...forms and can enter the body in many ways: Inhalation – fumes, gases; Ingestion – liquids or solids by mouth; Injection – needles, animal and insect bites; Absorption – pesticides or herbicides through the skin and eyes. In the field of accident and emergency we see cases of poisoning that are both accidental and intentional. A massive 85% of these cases involve just three types of drug: Paracetamol 45% Benzodiazepines 20% Antidepressants 20% (Daly; Harrison, 2001). As the majority of our cases come from these non-corrosive types of poisons the author will concentrate only on overdoses of drugs, with the second section solely devoted to the most common of these; Paracetamol. Clinical Signs of Poisoning The majority of drugs effect the nervous system and produce some common signs: ▪ Slow, shallow respiration’s ▪ Lethargy and reduction in activity ▪ Vomiting and diarrhoea ▪ Loss of consciousness Some drugs though, such as Paracetamol are asymptomatic during the early stages of poisoning. Although in the majority of cases our treatment in the field for poisoning will be the same irrespective of the drug involved, certain signs can point to the type of drug taken. Below are some examples of these. ➢ Eyes: Pinpoint – opioids. Dilated – tricylics, cocaine. ➢ CNS Drowsiness – alcohol, sedatives, opioids, hypnotics. ➢ Confusion/Ataxia/Excitability...
Words: 1128 - Pages: 5
...ANNUAL REVIEWS Further Quick links to online content Ann. Rev. PharmacoL ToxicoL Copyright © 1983 1983. 23:87-101 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved THE TREATMENT OF ACETAMINOPHEN Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1983.23:87-101. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by Queen Mary & Westfield on 03/14/11. For personal use only. POISONING L. F. Prescott and J. A. J. H Critchley Regional Poisoning Treatment Centre, and University Department of Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, The Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, EH3 9YW, Scotland INTRODUCTION Acetaminophen (paracetamol, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, 4-hydroxyacetani lide) is a non-prescription antipyretic analgesic that was first introduced into clinical medicine towards the end of the last century (1). It attracted little interest until it was found to be the major metabolite of both acetani lide and phenacetin (2, 3) and in recent years it has become an increasingly popular substitute for aspirin. Acetaminophen seemed to be remarkably safe when taken in recommended doses and formal toxicity studies were never carried out. In 1964 Eder (4) first reported liver damage in cats given 25-50 mglKg of acetaminophen daily for 26 weeks, and two years later Boyd & Bereczky described extensive hepatic necrosis in acute toxicity studies in rats (5). At the same time liver damage was first reported in man following acetaminophen overdosage (6, 7). The use of acetaminophen for self-poisoning has since...
Words: 7818 - Pages: 32
...completely justified and recently, determinations of testosterone levels are widely used in evaluating the extent of aggression, depression, violence, and antisocial behavior in psychiatric patients. Finally, saliva is used to screen the levels of aldosterone, parathyroid hormone, glucose, and insulin. Analysis of saliva may serve as a useful tool in assessment of the periodontal status, monitoring response to treatment and prediction of disease progression. The use of salivary diagnostics for caries risk assessment includes microbiome, proteomic, genomic, and transcriptomic approaches. Caries risk assessment can be also carried out using host-related factors in saliva including salivary flow rate, salivary pH, and buffer capacity. In addition PCR-based bacterial identification enables measurements of the cariogenic bacterial species in saliva. Saliva is valuable sample in pharmacology since it enables evaluation of the therapeutic drug levels, as well as treatment outcomes, detection of overdose and analysis of the biochemical and physiological effects of various medications such as carbamazepine, cisplatin, diazepam, digoxin, ethosuximide, irinotecan, lithium, metoprolol, paracetamol, phenytoin, primidone, procainamide, quinine, theophylline, or valproic acid. Also, cotinine can be analysed in saliva of smoking subjects. Saliva can also be used in detection of various drugs in the body as amphetamine, cocaine, methadone, phencyclidine, marihuana, or opiates. In this way, it can...
Words: 1030 - Pages: 5
...TOP TEN CAUSES OF POISONING Section 2-D |Roña, Diandra Krystle B. | |Rosales, Aileen L. | |Rosaura, Franz D. | |Roxas, Marie Florence S. | |Rubio, Hannah Alexis O. | |Rugay, Jesus Emmanuel R. | February 1, 2012 POISONING Poisons are substances that cause disturbances in living organisms and do so by some biologic or chemical reaction in nature. For decades, the use of different substances for various applications lead to the discovery of potential toxic substances that may have caused injurious effects. Poisoning commonly occurs thru ingestion and usually, it was unintentional. Acute toxicity is the single exposure or multiple exposures for short periods to the substance causing the injury. Symptoms may be rapid and are in close relation to the toxic agent. On the other hand, chronic toxicity are caused by repeated or multiple exposure for longer periods to the poison. Signs and symptoms of chronic toxicity may appear even after several years upon the initial exposure. ADULT TOP TEN TOXICITIES 1. CAUSTICS Caustics are strong acids and alkali that when ingested can cause tissue injury by chemical reaction. They damage the tissues by accepting a proton (alkaline substance)...
Words: 5039 - Pages: 21
...SCHOOL OF PHARMACY REPORT WRITING UCS 1263 Assignment 1 Hospital Attachment Report Name : Thiban Ellumalay ID : 012011051056 Programme : BPH Lecturer Name : Dr. Jiyauddin Khan Submission Date : 30th September 2013 An attachment report based on the lesson learned, activity being carried out, experience gained, problem faced and suggestion at Hospital Tuanku Ampuan Rahimah, Klang in various pharmacy departments for period of 3 weeks Submitted to Dr. Jiyauddin Khan, PhD Report writing lecturer, School of Pharmacy Management & Science University Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Prepared by, Thiban Ellumalay, 012011051056 3rd year Bachelor of Pharmacy, Management & Science University Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. 30th September 2013 Acknowledgement First and foremost I would like to thank the almighty lord for giving me wisdom to get my attachment done with successfully as well as with the preparation of the report. Without his blessings I wouldn’t have achieved this stage. Besides that, throughout my attachment accomplishment, many people have inspired me, influenced me and contributed their time, energy, ideas, and suggestions for improving my report. I will always be in debt to these people, too numerous to mention. I would...
Words: 7449 - Pages: 30
...Health Benefits of Ixora coccinea Linn In the above mentioned chemical composition of santan, it has been identified that the plant contains important phytochemicals that are known to have antioxidative, antibacterial, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, antidiarrhoeal, antinociceptive, antimutagenic, antineoplastic and chemopreventive effects. This analysis suggests the validity of the plant’s folkloric and erthnomedicinal uses. Preparation: as decoction, tincture, poultice or dried and powdered. Decoction of Santan leaves is used to treat the following Wounds, skin ulcers , hiccups, Nausea ,Anorexia ,Sore throat ,Bronchitis cough ,Asthma Poultice of santan leaves and flowers or * Sprains, Eczema, Boils, Contusions Wound Healing Effects of Santan (Ixora) In a report published in “Fitoterafia 1999” entitled “Effect of Ixora coccinea flowers on dead space wound healing in rats”, the alcoholic extract of the flowers of Ixora coccinea was studied for its effect on wound healing, using a dead space wound model in rats. Significant increases in granuloma tissue weight, tensile strength, hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycan content were observed. The prohealing actions seem to be due to increased collagen deposition as well as better alignment and maturation. The drug induced a hypertropic effect on the thymus gland but had no effect on the adrenals. http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=1918246 Anti Diarrheal Effects of Santan (Ixora Coccinea Linn) In a report...
Words: 3104 - Pages: 13
...CONTENTS Click on the up arrow to return here 1) INTRODUCTION 2) DEFINITIONS 3) ETHICAL THEORY 4) ETHICAL DECISION MAKING 5) NEGLIGENCE 6) CONSENT IN COMPETENT ADULTS 7) CONSENT IN CHILDREN 8) CONSENT IN INCOMPETENT ADULTS 9) CONSENT CONCERNING UNUSUAL IDEAS 10) ADVANCE DIRECTIVES 11) CONFIDENTIALITY 12) CONFIDENTIALITY AUDIT 13) EUTHANASIA 14) ABORTION 15) BIOTECHNOLOGY 16) SUGGESTED READING ONE – INTRODUCTION (Registrar) The importance of Ethical thinking in General Practice is becoming more and more apparent. It should not be thought that Ethics merely relates to the “Life and Death” issues in our Professional life – Abortion, Contraception, Euthanasia and the like. Ethical issues affect some part of almost every consultation, even if the ethical issue is something more mundane like obtaining adequate consent for an examination or respecting a patient’s dignity. Indeed, it could be argued that the Consultation skills that we foster so assiduously are actually Ethical skills – and that we need to know the patient’s “Ideas, Concerns and Expectations” in order to respect his Autonomy as well as in order to improve the outcome of the Consultation. In the 1998/99 academic year, I was appointed the deanery’s Medical Ethics fellow with a bursary from the MDU. I developed an approach to the teaching of GP ethics based on two half day sessions, which...
Words: 23465 - Pages: 94
...Clinical guidelines Diagnosis and treatment manual for curative programmes in hospitals and dispensaries guidance for prescribing 2010 EDITION © Médecins Sans Frontières – January 2010 All rights reserved for all countries. No reproduction, translation and adaptation may be done without the prior permission of the Copyright owner. ISBN 2-906498-81-5 Clinical guidelines Diagnosis and treatment manual Editorial Committee: I. Broek (MD), N. Harris (MD), M. Henkens (MD), H. Mekaoui (MD), P.P. Palma (MD), E. Szumilin (MD) and V. Grouzard (N, general editor) Contributors: P. Albajar (MD), S. Balkan (MD), P. Barel (MD), E. Baron (MD), M. Biot (MD), F. Boillot (S), L. Bonte (L), M.C. Bottineau (MD), M.E. Burny (N), M. Cereceda (MD), F. Charles (MD), M.J de Chazelles (MD), D. Chédorge (N), A.S. Coutin (MD), C. Danet (MD), B. Dehaye (S), K. Dilworth (MD), F. Fermon (N), B. Graz (MD), B. Guyard-Boileau (MD), G. Hanquet (MD), G. Harczi (N), M. van Herp (MD), C. Hook (MD), K. de Jong (P), S. Lagrange (MD), X. Lassalle (AA), D. Laureillard (MD), M. Lekkerkerker (MD), J. Maritoux (Ph), J. Menschik (MD), D. Mesia (MD), A. Minetti (MD), R. Murphy (MD), J. Pinel (Ph), J. Rigal (MD), M. de Smet (MD), S. Seyfert (MD), F. Varaine (MD), B. Vasset (MD) (S) Surgeon, (L) Laboratory technician, (MD) Medical Doctor, (N) Nurse, (AA) Anaesthetist-assistant, (Ph) Pharmacist, (P) Psychologist We would like to thank the following doctors for their invaluable help:...
Words: 86687 - Pages: 347
...Antioxidant From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search An antioxidant is a molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons from a substance to an oxidizing agent. Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals, which start chain reactions that damage cells). Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions by being oxidized themselves. As a result, antioxidants are often reducing agents such as thiols, ascorbic acid or polyphenols.[1] Although oxidation reactions are crucial for life, they can also be damaging; hence, plants and animals maintain complex systems of multiple types of antioxidants, such as glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E as well as enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and various peroxidases. Low levels of antioxidants, or inhibition of the antioxidant enzymes, cause oxidative stress and may damage or kill cells. As oxidative stress might be an important part of many human diseases, the use of antioxidants in pharmacology is intensively studied, particularly as treatments for stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. However, it is unknown whether oxidative stress is the cause or the consequence of disease. Antioxidants are also widely used as ingredients in dietary supplements in the hope of maintaining health and preventing diseases such as cancer...
Words: 4976 - Pages: 20
...716 Index major depressive disorder, brain imaging studies, 70–71 malignant catatonia, 333 malingering, 530–531 ‘manic depressive insanity’, 45 manic states, 250, 253 abnormal beliefs and perceptions, 254 amphetamines and, 266 course and outcome, 274 delusional, 16 in HIV patients, 345 in ICD-10, 42 in old age aetiology, 369 clinical features, 370 treatment, 370 in old age, 369–370 mixed state with depression, 255 sensations in, 6 stroke and, 344 stupor in, 31 manic states, 15–17 Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome, 206, 338 Marijuana Anonymous, 239 marital status, and suicide, 454 masculinity drunkenness and, 428 sense of, 395 Massachusetts Male Aging Study, 402 Massachusetts Women’s Health Study (MWHS), 442 masturbation, 396 McNaughton Rules, 558 McNaughton, Daniel, 558 m-CPP 435 , MDMA (3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; ‘ecstasy’), 328 medial temporal lobe volume in Alzheimer’s disease, 359 MRI for detecting, 75 medical conditions anxiety disorders in, 170 depression treatment, 521 detection of psychiatric illness, 483 feigned illness, 530–531 mental disorders due to, 327 anxiety disorders, 333 cannabis and psychosis, 330 catatonia, 332 cognitive disorders, 334 delusions, 329 depression and Parkinson’s disease, 332 general principles, 327 hallucinations, 328 mood disorders, 330 personality disorder, 333 psychotic disorder, 328 stimulant psychosis, 329 mental disorders due to, 326–335 relationship to affective change...
Words: 7400 - Pages: 30
...HIV Introduction H - Stands for Human. The virus is only found in humans and not in animals or insects. I - stands for Immunodeficiency – This means the virus weakens the bodies' ability to fight other infections. In time this leads to the group of illness called AIDS. V - Stands for Virus. It is an infectious agent that is non cellular. It is capable of self replicating only inside living cell. They are therefore parasitic because they rely on the host cell multiplication mechanism. AIDS A-Acquired an acquired condition is the one that is not inborn. AIDS patient acquire a condition that makes them not able to fight infections. I - Immune A normal human being has an immune system that helps them fight disease. The immune system involves structures such as the skin to keep away entry bacteria and other pathogens. The environment we live is full of micro organisms some living in the air, others water and others in food. Our bodies are well adopted to keep away these micro organisms. D – Deficiency. When it comes to HIV AIDS there is deficiency of adequate immunity. HIV virus infect immune cell (to be particular T-helper or CD4+ cells). T - Helper cells are very instrumental in the immune system thus when they are attacked by the virus they deplete in number. S - Syndrome: A variety of different symptoms and illness. The grouping of well recognized illness connected with AIDS makes a syndrome. TYPES OF HIV Two types of HIV are currently recognized: HIV-1, HIV-2. - Transmission...
Words: 16287 - Pages: 66
...SITUATION : Arthur, A registered nurse, witnessed an old woman hit by a motorcycle while crossing a train railway. The old woman fell at the railway. Arthur rushed at the scene. 1. As a registered nurse, Arthur knew that the first thing that he will do at the scene is A. Stay with the person, Encourage her to remain still and Immobilize the leg while While waiting for the ambulance. B. Leave the person for a few moments to call for help. C. Reduce the fracture manually. D. Move the person to a safer place. 2. Arthur suspects a hip fracture when he noticed that the old woman’s leg is A. Lengthened, Abducted and Internally Rotated. B. Shortened, Abducted and Externally Rotated. C. Shortened, Adducted and Internally Rotated. D. Shortened, Adducted and Externally Rotated. 3. The old woman complains of pain. John noticed that the knee is reddened, warm to touch and swollen. John interprets that this signs and symptoms are likely related to A. Infection B. Thrombophlebitis C. Inflammation D. Degenerative disease 4. The old woman told John that she has osteoporosis; Arthur knew that all of the following factors would contribute to osteoporosis except A. Hypothyroidism B. End stage renal disease C. Cushing’s Disease D. Taking Furosemide and Phenytoin. 5. Martha, The old woman was now Immobilized and brought to the emergency room. The X-ray shows a fractured femur and pelvis. The ER Nurse would carefully monitor Martha for which of the following...
Words: 53501 - Pages: 215
...62118 0/nm 1/n1 2/nm 3/nm 4/nm 5/nm 6/nm 7/nm 8/nm 9/nm 1990s 0th/pt 1st/p 1th/tc 2nd/p 2th/tc 3rd/p 3th/tc 4th/pt 5th/pt 6th/pt 7th/pt 8th/pt 9th/pt 0s/pt a A AA AAA Aachen/M aardvark/SM Aaren/M Aarhus/M Aarika/M Aaron/M AB aback abacus/SM abaft Abagael/M Abagail/M abalone/SM abandoner/M abandon/LGDRS abandonment/SM abase/LGDSR abasement/S abaser/M abashed/UY abashment/MS abash/SDLG abate/DSRLG abated/U abatement/MS abater/M abattoir/SM Abba/M Abbe/M abbé/S abbess/SM Abbey/M abbey/MS Abbie/M Abbi/M Abbot/M abbot/MS Abbott/M abbr abbrev abbreviated/UA abbreviates/A abbreviate/XDSNG abbreviating/A abbreviation/M Abbye/M Abby/M ABC/M Abdel/M abdicate/NGDSX abdication/M abdomen/SM abdominal/YS abduct/DGS abduction/SM abductor/SM Abdul/M ab/DY abeam Abelard/M Abel/M Abelson/M Abe/M Aberdeen/M Abernathy/M aberrant/YS aberrational aberration/SM abet/S abetted abetting abettor/SM Abeu/M abeyance/MS abeyant Abey/M abhorred abhorrence/MS abhorrent/Y abhorrer/M abhorring abhor/S abidance/MS abide/JGSR abider/M abiding/Y Abidjan/M Abie/M Abigael/M Abigail/M Abigale/M Abilene/M ability/IMES abjection/MS abjectness/SM abject/SGPDY abjuration/SM abjuratory abjurer/M abjure/ZGSRD ablate/VGNSDX ablation/M ablative/SY ablaze abler/E ables/E ablest able/U abloom ablution/MS Ab/M ABM/S abnegate/NGSDX abnegation/M Abner/M abnormality/SM abnormal/SY aboard ...
Words: 113589 - Pages: 455
