...D- Perception: •Perception is the process of becoming aware of objects and events through our senses OR may be described as the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. •We interpret what we see and practice and call it reality. Like seeing an image on the computer screen, the image is not real it is only a perception. What really matters is how we perceive things rather than what they really are. •Different people will have different perceptions for the same thing. The fact that you and me may perceive an event differently is the result of differences in our characteristics like gender, age, temporary physiological conditions like headaches and fatigue. Also past experience and old feelings may impact our present perceptions. Your role as a student or son or daughter or mother or father also affects your perceptions and your communication. Factors affecting Our perception can be classified into ( 3 ) categories : 1-Factors related to the perceiver : *Attitudes *Interests *Motives *Experience * Expectations 2-Factors related to the stimuli : * Motion * Size * Proximity * Sound * Background 3-Factors related to the situation ( environment ) : * Time *Work setting *Social setting The Perception Process : It includes...
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...Why are the perceptions you have of your skills usually different from the perceptions that others have of your skills Why Do Differences in Perception Occur? The way you sense the world—the way you see, hear, smell, touch, and taste—is subjective, uniquely your own. Nobody else sees the world the way you do, and nobody experiences events exactly as you do. The uniqueness of human experience is based largely on differences in perception—“the process of becoming aware of objects and events from the senses” (DeVito, 1986) Perception is subjective, active, and creative. Active perception means that your mind selects, organizes, and interprets that which you sense. So each person is a different video camera, and each person aims the camera at different things; each person’s lens is different; each person sees different colours; and each person’s audio picks up different sounds. Perception is subjective in that you interpret what you sense; you make it your own, and you add to and subtract from what you see, hear, smell, and touch. Subjective perception is your uniquely constructed meaning attributed to sensed stimuli. So, why do differences in perception occur? Differences in perception may be the result of physiological factors, people’s past experiences and roles, their cultures and co-cultures, and their present feelings and circumstances. Physiological Factors You are not physiologically identical to anyone else. People differ from each other in sex, height...
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...Perception is defined as a person’s cognitive interpretation of events. It is the process of attaining awareness of understanding of sensory information. The way a person interprets something depends on their inner self and the way they feel about things. This simply means that perception varies from person to person. Different people perceive different things about the same situation. Furthermore, we assign different meanings to what we perceive. The role that perception plays in stress management is very important. Stress is the result of interacting and sometimes complex factors such as our perception of things. How we perceive an event plays a very large role in whether the stressors trigger our fight or flight response. For example, if our perception is influenced by a negative thinking style, the potential event will be perceived a threat. Often times people picture events to be much worse than they actually are. This is because there is a distorted way of thinking about things. This distorted way of thinking can exaggerate our perceived failings. We often see the worst as becoming true and our fear for the worst can cause stress. In addition, a good example is a traffic jam. One person in the traffic jam may rant and rave becoming very angry at the delay, while another person in the same traffic jam may quietly accept the situation, relaxing while listening to the radio and thinking that getting upset or irritable wont move the car any further. Although this is...
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... This case study involves the importance of perceptions and how it effect attributions in the business world. We will use Joe Salatino, President of Great Northern American, as an example of how businesses can be successful when their customers are their top priority and employees learn how to understand their customer needs to improve sales. There are three learning theories operational conditioning, social learning and learning. We will discuss how one of these theories would be appropriate for Mr. Salatino’s business and how that theory could improve his employee’s performance. The last item is how self-efficacy is used to ensure the best candidate is hired for the company who can be successful. Mr. Salatino has a successful 35 year business. The reason is based on paying his employees bonuses and commissions in relation to their sales. The one thing Mr. Salatino’s employees need to understand is the importance of how people form perceptions and make attributions. So, what is perception? Perception is “the process, by which the individual selects, organizes, interprets, and responds to information” (Organization Behavior, p. 104). However, one perceives something to be is true to them even though their perception could be completely wrong. Our perceptions remain the same unless something in our internal or external environment illustrates we could be wrong. People perceive things differently due to the perceptual process of noticing objects in their...
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...Perception is our sensory experience of the world around us and involves both the recognition of environmental stimuli and action in response to these stimuli. Through the perceptual process, we gain information about properties and elements of the environment that are critical to our survival. A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception These factors can reside: i) In the perceiver ii) In the Object or target being perceived or iii) In the context of the situation in which the perception is made. 1. Characteristics of the Perceiver: Several characteristics of the perceiver can affect perception. When an individual looks at a target and attempts to interpret what he or she stands for, that interpretation is heavily influenced by personal characteristics of the individual perceiver. The major characteristics of the perceiver influencing perception are: a) Attitudes: The perciver's attitudes affect perception. For example, Mr. X is interviewing candidates for a very important position in his organization - a position that requires negotiating contracts with suppliers, most of whom are male. Mr. X may feel that women are not capable of holding their own in tough negotiations. This attitude with doubtless affect his perceptions of the female candidates he interviews. b) Moods: Moods can have a strong influence on the way we perceive someone. We think differently when we are happy than we do when we are depressed. In addition, we remember information...
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...three people is because each of them has always provided me with very honest answers and have never let me down. Upon giving the survey, I found that I need to change my perception of how I am seen dependent on other people. Survey Summary When handing out the survey, I knew that some perceptions would be different from mine or the same. My dad, best friend, and cousin either perceived me to be the same or one was different than the rest. For example, my father and cousin perceive me to be a procrastinator as do I, but my best friend perceives me to be diligent. Another example would be my dad perceiving me as a dependent person and my cousin and best friend perceive me as independent. Then there were a lot that were the same as me being organized, interesting, accepting, outgoing, etc. Each of these perceptions is the ones I see in myself all the time so seeing the same answers makes know the way I perceive myself is true. Analysis Perceptions All my life I have perceived myself to be helpful and very friendly to everyone. After receiving the survey from each of them, I found out that they all perceive me to be the same. I had never perceived myself to be a popular person, and neither did my dad. However, my best friend and cousin perceive me to be popular with many people. Another way I perceive myself to be is happy and reliable, and they all do too. I have always been a happy and reliable person my whole life, and I think that will never change. Perception formation ...
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...Perception be substantially different from objective reality. It need not be, but there is often A process by which disagreement. For example, it's possible that all employees in firm may view it individuals organize and as a great place to work—favorable working conditions, interesting job assign- interpret their sensory mints, good pay, an understanding and responsible management—but, as most impressions in order to give of us know, it's very unusual to find such agreement. meaning to their. Why is perception important in the study of OB? Simply because people's environment. behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself. The world as it is perceived is the world that is beiiavioraily important. FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION How do we explain that individuals may look at the same thing, yet perceive it differently? A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can reside in the perceiver, in the object or target being perceived, or in the context of the situation in which the perception is made. THE PERCEIVER When an individual looks at a target and attempts to interpret what he or she sees, that interpretation is heavily influenced by personal characteristics of the individual perceiver. Have you ever bought a new car and then suddenly noticed a large number of cars like yours on the road? It's unlikely that the number of such cars suddenly expanded. Rather, your own purchase has influenced...
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...ambiguous and takes away from the reality and just puts it into facts, stating itself, the truth. Understanding how truth plays a large role in war and compares to it, brings a larger perception of war to my mind and how truths can sway from one side to the other. Recognizing that truths can be viewed from different aspects makes me more apt to understanding the meaning of war. So how is truth defined? Of course, there’s always the simplified dictionary meaning, and then there is the more in depth one that I have deduced from readings of texts like All Quiet on the Western Front and a chapter excerpt from The Things They Carried gives much more insight into the reality of war and the effects of being told the truth, and telling it. One idea I have taken from both those documents is that truth can be defined as a statement about the way the world actually is, but the way it actually is can only be defined by more truths that...
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...Sensory Perceptions Critical Thinking-PHI 210 April 19, 2013 The interpretation of sensory data gives us a perceptual view of our world. I say our world because as humans we all gather information by using sensory perceptions. Sensory perceptions are the conscious recognition and interpretation of sensory stimuli that serve as a basis for understanding, learning, knowing or for motivating a particular action or reaction. Humans have five senses: touch, feel, taste, see, and hearing. These senses are used to perceive sensory information. Three reasons for believing in the accuracy or inaccuracy of sensory information is perception, interpretation, and knowledge. Perception is our sensory experience of the world around us and involves both the recognition of environmental stimuli and actions in response to these stimuli (Bagley, 2004). Through the perceptual process, we use or senses to acquire information about the surrounding environment or situation. Humans use our attitudes and / or understanding of our observations to react within our environment. Interpretation is a communication process, designed to reveal meanings, Interpretation is how we perceive certain situations through our own thoughts and beliefs. It’s a conception of another’s behavior, People have different interpretation of life and how they view certain things. What may be true to you may not be true to me. Knowledge is a familiarity with someone or something, which can include facts, information, descriptions...
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...dynamic relationships among consumer behavior, corporate strategy, and public policy are explored here through feedback with a system perspective and dynamics of cause-effect. Corporate ethics fell into five stages, since the 1960's the social expectations of the public with regard to corporations has increased substantially. Carroll (1979) stated that corporate achievement is essential for revaluating a business and those certain social criteria are also important. Consumers want to know about a corporation. If consumers have a good impression of a corporation and they have access to positive information and understand what a firm thinks, says and tends to do in relation to others make it also likely to strengthen the perception of corporate social responsibility. Corporate profits are positively and directly affected by consumer purchase behaviors, while corporate image positively affects the purchase behaviors of consumers. The purchase decisions of consumers are influenced by two factors: the halo effect according to Blackwell, Miniard and Engel (1995), because it influences the purchase decision making where the consumer believes that one attribute of an object is positive, and then the rest of the attributes are...
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...Perception affects communication because people perceive things that are being said how they want to perceive it. One person can take things being said in a different way than how someone else takes it. If things are taken the wrong way, communication can get angry or hurtful. According to Robbins, perception can be defined as ‘a process by which individuals organise and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment’ (2004, p. 132). Perception is not necessarily based on reality, but is merely a perspective from a particular individual’s view of a situation. In dealing with the concept of organisational behaviour, perception becomes important because ‘people’s behaviour is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself; the world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviourally important’ (Robbins et al 2004, p.132). Perception affects our working relationships in many ways relating to the factors of organisational behaviour, such as: individual, group or structure. For example, based on the situation, perceiver and target we may have the perception that the people we are working with are no good at their job, and therefore we may tend to avoid working with them, in fear of being held responsible for their mistakes, and in doing so, affecting our working relationship with our team members, and ultimately, the effectiveness and efficiency of the organisation. Alternatively, it may affect the group within the organisation...
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...If in any situation, how would the argument be constructed and supported, how to explain the way perception will affect decision-making, and lastly explain the importance of having clear communication in business. Argumentation Argumentation deals with learning persuasive techniques of how to convince someone to think or act in a particular way. No matter what the issue maybe, there is always going to be someone that has opposing views. When forming any type of argumentation, the writer should offer supporting evidence about the issue. Anytime the writer convinces the argument, based on evidence the more likely the reader will begin to agree. The purpose of argumentation is to convince people to behave in a certain way. Clouse (2007) says “because many people are trying to convince you to adopt certain views or take certain actions, understanding how argumentation works will make you more aware of how people are trying to move you and, thus better able to evaluate their arguments” (The Student Writer). Perception Robbins and Judge (2007) say “perception is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment” (Organizational Behavior). On the other hand, the way one perceives can be much different from the way that other person actually is. In perception, we notice how an individual looks at the same thing, but perceive it differently. Another factor of perceptions is making judgment about...
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...many different things to different people. I believe Deepak Chopra said it best, “Enlightened leadership is spiritual if we understand spirituality not as some kind of religious dogma or ideology but as the domain of awareness where we experience values like truth, goodness, beauty, love and compassion, and also intuition, creativity, insight and focused attention.” Throughout the semester my definition of leadership has changed drastically. I know that listening to others viewpoint and having to reflect on my own beliefs has brought me to a new outlook on leadership. I understand and see leadership through a different lens now. Although leadership is a topic with many definitions, it remains a universal term that undergoes many changes due to its constantly evolving nature. Leadership is not just for CEO’s but is shown in how one parents a child or how a teacher leads a classroom or how a pastor preaches. Leadership is a universal term that now means that everything I do, I have the choice of being a leader at some level. Throughout this semester the assignments have been enlightening and continues to bring a deeper understanding about leadership. I see movies differently and read books with a changed perspective since taking Leadership classes. This semester the three assignments that were the most influential include the “time track assignment,” “vision paper,” and “ethical orientation quiz” assignments. The “time track” assignment really showed me just how much time I waste...
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...Assignment: Perception and Decision Making MGT/245 People’s perceptions help define their viewpoints. Perception comes to people through their senses. Perception means “the act or faculty of apprehending by means of the senses or of the mind; cognition; understanding.” (Dictionary.com). From a different perspective, perception means organizing, understanding, receiving, and selecting information that can sometimes result in a disagreement. People that view things from their own perspective has the highest potential of things leading to a disagreement, because different viewpoints has a lot of different perspectives on how stuff should be accomplished. It is pretty much inevitable, within an organization, that the employees will not always be content and agree with their views of behavior, job tasks, working conditions, benefits, and pay rates. The aspects of perception has to do with how certain tasks and information is selected, understood, and organized. These are all the decision making faculties and they drastically differ from one to another. With the current research beginning, it has begun to support the theory called “active perception”. Within this theory, a dynamic relationship exists between the perceptions of the senses, the surrounding environment, and the brain. Academics have really supported the theory called “passive perception”. The “passive perception” theory has a view of perception where a stimulus is in the environment that is processed by the...
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...Perception What is perception? Webster’s defines it as a quick, acute, and intuitive cognition (Merriam - Webster). Although Webster is right, perception can go much deeper than just being quick thought or judgment. Perception can be thought of as an active process of creating meaning in which the person is selecting, organizing, and interpreting the things around them (Wood 68). Meaning, people are constantly evaluating other people as well as their surroundings. For instance, a person may think that somebody is broke or a disgusting individual to talk to just because they wear dirty clothes. These types of perceptions are made from prototypes and stereotypes. Perception is not just limited to new people are situations, even old friends and family members as well as your self can perceive you in a different way just by a change in appearance. There are many things a person can change about themselves but see that can elicit a strong response from others as well as themselves. Those that know me know that I do not shave. Other than an occasional trimming my facial hair pretty much stays intact. Knowing this, I took it all off. Deciding to shave completely smooth was, for me, a difficult task. For days I was continually talking myself out of it. It took years beyond puberty to grow and at first it felt like just a rite of passage. But the more I tried to remove that the more I realized I may not the appearance of what is underneath. This was an uphill struggle...
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