access points, for example Internet cafés, is a very serious issue, considering that a crime committed using those infrastructures...
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...DOG PROPERTY. Diala Henry (Leader of the pack). Dog, man….and nothing in between. SIMPLE CARE TIPS Vol 1. How do you listen to your dog? Do you call all sounds your dog makes a bark? How do you rapport with your dog? Can you tell how happy or sad your dog really is? Do you see your dog as just an animal or as a company? Amazing!!! ..... you can actually listen and relate with your dog. You can be a very close friend to your dog and make a great company. You can be very happy with your and share awesome moments together. How smart is your Dog? How smart would you rate your dog to other animals? The famous saying…… “man’s best friend", compliments a dog for obeying commands, carrying out tasks, go out for a walk, protecting and guarding the house etc…. GUESS WHAT?!!! Dogs are not in the top 10 list of smartest/intelligent animals, as the "CHIMPANZEE" stands as 1st position and“RAT” stands at 10th position. So why do these top 10 animals don’t stand the chance to live with man as best companion or as a tool to enhance living standards? There are other smart animals apart from the top 10 listed animals but the outstanding quality that makes the dog stand out is the inborn loyalty in a dog trait. DOGS ARE LOYAL TO THE DEATH! Other animals lack loyalty and therefore knowledge cannot be impacted easily in them since they live free and do not see you as...
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...PART III GRAPH THEORY 224 13 Food Webs Author: College. Robert A. McGuigan, Department of Mathematics, Westfield State Prerequisites: The prerequisites for this chapter are basic concepts of graph theory. See Sections 9.1 and 9.2 of Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications. Introduction A food web is a directed graph modeling the predator-prey relationship in an ecological community. We will use this directed graph to study the question of the minimum number of parameters needed to describe ecological competition. For this purpose we will consider how graphs can be represented as intersection graphs of families of sets. We will also investigate the axiomatic description of measures of status in food webs. Competition In an ecological system, the various species of plants and animals occupy niches defined by the availability of resources. The resources might be defined in terms of factors such as temperature, moisture, degree of acidity, amounts of nutrients, 225 226 Applications of Discrete Mathematics and so on. These factors are subject to constraints such as temperature lying in a certain range, pH lying within certain limits, etc. The combination of all these constraints for a species then defines a region in n-dimensional Euclidean space, where n is the number of factors. We can call this region the ecological niche of the species in question. For example, suppose we restrict ourselves to three factors, such as temperature...
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...Part 1: The Producers Go to http://www.learner.org/courses/envsci/interactives/ecology/food_web.php Challenge Try to get two plants to happily co–exist. In any given ecosystem, most organisms will carve out a niche for themselves where they can obtain all of the necessities to survive. Often, different species within the ecosystem will compete for the resources that a niche provides. However, certain species live well together—symbiotically, parasitically, or by staying out of each other's way. For example, lichen and moss, often the primary colonizers of a new ecosystem, tend to live fairly harmoniously in each other's vicinity. Let's see what happens in this model. Step 1 Imagine the ecosystem is newly forming—the previous ecosystem has been destroyed by fire or flood—and the first colonizers of the successive ecosystem are, of course, producers. Given the two fictitious species of plants in the simulator, predict what will happen in this young system and record your prediction in the Data Table. Then run the simulator to 100 time steps and record the population numbers for both plants. Answer the following: 1. What assumptions does this model make about co-dominance as well as the general terrain of the ecosystem? 2. Do you find one producer to be dominant? Why might one producer be dominant over another? Step 2 Now you'll introduce an herbivore into the environment. In theory, an herbivore native to the ecosystem should feed primarily on the dominant species...
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...Title Content page no Introduction…………………………………………………….……………………………….1 What is cybercrime? ..........................................................................................................1 Types of cybercrime……………………………………………………………………………..2 Reasons of cybercrime……………………………………………………………..……………2-3 Offences of cybercrime under ICT Act-2006……………………………………………………3 Penalties of cybercrime under ICT Act-2006 ……………………………………………………4 Cyber Tribunal …………………………………………………………………………………...5 Cyber appellate Tribunal ………………………………………………………………………….5 Recent condition of cyber law in Bangladesh……………………………………………………..6 Recommendations……………………..………………………………………………………….6 Conclusion ………………………..………………………………………………………………7 Bibliography …………….………………………………………………………………………..8 Introduction Information and communications technology (ICT) is often used as an extended synonym for information technology (IT), but is a more specific term that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals), computers as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information. The phrase ICT had been used by academic researchers since the 1980s, but it became popular after it was used in a report to the UK government by Dennis Stevenson in 1997 and in the revised National Curriculum...
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...These are some reasons on why I believe in dogs. Dogs make great friends and you can I believe in dogs always trust them. They are forgiving and will always love you. I believe we should treat dogs with same amount of respect that they give us. Dogs are trustworthy and loyal to there owners. Dogs have been known as mans best friend for a long time. Dogs are strong animals and will defend you in any situation. They can be trained to defend, and do amazing things. Sometimes when you feel all hope is lost you will have a dog by your side. To help you through any crisis. Dogs will never leave you and have unlimited love they make the best defenders amid guard animals....
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...Algebra 1: Simplifying Algebraic Expressions Lesson Plan for week 2 Age/Grade level: 9th grade Algebra 1 # of students: 26 Subject: Algebra Major content: Algebraic Expressions Lesson Length: 2 periods of 45 min. each Unit Title: Simplifying Algebraic Expressions using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of terms. Lesson #: Algebra1, Week 2 Context This lesson is an introduction to Algebra and its basic concepts. It introduces the familiar arithmetic operators of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division in the formal context of Algebra. This lesson includes the simplification of monomial and polynomial expressions using the arithmetic operators. Because the computational methods of variable quantities follows from the computational methods of numeric quantities, then it should follow from an understanding of basic mathematical terminology including the arithmetic operators, fractions, radicals, exponents, absolute value, etc., which will be practiced extensively prior to this lesson. Objectives • Students will be able to identify basic algebraic concepts including: terms, expressions, monomial, polynomial, variable, evaluate, factor, product, quotient, etc. • Students will be able to simplify algebraic expressions using the four arithmetic operators. • Students will be able to construct and simplify algebraic expressions from given parameters. • Students will be able to evaluate algebraic expressions. • Students...
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...Constructing Formulas for Mathematical Operations in Excel (Basic Tips and Techniques) Michelle A. Applequist Computer Information Systems (CIS105) Professor Hari Dhungana Strayer University September 1, 2009 Constructing Formulas for Mathematical Operations in Excel Microsoft Excel uses formulas to construct mathematical operations in a worksheet. After data have been entered into the worksheet, you can perform calculations, analyze data, and create charts. An Excel formula (calculations you create) and functions (formulas pre-existing in Excel) calculates the data entered in the worksheet. Formulas calculate numbers in a particular order. “Excel has one of the most comprehensive set of formulas, not only to perform calculations but also to manage data and records. It also has the ability to instantaneously re-calculate the results as the raw data changes” (Khoo, 2006-9, para. 2). To construct a formula after you have entered data, you must click in the cell that you want the results to appear in, and then type the formula. You can construct formulas by using the sum function, and editing numbers in a cell. It is stated that: Sum is an Excel function—a prewritten formula. Sum indicates the type of calculation that will take place (addition). When the sum function is activated, Excel looks above the active cell for a range of cells to sum. If there is no range above the cell, Excel will look to the left for a range of cells to...
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...Mathematical Operations of Numbers and Simplifying Algebraic Expressions Section A.: Mathematical Operations of Numbers 1.) 8+((12+5) x 4)/2= 8+(17x4)/2= 8+68/2= 8+34= 42 2.) ((3+4)²+4)-2= (7²+4)-2= (49+4)-2= 53-2= 51 3.) ((12+7)+(8/4)²) (19)+(2)² 19+4 23 4.) ½ + ¼ - ⅓= 6/12+3/12-4/12= 9/12-4/12= 5/12 5.) 2/3 x 3/5 = Multiply straight across 2/3 x 3/5 = 6/15 Find common denominator Reduce to lowest term 6/15 ÷ 3/3 = 2/5 6.) ⅓ ÷ ½ = Multiply by reciprocal ⅓ x 2/1= 2/3 7.) 3/2 ÷ ( 1/5 + 6/10) = 3/2 ÷ (2/10 + 6/10) = 3/2 ÷ 8/10 = Multiply by reciprocal 3/2 x 10/8 = 30/16 = 15/8 = 1 7/8 Section B.: Simplifying Algebraic Expressions 1.) 2x + 3x - 5x + x = 5x - 5x + x = 0 + x = x 2.) 2(6x + 5) = 2(6x) + (2x5) = 12x + 10 = 3.) (14x - 7) /7 = 14x - 7 ÷ 7 = 14x ÷ 7 = 2x -7 ÷ 7 = -1 2x - 1 4.) -(-15x) - 3x = 15x - 3x = 12x 5.) 5(3x+4) - 4 = 15x + 20 - 4 = 15x + 16 = 6.) 5(3x-2)+12x = 15x -10+12x = 27x - 10 = 7.) 4(2y-6)+3(5y+10) = 8y-24+15y+30 = 23y-24+30 = 23y+6= 8.) (x+1) (x-2) = Multiply the first 2, outside 2, inside 2, last 2 xx - 2x + 1x - 2 = xx - 2x + x - 2...
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...This week’s material is pretty easy to learn. My learning strategy stayed the same from last week; read the reading material, look at the optional video lectures, answer the discussion question, program the programming assignment, take the self-quiz, etc. … I appreciate learning about the for … each loop. I’m plenty familiar with the for loop, which iterates for a set number of loops, uses initialization, a continue condition, and updating at the top of its block; but, the for … each control structure is a alternative to for. The for .. each loop control structure does not have as complicated continue conditions, and iterates the length of the data structure. I want to master the for .. each loop because it processes a data structure better then the for loop. I interacted with people in the discussion forum. This week’s question asked students to detail the for , and for … each control structure, and include the enum data structure in the explanation. I posted a discussion post, complete with programming examples of each data structure, but there are not enough other student responses to assess. I’ll keep looking for other students to post their discussion assignment, as I need to assess three student discussion posts. This week, I feel it will be helpful to master the for .. each, while, and do … while control structures. Often, I use the for loop, and select case / switch, but the other loops escape my programming toolbox. This week, I learned how to program with while...
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...Title: Student: Professor: Course Title: Date: Topic: Information Law Cyber crime involves criminal activities conducted using the internet and both the computer together with the individual behind it are victims. The Australian Institute of Criminology (2011) finds cyber crime to include fraud, hacking, money laundering and theft, cyber stalking, cyber bullying, child sexual exploitation, child grooming and identity theft. The crimes mostly go unreported making it hard to quantify (Australian Institute of Criminology, 2011). However, the most common cyber crime incidents remain malware code and virus attacks that corrupt software. The Australian Cyber crime Act which was assented in 2001 and commenced on 2 April 2002 added new offences streamlined to check on those kinds of cyber crime that impair the security, integrity and reliability of computer data and electronic communications. They are; a) Unauthorized access, modification or impairment with intent to commit a serious offence, b) Unauthorized modification of data where the person is reckless as to whether the modification will impair data, c) Unauthorized impairment of electronic communications. There is a maximum penalty for these offences. Investigation powers relating to search and seizure of electronically stored data have been increased (Find Law Australia, 2012). Culprits of cybercrime can ignore the realms of Australian jurisdiction and launch an attack from anywhere in the world or even design attacks that seem...
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...What is Cyber Crime? The has been a remarkable increase in the use of technology in the past decades whether it is computers, mobile phones, iPods, iPads or computer games in both the personal and business sector. There has been significant change in all aspects of society, and new opportunities had risen in every field whether it is entertainment, business, sports, education, health, banking, telephones, air traffic control, electric power, and the stock exchange. The improvements in these industries are huge and now depend on information technology for their operation. This rapid increase and change in technology advance has confirmed that the twenty first century was the new information age. This extraordinary growth, as well as the increase in the capacity and accessibility of computers has brought about innovative changes within crime. Crime refers to breaking or violating the law or the command of an act which is forbidden by law. Countries across the world have different strategies practices when dealing with crime and this is contingent on the extent and nature of crime. According to Wikipidia.com the new type of crime known as cybercrime or computer crimes involves the use of network and a computer as either a tool or a targeted victim. Moreover, Joseph A E, (2006) explains cybercrime as crime committed on the internet using a computer as either a tool or a targeted victim. The computer is considered a target when the crime is intended directly to the computer. Cybercrime...
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...of all age groups use the internet for socializing, school projects, entertainment, and music. The internet opens up a world of information but can unfortunately open up a world of danger for children who are particularly vulnerable to this risk. Sexual predators lurk in chat rooms and social networking sites searching for victims. After the first initial contact has been made they develop friendships by saying that they have common interests which they don’t. The internet allows the predator to anonymously hide their identity and the child thinks they are talking to someone around their own age. We need more solutions to stop child exploitation. Educating parents, children, and adults as well as legislation and policy change are one step, but more needs to be done. Strategies to combine education, training for those in the criminal justice field, resources from law enforcement, public health, and other private and public sector organizations to prevent this from happening are underway and also provide a solution to the problem. Even with the knowledge and up-to-date training, technology is always advancing making it harder for those in criminal justice to stop online child exploitation from happening since the predators are finding new ways all the time to stay a head of law enforcement by using chat rooms, surfing the net anonymously or composing electronic email, and by encrypting their data. With more training and education it will help better educate the public and...
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