... Individual Assignment; TCP/IP Architecture and OSI Layers TCP/IP Architecture and OSI Layers [your name here] NTC360 Network and Telecommunications Concept Associate Professor Anthony Bruno January 04, 2011 The purpose of this paper is to describe an OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model with details about each of the seven layers. The OSI reference model adopts a layered approach, where a communication subsystem is broken down into seven layers, each one of which performs a well-defined function. Additionally it is important to understand the purpose of the OSI model in the overall networking architecture especially as it relates to the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) Architecture, which also consists of layers each playing a particular role in the networking design. Generally speaking, the network protocol layer, which is similar to the data and network layer of the OSI model includes the protocols that allow clients and applications to send data over the network. This includes TCP/IP, NWLink (IPX/SPX), NetBEUI, Infrared Data Association (IrDA). However, the purpose of this document is to focus on the relationships between the OSI model and the TCP/IP architectures, and how they may interact together. Finally, as demonstration of this relationship a visual diagram has been provided to depicts how the TCP/IP layers correspond to the OSI model and layers. To begin with, it is important to...
Words: 1573 - Pages: 7
...Describe the OSI Model and how it relates to a network. The OSI Reference Model is becoming more popular everyday because it is a useful tool for learning about networks. The OSI Reference Model is where the communication system (network) is broken down into seven layers, where each layer serves a purpose. The OSI Reference Model defines what each layer’s function is but does not specify actual services in the layers. So that the vendors can write device drivers for a device; and not be concerned about the higher layers, this speeds up the process. The seven layers are divided into three groups: 1) Application (upper) layer, 2) Intermediate layer, 3) and Network oriented (lower) layer. With this system the OSI Reference Model is convenient because you’re able to communicate with a different computer network. The WAN Network operates on the Physical and data link layer of the OSI Reference Model. What are some Protocols? The purpose of the OSI Reference Model is to determine how data should be transmitted between two points in a network. Its job is to consistently work with other products. On which layer do switches and routers operate? Layer two, three, and four the Presentation layer, Session, and Transport Layer is where the witches and routers will operate. If Routers operate on more than one layer, what is the difference? Routers operate on layer three then apply on layer two and the switch the packets. Layer two would be Ethernet and layer three is the operating...
Words: 254 - Pages: 2
...CheckPoint: OSI Model Due Week 1 Day 4 Describe the OSI model and how it relates to a network in 200 to 300 words. Your response should include answers to the following: - On which layers of the OSI model do WAN protocols operate? - What are some of these protocols? - On which OSI layers do switches and routers operate? - If routers reside at more than one layer, what is the difference between the OSI layers? • On which layers of the OSI model do WAN protocols operate? WAN protocols function at the lower three layers of the OSI reference model: the physical layer, the data-link layer, and the network layer. • What are some of these protocols? Frame Relay- is a high performance WAN protocol that operates at the physical and data-link layers of the OSI model. The Frame Relay allows for use across ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) interfaces. It is a good example of a packet-switched technology. LAPB, which stands for, “Link Access Procedure Balanced” – is a data-link layer protocol that manages communication and packet framing between devices. It shares the same frame format, types and field functions as SDLC and HDLC. However, unlike either of those, LAPB is restricted to the ABM transfer mode and is appropriate only for combined stations. LAPB, circuits can be established by either the data terminal equipment, or the data circuit-terminating equipment. The station initiating the call is determined to be...
Words: 609 - Pages: 3
...TCP/IP & OSI MODELS. ASSIGNMENT NO 1st M.NOMAN ARSHAD BSIT-F13-LC-08 MISS SUBEEN UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA A comparison of Network Models TCP/IP & OSI . There are two network models that describe how networks 'work'. The OSI Model, the older model, was designed for the OSI protocol stack. While different organizations were battling over standards, Vint Cerf and Bob Khan worked out the TCP/IP software from which the TCP/IP Model was co-designed. The diagram below shows how the two networking models compare, and how the logical and physical networking protocols relate to the layers in each of the two models. - There are seven layers in the OSI Model, only four in the TCP/IP model. This is because TCP/IP assumes that applications will take care of everything beyond the Transport layer. The TCP/IP model also squashes the OSI's Physical and Data Link layers together into the Network Access Layer. Internet Protocol really doesn't (and shouldn't) care about the hardware underneath, so long as the computer can run the network device and send IP packets over the connection. The TCP/IP Network Model. The TCP/IP network model has four basic layers: Network interface (layer 1): Deals with all physical components of network connectivity between the network and the IP protocol Internet (layer 2): Contains all functionality that manages the movement of data between two network devices over a routed network Host-to-host (layer 3): Manages the flow of traffic between...
Words: 764 - Pages: 4
...TCP/IP This week’s paper will provide an overview into the world of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), and how they are used together in business and telecommunications. Frist, the current TCP/IP offerings as, as they apply to the OSI model, will be discussed. Second, the future of TCP/IP will be discussed with relevant research support as well as recommendations for new software and equipment. Finally, an overview of different methods for reducing network congestion through the use of equipment, software and multiplexing will be given. Current Offerings of TCP/IP In business, the OSI and TCP/IP have been the standard method of network classification for many years. The Open Systems Interconnect Model (OSI) can be thought of as an idea or guideline, while TCP/IP more closely relates to reality. Both models do mostly the same thing, but TCP/IP is a more efficient method, and usually matches up directly with the network. Because OSI is more of an idea, it is not utilized as much as TCP/IP. With the creation of smart switches and other advanced network equipment and functions, more layers can be combined and a more streamlined process can be gained. Because of this, TCP/IP is the most used model in modern networks, while OSI is used for describing network activity. Improving TCP/IP As TCP/IP ages and new technology comes about, there is a need to upgrade software and hardware to keep up with the demands of modern networking. Below we will...
Words: 1158 - Pages: 5
...Building TCP/IP Networks This chapter will allow you to explore the common models of networking from the physical media connection to the application that displays the information, including how these layers interact and how they map to real networking devices. The labs in this chapter are designed to reinforce concepts from Chapter 3 of your Introduction to Networking textbook and allow you to explore some of the more important ideas with greater depth. You will explore the different types of network reference models available and analyze how each one applies to real network technology. You will also use packet capturing to look at real network traffic and explore the data link layer of networking. At the end of this chapter, you should be able to ■ Explain the purpose of network reference models ■ Describe the layers of the OSI reference model and explain what each layer provides ■ Describe the layers of the TCP/IP model and relate it to the OSI model and real networking equipment ■ Capture live packet information on a network and explain the data link layer portion of the packets captured ■ Enable network resources such as shared printers and file sharing on your own PC Lab 3.1: Network Reference Models approximate Lab Time: 10–15 min. Materials Needed: paper/pencil, Textbook, and Internet research This lab reviews the importance of modeling communication on a network. This will include a review of the state of networking before standardized reference models existed and...
Words: 270 - Pages: 2
...Network protocols In this essay I will explain the functionalities of different types of protocols, what are they? why are they used? And how networks benefit from them, also on how layers work in the OSI model. I will also explain on how layers work with protocols and how they function together. OSI Model/layers OSI model has been created to understand on how one computer can get to one network,connected which is connected by using cables or wirelessly to another computer. OSI model has 7 represented layers on the model, the first layer which is the application layer which represents - application as mail,web and file transfers which can also work with telnet. Layer 6 is the presentation layer, where encryption,decryption and...
Words: 974 - Pages: 4
...Integrative Network Design Project (INDP) This paper will explain the network fundamental characteristics and components of Kudler Fine Foods (KFF). Kudler Fine Foods is a small local upscale specialty food store specializing in import and domestic products located in the three locations within the San Diego metropolitan area. Diagrams will show the current network topology. Finally, a description the standards applicable to this INDP project will be provided. Network Fundamental Characteristics and Components A network is comprised of computer hardware, cabling, network devices, and computer software, which together allows computers to communicate with each other. The network characteristics are determined by the availability, cost, reliability, security, speed, scalability, and topology. In order to understand how each component communicates and operates it’s helpful to break it down into pieces and then analyze. The diagrams below provide details of the topology of Kudler Fine Foods. Current Network Topology The current network topology used at Kudler Fine Foods is the bus topology. The bandwidth which is the volume of data that can travel over the Ethernet cable is shared with a transmission speed of 100 Mbit/s. “The single cable is referred to as a trunk, backbone, or segment (Goleniewski, 2007).” University of Phoenix. (2013). University of Phoenix. (2013). University of Phoenix. (2013). Standards Components assigned to a specific architecture layer have...
Words: 446 - Pages: 2
... |Syllabus | | |College of Information Systems & Technology | | |IT/240 Version 4 | | |Intro to LAN Technologies | Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2007 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This foundational course covers local area network topics including rationale for networking, the open systems interconnection (OSI) model, common network topologies and architecture, client/server concepts, basic hardware devices and usage, and basic networking security concepts. Policies Faculty and students will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read...
Words: 2355 - Pages: 10
...CompTIA Network+: Exam N10-005 Objective Chapter 1.0 1.1 1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Network Concepts (21 percent) Compare the layers of the OSI and TCP/IP models: OSI model (Layer 1 – Physical, Layer 2 – Data link, Layer 3 – Network, Layer 4 – Transport, Layer 5 – Session, Layer 6 – Presentation, Layer 7 – Application); TCP/IP model (Network Interface Layer, Internet Layer, Transport Layer, Application Layer [Also described as: Link Layer, Internet Layer, Transport Layer, Application Layer]) Classify how applications, devices, and protocols relate to the OSI model layers: MAC address; IP address; EUI-64; Frames; Packets; Switch; Router; Multilayer switch; Hub; Encryption devices; Cable; NIC; Bridge Explain the purpose and properties of IP addressing: Classes of addresses (A, B, C and D, Public vs. Private); Classless (CIDR); IPv4 vs. IPv6 (formatting); MAC address format; Subnetting; Multicast vs. unicast vs. broadcast; APIPA Explain the purpose and properties of routing and switching: EIGRP; OSPF; RIP; Link state vs. distance vector vs. hybrid; Static vs. dynamic; Routing metrics (Hop counts, MTU, bandwidth, Costs, Latency); Next hop; Spanning-Tree Protocol; VLAN (802.1q); Port mirroring; Broadcast domain vs. collision domain; IGP vs. EGP; Routing tables; Convergence (steady state) Identify common TCP and UDP default ports: SMTP – 25; HTTP – 80; HTTPS – 443; FTP – 20, 21; TELNET – 23; IMAP – 143; RDP – 3389; SSH – 22; DNS – 53; DHCP – 67, 68...
Words: 680 - Pages: 3
...Telecommunications Service (WATS), Private Branch eXchange (PBX), and The layers of the International Organization for Standardization-Open Systems Interconnection (ISO-OSI), telecommunication terms as the relate to this business. Gaining permission to view and evaluate the telecommunication systems of a small family owned and operated business when you have been working there less than a week can be a tricky matter. I began by explaining that my interest in the system is purely school related. I continued by letting him know that the conversation and information exchanged could assist in developing a more effective system for the business. This helped but, skepticism and caution were still the overriding view of Doctor Martin business owner and board certified ophthalmologist. Ensuring the privacy of his business records appeared to relax him a bit as did telling him that I did not want any defined information just general. Telling him that I was not going to use his real name, the business name or any of the actual phone numbers in my paper also helped. With this assurance and the promise of a copy of the paper in place, he agreed to an interview on the telecommunication system used to support his optometry clinic. The current telecommunication system As we began to talk about Doctor Martin’s optometry clinic and how his...
Words: 1024 - Pages: 5
...Unit 9 P1 & P2 P1: Describe the types of networks available and how they relate to particular network standards and protocols LAN: This basically stands for local area network and it is also a computer network limited to a small area so it isn’t on a large geographical scale and some examples include the university, college or a home. There are some benefits for the users of LAN and it includes making it easier for the employees that are working in a company to communicate ad also share information. The most common type of LAN is the Ethernet which is known by most people. There are two types of Ethernets which are connecting an Ethernet cable to the hub and this will establish a connection and the other type of Ethernet is the wireless one which doesn’t require a cable. WAN: This stands for...
Words: 2688 - Pages: 11
...Unit 9: Computer Networks Assignment 9.1: Networking – Not Working What you need to do: Scenario: You work for TopNet Ltd., a network solutions company that advises small businesses about possible computer networking solutions for their business. Your line manager has asked you to prepare information explaining possible network solutions to a small business client. The information mediums must describe networks, and protocols and standards. You are to produce a movie and a poster. Criteria Covered in this Assignment: P1: | Describe the types of networks available and how they relate to particular network standards and protocols | P2: | Describe why different network standards and protocols are necessary. | M1: | Compare the benefits and disadvantages of peer-to-peer and client/server networks. | Movie [P1 part and M1]Create the structure of your movie as follows: * Title: ‘Types of Network Systems and Protocols’ produced by [Name] * Introduction: Introduce the movie content * Section 1: LAN, WAN [incl. WAN technologies e.g. Frame Relay, MPLS and ATM], PAN and the Internet * Section 2: Logical [how data is transferred] and Physical Topologies[network shape] e.g. Star, Bus, Ring, Mesh and Tree * Section 3: Network Access Methods e.g. CSMA [CD] & CSMA [CA] and Token Passing * Section 4: Network Models e.g. OSI 7 Layer, TCP/IP * Section 5: Comparing the benefits and disadvantages of peer-to-peer and client/server networks [M1] * Conclusion: Summarise...
Words: 767 - Pages: 4
...Learning Objectives - OSI Overview After working with the content of the OSI model overview, you should be able to: Draw a diagram showing how communication takes place between two hosts on a network and the software and hardware objects involved in that communication. Describe the role of layered architectures in networks and data communications. Differentiate between the logical and physical structure of a network. Describe the use and importance of protocols in networking. Describe what data is accessible at each layer of the OSI model during communication and the potential risks avoided based on the placement of protection mechanisms at each layer. Description - OSI Overview Welcome to the OSI model. In this learning object, we will describe each of the layers of the OSI model and its associated protocols. The seven layers of the OSI model are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. We start with this overview, where you will learn how the seven layers work together to provide to users a seamless integration and operation of functions across networks worldwide in a way that potentially eliminates any indication of where the computing Protocols - Application Layer The protocols associated with the application layer include: DNS (Domain Name Service): resolves domain names to IP addresses FTP (File Transfer Protocol): transfers data over a network from one computer to another HTTP (Hypertext...
Words: 9561 - Pages: 39
...Indp Part 2 Protocols ensure that programs and networks are written in the same format to communicate and work properly. For upgrades to happen, communication must take place for the Patton-Fullers’s network. The Internet has protocols designed for its use and these protocols will integrate into the new system. A small portion of the network architecture is discussed as it fits these new requirements. The increase in network traffic will have an impact and will drive the need for an analysis. Problems and limitations will become clear as long as the analysis concentrates on certain areas. Implementing certain strategies will mitigate the effects the analysis will uncover. Communication Protocols The conceptual framework should already be present with the current Cisco switches and routers already used in the IT data center. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocol model is a standard seven layer framework utilized by the industry. These protocols are important because they establish the communication rules. Two devices that require each other to communicate on a network must follow a set of rules to ensure they are compatible to each other. The seven layers of the OSI specify the hardware and software component requirements to ensure that the collection of these is adequate enough to exchange information on the network. The inclusion of a WLAN, WAN, and VoIP will require additional protocols that are unique from the OSI. Required Protocols * The Transmission Control...
Words: 1773 - Pages: 8
