...Analysis of Current Pancreatic Cancer Screening Methods & Future Recommendations ABSTRACT PAGE Objective Background Results Conclusion (1) what the objectives of the study were; :) (2) how the study was done; --- (3) what results were obtained; (4) and the significance of the results. Treatment for pancreatic cancer is often no longer viable (practical) by the time the condition can be diagnosed. This is due to the lack of effective screening methods to detect the tumor or cyst in its earliest curable stages. The ability to successfully detect pancreatic cancer is highly dependent on an effective screening method with high sensitivity and specificity that can detect the tumor or cyst early in its development. In the United States, many of the current methods are too costly, too invasive, unavailable for widespread use, and lack high sensitivity and specificity. There is a strong need to find a more promising screening method that is inexpensive, noninvasive, available for widespread use, and maintains high sensitivity and specificity. The immediate objective of this research project was to evaluate the current screening methods and make a recommendation for a future screening strategy with strong potential to detect the cancer in its earliest stages while improving the sensitivity and maintaining high specificity. The first step in the investigation process was to identify a high-risk population for pancreatic cancer. Then, current screening methods were...
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...College of Nursing S.Y. 2011-2012 1ST Semester ------------------------------------------------- LESSON PLAN: PANCREATIC TUMOR ------------------------------------------------- In partial fulfillment of the requirements in RLE A - 104 Submitted to: Lodar Escobillo, RN, MAN Clinical Instructor Submitted by: Ruffalyn Joyce Doroteo Kate Penelope Dalid Mica Allaine Durana BSN 4A July 20, 2011 Topic: Pancreatic Tumor Objective | Contents | Time allotment | Strategies of teaching | References | Evaluation | At the end of 2 hours of discussion, student nurse should be able to: * Review the anatomy and physiology of the pancreas. | * The Pancreas’ * Location * Size * Functions | 10 minutes | Question and Answer portion | Tina Sanders. The Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 5th edition. Taiwan. F.A. Davis Company. ©2003. | The students are evaluated by actively participating in the discussion. | * Learn about Pancreatic Tumor | * The Pancreatic tumor: * Definition * Etiology * Signs and symptoms | 30 minutes | Discussion proper | * Brenda G. Bare, et. al., Medical – Surgical Nursing, Volume 1. 12th edition. Wolters Kluwer Health, Lippincott William & Wilkins. * http://www.pancreatic-tumors.com/ | | * Identify the following diagnostic test involved. | * Liver function test * Pancreatic biopsy * Computed tomography and Ultrasonography | 20 minutes | Question and Answer portion | * Brenda G. Bare...
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...Pancreatic Cancer Wendy Carlin Unit 4 Capstone Project: Pancreatic Cancer Kaplan University 6/25/2013 Abstract Andre is a 69-year-old man who was just diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. He owns a chain of Italian restaurants and is well known in the community. He is married and has a large family including children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren. Every holiday all of his family is treated to a home cooked meal that Andre prepares himself. This year he is concerned that he may not be able to cook for an upcoming holiday. This saddens Andre and he feels depressed. Pancreatic Cancer is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the pancreas and because the pancreas is a gland, the most common type of pancreatic cancer is adenocarcinoma. Adeno means relating to a gland and carcinoma is cancer, so adenocarcinoma is cancer of a gland. (Mandal, Dr.) The average age of people with pancreatic cancer is between 70 and 80, and it is more common in men than women. There are two ways a pancreatic cancer can be diagnosed; clinically and pathologically. A clinical diagnosis is done by radiology and or the physician’s evaluation by lab test and the physical exam. A pathological diagnosis is by taking a tissue sample from the primary or metastatic (cancer spread) site and having a pathologist exam the tissue. By looking at these cells, the pathologist can tell if there is cancer and what the primary site is. Because the pancreas is located deep within the body, it is hard...
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...Just like any other disease, pancreatic cancer must be diagnosed by a physician by doing certain tests and procedures to make sure they are diagnosed correctly. Most patients initially go to the doctor with common symptoms that may turn out to be any number of diseases that a physician has come to educate themselves about. An initial physical exam is usually followed up with things such as blood tests, x-rays or an ultrasound. If the physician were to determine that things did not look normal in one or all of these tests, a CT or computed tomography scan will be ordered. Abnormalties on a CT scan will be followed up with a biopsy to make sure a proper diagnosis is made. There is a certain blood test that can be done to help diagnose a patient with pancreatic cancer. It is called the “tumor marker” test and is also often referred to as CA 19-9. This marker is usually found in the blood of those patients with pancreatic cancer, but can also be found in patients without pancreatic cancer and those with benign conditions. This is not always a definitive way to diagnose pancreatic cancer, as the blood levels in some patients can be normal when they do in fact have pancreatic cancer. A biopsy consists of tissue that is taken from the body so that a pathologist can look at it closely. Abnormal tissues in the body may be referred to as lesions, tumors or masses. To obtain a biopsy of abnormal cells that may be on or around the pancreas, an invasive procedure would have to be done...
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...most preventable risk factor of cancer for non-smokers, and many studies are testing for the effects that obesity has in all cancers and at specific cancer sites. It is known that obesity plays a significant role in cancer; however, the knowledge of the relationship to all cancers and the overall health effect of excess weight in terms of total mortality from cancer is limited (Calle, Redriguez, Walker-Thurmond, & Thun, 2003). In this paper I will examine the research available on obesity and its relationship to breast cancer (in post-menopausal women), endometrial, colon, esophagus, kidney, and pancreatic cancers, and briefly mention a few other cancers currently being studied for a possible link to obesity. The rise of obesity in the last 25 years has been most prominent in the United States. It is not, however, limited to the United States; for instance, similar trends are being seen in other developing countries. As it becomes easier to access tasty but unhealthy food options and as physical activity declines, caloric intake is now exceeding caloric expenditure. Genetic factors have been shown to predispose an individual to become obese, but environmental factors are the ultimate cause for the rise of obesity within populations. It is the metabolic consequences of obesity that are having an effect on cancer cell growth. The effects of circulating peptide and steroid hormones along with their binding factors are culprits linking obesity to cancer (Calle & Thun, 2000). Obesity...
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...Pancreatic Cancer Karen R Lindner Wright Career College Pancreatic Cancer Pancreatic cancer occurs in approximately 29000 patients every year. It is the fourth leading cause of cancer related deaths. Worldwide, pancreatic cancer is the eighth most common cause of death from cancer in both sexes combined. There have been advancements in the perioperative management, but the 5yr survival rate remains unchanged. Surgical resection is still the only potentially curative treatment for the disease. What is Pancreatic Cancer Pancreatic cancers can arise from both exocrine and endocrine parts of the pancreas. But cancers formed by the exocrine cells are more common. It is important to know if a tumor is from the exocrine or endocrine part of the pancreas. The tumors have their own signs and symptoms and are found by using different tests , are treated in different ways and have different outlooks. Exocrine tumors are most common and start in the gland cells. Endocrine tumors are less common and are known as islet cell tumors. Here are some: gastrinomas, insulinomas, glucagonomas, somatostatinomas, vipomas,ppomas. Most of these tumors are not cancer. The outlook for these is better than that of exocrine cancers. Approximately 75% of all pancreatic cancers occur within the head of neck of the pancreas, 15-20% occur in the body of the pancreas, and 5-10% occur in the tail. Signs and Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer Early pancreatic cancers often do not cause any signs...
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...Iran Med 2010; 13 (2): 143 – 146 Mini Review Five Common Cancers in Iran Shadi Kolahdoozan MD MPH*, Alireza Sadjadi MD MPH**, Amir Reza Radmard MD***, • Hooman Khademi MD MPH * Iran as a developing nation is in epidemiological transition from communicable to noncommunicable diseases. Although, cancer is the third cause of death in Iran, it`s mortality are on the rise during recent decades. This mini-review was carried out to provide a general viewpoint on common cancers incidence in Iran and to explain incidental differences that may help us to establish early detection programs and investigate population risk factors. A detailed PubMed, Scopus and Google scholar search were made from 2000 to 2009. The basic inclusion criteria were all relevant studies focused on cancer epidemiological data from Iran. Overall age-standard incidence rate per 100 000 population according to primary site is 110.43 in males and 98.23 in females. The five most common cancers (except skin cancer) are stomach, esophagus, colon-rectum, bladder and leukemia in males, and in females are breast, esophagus, stomach, colon-rectum and cervix uteri. The incidence rates of gastrointestinal cancers are high in Iran (it is one of the known areas with a high incidence of GI cancers). Breast cancer mainly affects Iranian women about a decade earlier than Western countries and younger cases are affected by an increasing rate of colorectal cancer in Iran, near the Western rates. Archives of Iranian Medicine...
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...In October 2003, doctors discovered that Steve Jobs had a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. Doctor said that Jobs was lucky because it had been detected so early, and it could be removed before it spread all around his body. At that time, he didn’t wanted doctors to open his body, so he tried to see if something else would work such as strict vegan diet, acupuncture, herbal remedies, and other alternative techniques. He ignored doctor suggestions. In June 2004, a CAT scan revealed that the tumor had grown and perhaps increased. Jobs realized he couldn’t successfully will his own cancer treatment. His surgery in July 2004 involved a modified Whipple procedure, removing part of the pancreas; but the problem was that it wasn’t a cure. Doctors found that the cancer spread to three spots on his liver during the operation. Even though Jobs was not cured, he told everyone that he had been cured. He also said that he had surgery and he that he was fine. Since he was a young boy, Steve Jobs had trained extraordinarily. His schedule involved fasting, and he would go on obsessive diets. Jobs went against doctors’ orders with his eating habits. This has created another problem for him, because the stomach needs enzymes to digest and absorb all the nutrients. This made it harder for him, after his pancreatic surgery, to get enough protein that he needed. The standard of care is to have regular meals, and a diet with a variety of proteins from meats, fish, and milk. As Isaacson...
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...90s, when I am sure it was legal. To call him a serial killer is unethical. These people had to have some sort of counseling and education before they decided they did not want to live another day. No professional would just off with someone’s life without consent so that he does not end up in a legal bind. Based on the advancements in medicine and science today, I do not believe these cases were more justified than others. Now, there is so many ways to help people get back to the optimal level of living. Back then, these people were terminal and they had no help to get better and fight their disease. If I had to fight Dr. K to not kill a loved one it would be over chronic pain, fibromyalgia, and arthritis. If these were an end result of cancer or disease, then I would be more willing to the extent that they cannot function with the disease. Although, I cannot make a decision for a family member, I believe it is up to that person to make the choice because that person’s perception of pain suffering is an individual reality. When it comes to being more accepting of this, I do not believe that age is a factor and I believe that are certain diseases that are more debilitating than others. My family member would have to be terminal. There would not be able to be any medical resources to help...
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...Oncology Pancreatic Cancer The pancreas is a gland behind your stomach and in front of your spine. It produces juices that help break down food and hormones that help control blood sugar levels. The most common type of pancreatic cancer arises from the exocrine glands and is called adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. The endocrine glands of the pancreas can give rise to a completely different type of cancer, referred to as pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma or islet cell tumor. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is among the most aggressive of all cancers. By the time that pancreatic cancer is diagnosed, most people already have disease that has spread to distant sites in the body. Risk Factors: * Smoking * Long-term diabetes * Chronic pancreatitis * Certain hereditary disorders * Being male * Over 60 * African American, * Eating a diet high in red meat and low in fruits and vegetables, * Being obese. Pancreatic Cancer Symptoms * Pain in the abdomen, the back, or both * * Weight loss, often associated with the following: * Loss of appetite (anorexia) * Bloating * Diarrhea or fatty bowel movements that float in water (steatorrhea) * Rarely may present with new diabetes in a person with weight loss and nausea * Jaundice (yellowing of the skin) The symptoms of pancreatic cancer are generally vague and can easily be attributed to other less serious and more common conditions. This lack of specific...
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...Her Last Days Jody Seibold Hondros College Abstract My research paper is dedicated to my mother and her last days on this earth. Our nightmare started on September 17, 2012, this is when we were told that my mom had stage four pancreatic cancers that had spread to all of the lobes of her liver, spleen, and large intestine. We went to this appointment thinking she would be able to be treated not to get a death sentence. By the time we found out her cancer had already spread. She was offered chemotherapy but she declined it because at best, it would only prolong her life a month maybe two. She wanted to live her life to the fullest and not be sick from chemo. At that moment every minute was precious time left with mom and I wanted to be by her side every minute of every day. This is the true story of a beautiful life cut short from cancer. Her Last Days This research paper will explain the main function of the pancreas and why pancreatic cancer is it so deadly? It will reveal how a person can live without a complete pancreas? This essay will cover the five stages of grief my mother experienced. I will attempt to explain the emotional aspect my mother went through. It will also talk about hospice and how they assisted us through the process. Lastly, my paper will cover how strong my mother’s faith in God was and still is. What is the main function of the pancreas? This gland is positioned in the epigastric portion of the abdomen tuck in behind the stomach (NCBI...
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...by the tumor or by non-tumor cells • Consist of hierarchy of clinical laboratory test from the least to the most informative & used in oncology Benefits • Screening for common cancers • Monitoring of cancer survivors after treatment • Diagnosis of specific tumor types particularly in brain tumors and instances where biopsy is not feasible • Determining the effectiveness of cancer treatment • Determining recurrent cancer Useful markers used to determine recurrent cancer • Prostate specific antigen ( PSA ) – prostate cancer • Human Chorionic gonadotrophin ( HCG ) for gestational trophoblastic tumors and some germ cell cancers • Alpha-feto protein – germ cell cancers • CA 125 – for epithelial ovarian cancer • Carcinoembryonic antigen ( CEA) for colon & rectal cancers • CA-15 – 3 – for breast cancer Two groups 1. Cancer specific markers 2. Tissue specific markers 1. Cancer specific markers • Related to the presence of cancerous tissues • Useful in follow-up of treated patients & progress of the disease • Examples are : CEA , CA 19-9 , CA 125 2. Tissue specific markers • Related to tissues which have developed cancers • May not be related to tumors & maybe elevated when no cancer is present • Examples are : PSA , beta-HCG , AFP, • AFP-L3 , thyroglobulin Specimen for detection • Blood • Urine • Fluids • Biopsy Reporting : ng/mL...
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...Obesity and Cancer According to the National Institute of Health, nearly two-thirds of adults in the United States are overweight or obese (2007). Research suggests that obesity may be the most preventable risk factor of cancer for non-smokers, and many studies are testing for the effects that obesity has in all cancers and at specific cancer sites. It is known that obesity plays a significant role in cancer; however, the knowledge of the relationship to all cancers and the overall health effect of excess weight in terms of total mortality from cancer is limited (Calle, Redriguez, Walker-Thurmond, & Thun, 2003). In this paper I will examine the research available on obesity and its relationship to breast cancer (in post-menopausal women), endometrial, colon, esophagus, kidney, and pancreatic cancers, and briefly mention a few other cancers currently being studied for a possible link to obesity. The rise of obesity in the last 25 years has been most prominent in the United States. It is not, however, limited to the United States; for instance, similar trends are being seen in other developing countries. As it becomes easier to access tasty but unhealthy food options and as physical activity declines, caloric intake is now exceeding caloric expenditure. Genetic factors have been shown to predispose an individual to become obese, but environmental factors are the ultimate cause for the rise of obesity within populations. It is the metabolic consequences of obesity that are...
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...Ovarian Cancer Rosemary Jones MBC 120 June 20, 2012 You have been experiencing pelvic and abdominal pain. You feel like you are bloated all the time. You are having difficulty eating or you are not eating much because you feel full shortly after beginning. You have also noticed that your abdomen has increased in size. While any of these symptoms by themselves, is not necessarily concerning, if you have experience one of these symptoms at least 12 days a month for at least six months, further examination is warranted as it could be an indication of a more serious condition, in particular ovarian Cancer. Ovarian cancer only accounts for 3 percent of cancers in women, yet it is the fifth most common cause of cancer death behind lung, breast, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers. Out of every 100,000 women, 12.5 of them will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer. It does not discriminate against age. It can affect a newborn child just as easily as a woman in her in 50s or older. The target age, however, seems to be in women 50 or older. In 2008, according to the American Cancer Society, per 100,000 women between the ages of 65 to 74 years, there was a 48.6% incidence of ovarian cancer with a mortality of 36.1%. This increased to 55.6% for incidence and 55.2% for mortality in women 75 years and older. The chance that a woman would be diagnosed with invasive ovarian cancer in her lifetime is about 1 in 71. Her chance of dying from it is 1 in 95. The etiology of ovarian...
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... * Carotenoid, eggs, peaches, peas, sweet red peppers, papaya, mango, beef and chicken liver, A * The sun, cod liver oil, salmon, mackerel, tuna, sardines, beef liver, eggs, D * Wheat germ, nuts, seeds, green leafy vegetables, kiwi, mango, and tomatoes, E * Intestinal bacteria, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, canola oil, K * What are the functions, benefits, deficiency risks, and toxicity risks of fat-soluble vitamins? Include at least one example from each of these categories for each fat-soluble vitamin. * A: Essential for normal growth and development of the human body, teeth, skin, bones. If you do not have enough you will have retarded growth, reduced resistance to infection, abnormal function of gastrointestinal and...
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