...HIST 304 | The Peasant’s Revolt and The Decline of Serfdom | Why did the Peasants’ Revolt Occur? Did the insurgents hope to abolish serfdom? How and why did serfdom decline and eventually disappear in England, notwithstanding the failure of the 1381 uprising and other influences of lower class protest against social inequality and injustice? | Naomi Woods Student 297278812/22/2011 | The Peasants Revolt is one of the most well known revolts of Medieval England, the revolt began as a local revolt in Essex in May of 1381, but it soon spread throughout the South East of England affecting many smaller towns along the way and having the biggest impact on London when the people turned their grievances towards the young King Richard II. This revolt was not a planned revolt but rather a spontaneous revolt fuelled by numerous grievances and sparked by the poll tax Parliament had introduced to help pay for the war in France. Incidences in the villages of Fobbing and Brentwood in Essex are said to have triggered the uprising. On 30 May 1381 a tax collector attempted to collect the poll tax from the villagers of Fobbing, the villagers, lead by a local land owner refused to pay and he was forced to leave empty handed, later Robert Belknap (Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas) arrived to investigate and punish the offenders, On June 2 he was attacked in Brentwood. By this time the counties of Essex and Kent were in full revolt the peasants and artisans of Essex demanded...
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...was the best of times; it was the worst of times.” Charles Dickens’ introduction to his novel, A Tale of Two Cities, describes the lives of the peasantry in Europe between 1300 to 1650. For many peasants, their lives could be depicted as overwhelming, depressing, discouraging, and hopeless; yet, many events during these 350 years opened up opportunities for the peasantry to improve their lives. Events ranging from the Hundred Years War to the Black Death, and up until the beginning years of the Renaissance, changed the lives of the peasantry dramatically, all for the better. Before the Black Death reached Europe, peasants’ lives were very difficult. They usually never left the manor on which they served without the master’s permission. It was illegal for them to even move to another city or manor, if they so desired. They were forced to pay rent to their landlords for the land they cultivated themselves. In addition to the rent that was required of them, “they were also required to provide free labor on the lands used by the lord, known as a demesne.”[1] Although there were rewards to living on a manor, the peasantry had more advantages when the manorial system began to break down at the beginning of the fourteenth century. Even though the nobility still dominated rural Europe, peasants were beginning to move out of their status as servants. The Black Death, striking Italy in 1347, was one of the events that began to shape the lives of the peasantry. It is seen throughout history...
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...Which all lead to the Peasant revolt. Depopulation caused a loss of peasants, merchants and knights etc. Which affected trade and production of food. The less people around the less things and food to sell, impacting the economy. Leading to a loss in resources and skilled craftsmen which ultimately lead to further weakening of feudalism. Due to the huge loss of priests, nuns and monks not many still had faith in the church. Religious leaders became more ineffective and weren't leading the church properly. Therefore not many people were left to have faith in the church. Having ineffective leaders, no church to look up to and a weakening social system the peasants began to revolt. Lords created new laws regarding the cost of food and wages. Many peasants were unhappy with these changes so they revolted. The peasant revolt took place in 1381. This shows how the short term effect carried on to make long term effects of Europe and its society, especially...
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...1440, which resulted in the rapid spread of humanist ideas throughout the state. Bibles could now be freely distributed, meaning they were no longer owned only by the Church. Combined with the founding of many universities, it was clear that the educational rate of Germany was on the rise. This meant that an increasing population was becoming progressively inspired to place pressure on the upper-classes to make concessions of equality. Additionally, ifLuther not had access to the printing press, it is unlikely that he would have had as profound an influence upon Europe, and the Protestant religion would not have been created. However, the creation of Guttenberg’s letterpress came too late for both England and Bohemia. The fact that two revolts of similar nature had taken place beforehand indicates that the stimulus of Gutenberg’s invention is negligible, and therefore an incrucial factor in developing reformation, protest and rebellion in Late Medieval Europe. An issue in England, Germany and Bohemia, Taxation Arguably, the frequency of such risings within Europe, and the ease with which such prophets inflamed the common people, demonstrates the instability of the situation. In 1348, the Black Death struck Europe, wiping out a third of Britain’s population. Many saw the disease as a punishment from God for their sins. With the Church unable to offer any explanation, their beliefs were sorely tested. People began to question religion, and such doubts ultimately led to...
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...lost their entire families and in return boarded themselves up in their homes to protect themselves from the incurable disease. People began to neglect their daily jobs and responsibilities they had to keep their households running. In addition, because the sudden appearance of the disease was not able to be explained, violence escalated in towns and villages during and after the time in which the plague took place. Immediately following the Black Death, the social structure in many European countries was drastically altered. The distinction between social classes was obscured and many remaining nobles, upset by this fact, took several steps to ensure that the division between the classes was maintained. Laws were passed restricting the peasants and commoners from wearing clothing that had previously only been associated with aristocrats and nobles. However because there were so few government officials remaining after the plague, the laws were almost impossible to enforce. This contributed to the rise of the mercantile class and the collapse of...
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...Trade was stopped due to fear of contracting the plague. Entire cities were walled off to prevent the entrance of outside people in an attempt to stop the Plague from spreading. Which was ultimately unsuccessful. Food sources dwindled as peasants’ deaths rose. During this time, the surviving peasants made out the best. Their work was needed and they were able to request more money for the same amount of work. However, laws were eventually put into place to prohibit monetary gain from the situation. Due to the limited amount of food available inflation was a big problem. This ultimately caused starvation among the lower class because they could not afford the high prices of food. Additionally, due to starvation, lack of funds and close living quarters the lower class continued to be hit the hardest. Many peasants were put into servitude. Although conditions were grim for the lower class, there was opportunity for skilled laborers to work the farms of wealthy land owners. In turn they received profits from the land and possibly pieces of land itself. This change caused the elite to rely heavily on the lower classes for support. “Wages rose, and this increase in economic power led to the Peasant’s Revolt in 1381.” 2 (page 33) Plague doctors were another group of people who monetarily rose during this time, and lead the way for medical advances some that were still used until...
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...The Black Death Ashford University World Civilizations I Todd HIS 103 February 21, 2012 The Black Death Another name for the Middle Ages is “The Dark ages” which was an era of inventors, discovery and trade. China’s ports were a renowned place for traders as many would travel around the world to trade goods. at the docks, thousands of people eagerly waiting for ships to return looking for goods from distant places. In October 1347, trading ships docked at the Sicilian port of Messina after a long journey through the Black Sea (Black Death, n.d.). Greeters, who were waiting anxiously for goods discovered something horrific. Many sailors on the ships were dead and the rest who made it through the journey were quickly dying as well. Not only goods came back from China but also came flea-infested rats, which is the source of the bubonic plague. Another distinctive name for the plague was the Black Death; this particular plague had a discerning effect on the history of Europe producing a sequence of social, religious, and economic catastrophe. This plague killed over half of Europe’s people. Spreading all over Europe and Asia, the Black Death was spreading fast. Victims of the Black Death suffered fevers, weren’t able to digest their food, and became delirious because of the pain. Unknown black boils oozing blood and pus are where the plague got its name. The Black Death ravaged through cities that caused a widespread of hysteria and death. This was an epidemic...
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...Julius Caesar would use the ‘Leap Year’, or adding a day to February every 4 years, to keep the calendar in line. 7. During the 100 Years’ War (1337-1453), the longbow and cannon became widely used, changing warfare and making England the dominant military power. The American Civil War (1861-1865) introduced new technologies such as mobilization (use of railroads to transport troops) and the rifle that would permanently change warfare. 8. In England in 1358 and 1381, two Peasants’ Revolts took place due to inflation and taxes from the 100 Years’ War. American colonists would revolt in 1765 due to inflation and taxes from the Seven Years’ War. 9. In 1215, King John of England would sign the Magna Carta, which stated “No taxation without representation” as one of its clauses. This mantra would be used during the American Revolution. 10. The Magna Carta also stated that no king was above the law. Two English kings, James I and Charles I, ignored laws and imprisoned people for no reason. These kings would cause the people to revolt (English Civil War) 11. In 1460, Johannes Gutenberg perfected the printing press with his movable type printing. In 1517, the printing press would allow Martin Luthers’ 95 Theses to spread all across Europe. 12. After the Great Schism in 1378, people’s faith in the church was shaken. This weakening in faith would allow more secular ideas to spread during the Renaissance. 13. Erasmus’ “In Praise of Folly” criticized many church practices. This work would inspire...
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...Case Digest, How to Write by Diory Rabajante on Sunday, April 4, 2010 Under: tips A case digest or a case brief is a written summary of the case. A case sometimes involves several issues. Digesting the same would help the student in separating one issue from another and understanding how the Court resolved the issues in the case. The student does not need to discuss all the issues decided in the case in his case digest. He only needs to focus on the relevant issue or the issue related to the subject that he is taking. A case digest may also serve as a useful study aid for class discussions and exams. A student who has a case digest does not need to go back to the case in order to remember what he has read. Format of the Case Digest I. Caption. This includes the title of the case, the date it was decided, and citation. Include also the petitioner, respondent, and the ponente. II. Facts. There is no need to include all the facts. Just include those that are relevant to the subject. III. Issues. Include only those that are relevant. Issues are usually framed in the form of questions that are answerable by "yes" or "no," for example, "Is the contract void?" Sometimes, students frame the question by starting it with the word "whether," for example, "Whether the contract is void" or "Whether or not the contract is void." The answer to the question has to be answered in the ruling. IV. Ruling. This usually starts with a "yes" or a "no." This is the answer to the question/s...
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...Russia 1. General Information: St. Petersburg, Russia is the country’s second largest city and is located in the Northwest Federal District. It is approximately 1400 square kilometers in size and has a population of 4.6 million people (as of 2005). The time zone is +3 GMT and +8 from the east coast of the United States. The government of St. Petersburg includes a governor, a city administration and a single-chamber legislative body, the City Legislative Assembly. In 2006, the governorship became an appointed position. The current governor, Valentina Matviyenko, was elected to the position in 2003, and then appointed by the President of the Russian Federation in 2006. The main airport servicing St. Petersburg is Pulkovo International Airport. If traveling by train, St Petersburg has five railway terminals – Baltiysky, Finlyandsky, Ladozhsky, Moskovsky and Vitebsky – within its borders. St. Petersburg features an extensive public transportation system consisting of an underground metro, trams and buses. The underground metro system, the most efficient of the options, opened in 1955 and features five color-coded lines. The fare for the underground transport system is always the same, no matter the distance traveled, and can be paid by token or metro pass. 2. Recent foreign investment: In 2009, the top five countries investing in St. Petersburg (categorized by percentage of total investment volume) were Belarus (15.8 percent), Switzerland (14.7...
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...The History of Money THE HISTORY OF MONEY From Its Origins to Our Time This was the final draft of the English text of "Une Histoire de l’Argent: des origines à nos jours" - www.autrement.com/ouvrages.php?ouv=2746710306 - published by Autrement in Paris in November 2007 with a few minor changes in the final French text. I am very grateful to Philippe Godard - www.autrement.com/collections.php?col=277 for his editorial support, and to Autrement for allowing me to make the English version accessible here. INTRODUCTION This book is about the history of money: how did it begin? how has it evolved to the present day? what has it enabled humans to achieve? and why do so many people in the world today have problems with it and suffer from the way it works? The book is also about the future: how may money develop further? how might we want it to develop? Humans are the only creatures that use money. Animals and birds and insects and fishes and plants exist together in the world without it. But in human societies the earning and spending of money has become one of the most important ways we connect with one another. Most of us have to have money. We need to get enough coming in to match what we need to pay out. We all need to understand at least that much about money. But there is more to it than that. Over the centuries, money has reflected changes in politics and government, in economic life and power, in science and technology, in religious and other cultural beliefs, in family and...
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...Recently more research has focused on the relationship between color and psychological functioning. _____ (Q) Two further experiments establish the link between red and avoidance motivation as indicated by behavioral (i.e., task choice) and psychophysiological (i.e., cortical activation) measures. _____ (R) Four experiments, in fact, demonstrate that the brief perception of red prior to an important test (e.g., an IQ test) impairs performance, and this effect appears to take place outside of participants' conscious awareness. _____ (S) Red impairs performance on achievement tasks, because red is associated with the danger of failure in achievement contexts and evokes avoidance motivation. _____ (T) All of these findings suggest that care must be taken in how red is used in achievement contexts and illustrate how color can act as a subtle environmental cue that has important influences on behavior. _____ (U) Indeed, startling findings occurred in regard to the relationship between red and performance attainment. 2,5,3,1,4 Recently more research has focused on the relationship between color and psychological functioning. _____ (Q) Two further experiments establish the link between red and avoidance motivation as indicated by behavioral (i.e., task choice) and psychophysiological (i.e., cortical activation) measures. _____ (R) Four experiments, in fact, demonstrate that the brief perception of red prior to an important test (e.g., an IQ test)...
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...MEDIEVAL WEAPONS Other Titles in ABC-CLIO’s WEAPONS AND WARFARE SERIES Aircraft Carriers, Paul E. Fontenoy Ancient Weapons, James T. Chambers Artillery, Jeff Kinard Ballistic Missiles, Kev Darling Battleships, Stanley Sandler Cruisers and Battle Cruisers, Eric W. Osborne Destroyers, Eric W. Osborne Helicopters, Stanley S. McGowen Machine Guns, James H. Willbanks Military Aircraft in the Jet Age, Justin D. Murphy Military Aircraft, 1919–1945, Justin D. Murphy Military Aircraft, Origins to 1918, Justin D. Murphy Pistols, Jeff Kinard Rifles, David Westwood Submarines, Paul E. Fontenoy Tanks, Spencer C. Tucker MEDIEVAL WEAPONS AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THEIR IMPACT Kelly DeVries Robert D. Smith Santa Barbara, California • Denver, Colorado • Oxford, England Copyright 2007 by ABC-CLIO, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data DeVries, Kelly, 1956– Medieval weapons : an illustrated history of their impact / Kelly DeVries and Robert D. Smith. p. cm. — (Weapons and warfare series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-10: 1-85109-526-8 (hard copy : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-85109-531-4...
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...Barbara Jeanne Fields Slavery, Race and Ideology in the United States of America Two years ago, a sports announcer in the United States lost his job because he enlarged indiscreetly—that is, before a television audience—upon his views about ‘racial’ differences. Asked why there are so few black coaches in basketball, Jimmy ‘the Greek’ Snyder remarked that black athletes already hold an advantage as basketball players because they have longer thighs than white athletes, their ancestors having been deliberately bred that way during slavery. ‘This goes all the way to the Civil War,’ Jimmy the Greek explained, ‘when during the slave trading . . . the owner, the slave owner would breed his big black to his big woman so he could have a big black kid, you see.’ Astonishing though it may seem, Snyder intended his remark as a compliment to black athletes. If black men became coaches, he said, there would be nothing left for white men to do in basketball at all. Embarrassed by such rank and open expression of racism in the most ignorant form, the network fired Jimmy the Greek from his job. Any fool, the network must have decided, should know that such things may be spoken in the privacy of the 95 locker-room in an all-white club, but not into a microphone and before a camera. Of course, Jimmy the Greek lays no claim to being educated or well informed. Before he was hired to keep audiences entertained during the slack moments of televised sports events, he was...
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...| 1 the 2 of 3 and 5 a 5 to 6 in 8 is 9 be 9 that 9 was 10 he 11 for 11 it 14 with 15 as 15 his 17 I 17 on 18 have 19 at 20 by 20 not 21 they 21 this 22 had 24 are 25 but 26 from 27 or 28 she 29 an 30 which 30 you 31 one 32 we 34 all 34 were 35 her 35 would 36 there 40 their 40 will 41 when 41 who 42 him 43 been 44 has 44 more 45 if 45 no 47 out 48 do 49 so 50 can 50 what 52 up 53 said 54 about 54 other 55 into 55 than 56 its 57 time 59 only 60 could 60 new 60 them ...
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