KAREN HORNEY Karen Horney was born in Hamburg, Germany, in 1885. She studied medicine and psychiatry in Berlin and taught at the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute from 1918 to 1932. Horney came to the United States in 1932 and served as Associate Director of the Psychoanalytic Institute in Chicago for two years. She then took a position at the New York Psychoanalytic Institute, where she remained until 1941, when she broke away from the institute and became one of the founders of the Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis and the American Institute for Psychoanalysis. Horney came to represent a radical shift from the framework of Freudian psychoanalysis in which she was trained. She is widely recognized as one of the first feminine psychologists as well as one of the first psychoanalytic thinkers who considered the role of culture in influencing individual psycho‐ dynamics . In New Ways in Psychoanalysis (1939), she challenged several concepts central to Freudian theory, such as “libido theory, the primacy of infantile sexuality, and the repetition compulsion,” while affirming what she believed was essential to psychoanalytic theory and practice. Horney’s distinction between health and neurosis was one of the central tenets of her conflict theory of neurosis, which she set forth in Our Inner Conflicts and further developed in Neurosis and Human Growth. In fact, Horney opened the latter work with the proposition that the neurotic process “is not only different in quality from healthy human growth but, to a greater extent than we have realized, antithetical to it in many ways” Horney theorized that “inherent in man are evolutionary constructive forces, which urge him to realize his given potentialities” . This means that “man, by his very nature and of his own accord, strives toward self‐ realization, and that his set of values evolves from such striving.”