...In looking into the background of ostracism and its true purpose alongside the other Archaic Greek traditions in Athens of expulsion, exile, and ἀτιμία, there are several primary sources I will be using. However, the topic has its challenges. Since it covers a period where most of our surviving sources have been written sometimes centuries after the period they are writing about it is hard to find true primary source writings. The first primary source I will be using for my paper is Herodotus’ Histories. He is the first extant source for this period in Archaic Greece and through the Persian Wars, which is when the law of ostracism was enacted. His work is a very broad look into what he thought were the reasons that led to the clash between the Greeks and Persians, and as such is not particularly detailed or focused on ostracism itself. However, he does mention its use and in one case even seems to give a hint to his feelings about it: “… Aristides son of Lysimachus, an Athenian, crossed over from Aegina. Although he had been ostracized by the people, I, learning by inquiry of his character, have come to believe that he was the best and most just man in Athens.” It seems that he does not agree with the ostracism, noting Aristides’ good character and usefulness to Athens as a leader. This use of ostracism against Athens’ “best and brightest” seems to be a reoccurring theme throughout the entire period until it falls into disuse. I do not know if this might show a bias against...
Words: 1981 - Pages: 8
...• Pericles’ background and rise to Prominence Pericles was born in 494 BC into a very powerful family. His father was a rising political leader and general during the Persian wars. Despite his father’s key role as a strategos in defeating the Persians at Mycale, he was ostracized in 484 BC. At this time, Pericles was only 10 and this left an impact on Pericles as he was afraid of being ostracized himself due to the powerful position he was born into as well as his increasing power and popularity he gained as he grew up. His mother was part of the Alcmaeonids who were an Aristocratic family that was heavily involved in Athenian politics and very influential. His great uncle, Cleisthenes was also a very powerful political figure who had reformed Athenian government in 507 BC, creating a more democratic system. During the time Pericles was being educated, the main subjects studied were gym, music and the recital of epic poems by Homer. Pericles had three main teachers, Damon, Zeno and Anaxagoras. Damon was his teacher of music and poetry. He also trained Pericles for his political contests. It is thought that it was because of Damon that Pericles joined politics as Damon had a love of politics and philosophy. Some believe that it was Damon that convinced Pericles to introduce his law to pay Jurors. Damon was ostracized for suspicion of supporting tyranny. Zeno, was a Greek philosopher and taught philosophy to Pericles as well as teaching him a technique of cross examination...
Words: 1004 - Pages: 5
...The Oxford dictionary describes the word “ostracism” as the “exclusion from a society or group” (Oxford). In John Steinbeck’s novella Of Mice and Men, crude and hurtful exclusion is common between the characters. The supporting character of Curley's wife experiences extreme ostracism from the other characters throughout the story, influencing her overly sexual behavior towards the workers. First, the supporting character of Curley's wife experiences ostracism from the other characters throughout the story because she is married to the boss's son, causing the workers to cautiously distance themselves from her. In an honest conversation that Curley’s wife has with Lennie, she says, “you can talk to people, but I can’t talk to nobody but Curley....
Words: 982 - Pages: 4
...Cyberostracism: A Paradigm Shift For Social Exclusion Timothy Burke Colorado State University Almost everyone experiences ostracism at some level and at some point in their life; either as sources or targets. To be ostracized is to be socially excluded, rejected or ignored and is a distressing and often times a profoundly painful event (Williams, 2007). Ostracism threatens our sense of belonging and connection with others and at deeper levels our perception of existence. (van Beest, Williams, 2006). The increasing popularity in the use of the Internet as a form of social communication can provide gratifying opportunities for social interaction it also embodies a salient form of ostracism (Williams et al., 2002). This proposed study is interested the effects of online ostracism. Ostracism is capable of threatening four fundamental needs (Williams, 1997); the need for belonging is threatened because it segregates an individual from a social group. Self-esteem is threatened because the interpretation of the individuals’ exclusion may be the result of being undervalued (van Beest, Williams, 2006). Our need for control is threatened because the individual being ostracized has little power to affect a change. Finally ostracism affects an individuals’ perception of their existence (Williams, 1997; Williams et al., 2002). The effect of ostracism is strong enough that Williams, Cheung, and Choi (2000) discovered participants ostracized in the virtual ball toss game cyberball...
Words: 1805 - Pages: 8
...In today’s society there is evidence of ostracism everywhere. It happens in schools, at work and online, within groups of friends, and between strangers. Most people have probably felt this feeling of being ignored, left out, or bullied at one point in their life. For most, it’s not a big deal, the situation blows over and normal life continues, however, for some ostracism can be life threatening. Increased access and popularity of the internet, especially social sites like Facebook and Twitter make escaping ostracism almost impossible. In the article “Social Exclusion causes Self-Defeating Behavior” by Jean Twenge, Kathleen Catanese and Roy Baumeister, they explain that out of ostracism comes a natural instinct to try to turn a negative feeling into a positive feeling for the victim. Unfortunately, in an attempt to produce a positive outcome, negative ones most often happen. A good example in our society is in the latest media coverage of homosexual males who have committed suicide as a result of extreme ostracism and self-defeating behaviors that arise from feeling alone. I would argue that today’s society is much more accepting and supportive of those who are homosexual, however, although overall society accepts these individuals, there are still many who are not accepting and go out of their way to make people feel “different” and ‘wrong”. In the case of the student at Rutgers University, it was found that not only was he feeling ostracized in school and online, his parents...
Words: 1005 - Pages: 5
...they disagree with regards to the will of the majority and collective opinion. In Chapter 17 of his novel, Steinbeck narrates the evening life in migrant camps. Within these camps, the only punishments are murder or ostracism, and of these two, “ostracism [is] the worst” (Steinbeck ). By deeming isolation from the majority comparable to, and even worse than death, Steinbeck highlights upon his point that collective opinion and community companionship are vital principles by which a people should be driven. To further emphasize his perspective, John Steinbeck recounts that as the families create their temporary collective worlds, they begin to learn which rights must be observed and which must be sacrificed for the betterment of the majority....
Words: 500 - Pages: 2
...With a similar idea of public humiliation, the purpose of the movie Easy A is to criticize modern society and its attraction and spread of gossip in a modernized and paralleled structure of The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The similarities between the book and movie present the purpose of Easy A through the congruence of societal criticism. Within The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne is found guilty of adultery and ultimately becomes the victim of social shame and, consequently, becomes ostracized. This same theme is apparent in Easy A as Olive Pendergast soon finds social shame and ostracism due to a spread rumor about her sex life. The film makes this idea explicit as the camera work focuses in on those around Olive, more specifically, those who are gossiping, harassing, and judging her. Additionally, while Olive’s English class discusses The Scarlet Letter, the word ‘ostracism’ is written boldly on the chalkboard as a less subtle hint to this connection of theme. This similarity between the two show the connection of the book and movie’s purpose through the similarity in how societal criticism is used. While the biggest connection between these two may be the shame of their sexual acts, both film and book acknowledge the hypocrisy of social criticism to criticize society and its gossip habits. Hester is judged by an entire town of religious people who receive all their sermons from a man who committed a formidable sin. Additionally, Hester herself is hypocritical...
Words: 557 - Pages: 3
...The Lives of the Saints and A Doll’s House by Nino Ricci and Henrik Ibsen respectively show the authors challenging the traditional roles of women by creating protagonists that refuse to attune to their roles as married women. Both main characters; Cristina and Nora, challenge the traditional roles of women by refusing to conform to them. Unfortunately, due to the fear of ostracism from society brought upon them by not conforming to society’s standards, and both protagonists are forced to deceive others in order to achieve freedom from their expected roles. Unfortunately, their choice to pursue leads to undesirable endings to both stories. Through the use of the ‘liberated woman’ stereotype in The Lives of the Saints and A Doll’s House, both examples of literature can be seen paralleling the position of women in their respective environments, whereas Cristina and Nora, to a great extent, challenge the constraint of the traditional roles of women. Both Nora and Cristina extensively challenge their...
Words: 1831 - Pages: 8
...Adrian Piper is an American conceptual artist and analytical philosopher. Her work addresses ostracism, racism, social identity, and gender. She has produced an exceptionally impressive body of work spanning from a period of over thirty years. She has played a formative role in the emergence of conceptual art in the 1960s and 1970s and even more crucial role in the development of identity based art in the 1980s and 1990s. Piper produces artwork in a variety of traditional and nontraditional media, such as photo-text collage, drawings on pre-printed paper, paintings, video installations, sculptures, performances, and sound works. She is an extraordinary artist that is very passionate and socially engaged as she has mentioned, “ I love thinking about aesthetic issues, the organization of line and form in space—that is never very far from me—but I want to speak to everyone, not just the art world. I want to keep my eyes on the big issues, the issues that are going to take centuries to solve, that really plague people all the time…For me the biggest problem, the most...
Words: 481 - Pages: 2
...Daniel Velez Professor Garcia ENG 088 “Friend Indeed” Date: 9/23/14 Reading Log: Friend Indeed Part A: Vocabulary: Participatory: affording the opportunity for individual participation. Adjective. This is a world of "participatory surveillance. Promiscuity: The fact or state of being promiscuous: Noun: Some parents of New Jersey fear this will lead to greater sexual promiscuity among teens. Ostracism: exclusion from a society or group: Noun: Donald suffered social ostracism. Jaundiced: affected by bitterness, resentment, or envy: Adjective: Tim looked at Rob with a jaundiced eye because he took Amanda to prom. Postmodern: Subsequent to or coming later than that which is modern: Adjective: John lives in New York City where he edits the online journal of postmodern poetry. Part B: Journal Entry: Direct quotes from the text & Paraphrase: Direct Quote: Who will lend you lunch money? Who will bail you out of jail? Who's got your back? Paraphrase: Who’s going to actually be there for you in the long run of life? (My) Response: The quote says it all. Not a lot of people are going to be there for you in life. You as a person need to trust yourself. Friends come and go. The ones who stay are true. Direct Quote: "I'll be there for you, when the rain starts to pour," Paraphrase: No matter what the conditions are that person will be there for you. (My) Response: I’ll go through a storm just to make sure your good. Part C: Summary: This essay is...
Words: 345 - Pages: 2
...Solon Statesman Solon was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic, and moral decline in archaic Athens. Wikipedia Born: Athens, Greece Died: 558 BC, Athens, Greece Parents: Execestides Siblings: Dropidas Draco Legislator Draco was the first legislator of Athens in Ancient Greece. He replaced the prevailing system of oral law and blood feud by a written code to be enforced only by a court. Wikipedia Died: 600 BC, Aegina, Greece Residence: Athens, Greece, Ancient GreeceCleisthenes Political figure Cleisthenes was a noble Athenian of the Alcmaeonid family. He is credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens and setting it on a democratic footing in 508/7 BC. Wikipedia Died: Athens, Greece Parents: Megacles II, AgaristeThe helots (/ˈhɛləts, ˈhiːləts/; Ancient Greek: εἵλωτες, heílotes) were a subjugated population group that formed the main population of Laconia and Messenia (areas ruled by Sparta). ol·i·gar·chy ˈäləˌɡärkē/ olegarchy noun a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution. "the ruling oligarchy of military men around the president" a country governed by an oligarchy. "the English aristocratic oligarchy of the 19th century" government by oligarchy. Aristocracy (Greek ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía, from ἄριστος aristos "excellent," and κράτος kratos "power") is a form of government that places power in the hands of a...
Words: 367 - Pages: 2
...status some or all people of a region receive from their government. Athenians and Romans had different ideas and systems of citizenship. According to “Citizenship in Athens and Rome: Which Was the Better System?,” citizens in Athens were good ones if they engaged in political debate, voting, and holding office; on the other hand, judgments of Roman citizens were based more on how he or she acted with his or her neighbors, property, and family. In my opinion, Athens had the better system of citizenship. Firstly, according to Document E, in Athens, all citizens were allowed to participate in assembly meetings; this gave the citizens more control over their own government. Secondly, according to Document D, the Athenians used the process of ostracism,...
Words: 473 - Pages: 2
...on diplomatic business. All such offices were held for only a year. In the formulation of the law there were also no experts. Jurors were selected by lot and a second lottery assigned each man to a particular case. Pericles also introduced payment for jury service so that no citizen was excluded because of financial hardship. One of the most dramatic examples of the strict enforcement of direct democracy in 5th-century BCE Athens was in the system of ostracism. This practice was used from about 487 to 417BCE to punish any citizen who violated any of the rules and norms of participation in the running of the city state. An ostracized individual must go into exile for ten years but no harm was done to his family, his property or his own subsequent rights after the 10 years . Intended as a way to rid the city of a powerful but unpopular figures, ostracism was all too easily used for political vendettas. There was no charge to answer, and no redress for the accused. At a mass meeting, summoned specifically to decide on ostracism, each citizen wrote one person’s name on a broken shard of pottery (an ostrakon). Any name appearing on more than a given number of shards (variously interpreted as 6000 or a majority from 6000 voters) was removed from public life and the community. The end of the experiment: Democracy survived the defeat of Athens in the Peloponnesian War, in 404 BCE, only to come to an abrupt end a century later . After the death of Alexander the Great, the Athenians...
Words: 1143 - Pages: 5
...How important for the development of Athenian Democracy was the period from 510 to 480 BC? Give reasons for your views. The birth and growth of Athenian Democracy saw drastic changes occur for Greek life economically and socially, especially during 510 to 480 BC, hence why this era is said to be when the most radical reforms occurred due to archons such as Cleisthenes who attached people by proposing political power to all. Therefore some would consider this era to be the most important in the development of Athenian democracy despite Solons attempts previously. The consequences of the expulsion of Hippias in 511 BC proved to be vital in Athenian Democracy being developed. The citizens of Athens were becoming restless after the cruel reign of Hippias and were determined for a change. The rival leaders for political power were “Isagoras, son of Tisander, a partisan of the tyrants and Clesithenes who belonged to the family of the Alcmenidea. Cleisthenes was beginning to lose the political battle after Isagoras getting the Archonship in 508 BC, he decided to appeal to the masses and put forward a measure by which all free people in Attica should be legally placed on the citizen roles. This alarmed Isagoras who, after appealing to King Cleomenes, asserted that any member of the Alcmeaonid family is to lose their citizenship and for the Council to become an oligarchy of 300 Isagoras supporters. The council resists causing the Spartans to seize the sacred Acropolis but the Athenians...
Words: 901 - Pages: 4
...Historically speaking, social connections are necessary to human survival. In the past, membership in a group provided not only companionship but a defense against bodily harm from predators or other hostile forces. Social lives were a safeguard against danger and therefore ostracism could easily become a death sentence. Though humans have evolved as a species our need to belong in a group remains a persistent driving factor for many of their actions and subsequent reactions. Humans throughout evolution have viewed a social life as a means of protection, resources, and mating partners; even today exclusion from a social group causes adverse reactions. When people experience exclusion the adaptive response is to seek reconnection with one’s own group and to criticize unfamiliar groups in an attempt to cope. Due to this...
Words: 1472 - Pages: 6