...Project Summary - Introduction Aiming to examine perceptions of salient personality characteristics, a salient personality descriptor survey was conducted in searching for new personality insights by comparing the already established personality trait theory, Eysenck’s Theory and the Big Five Theory. - Method An online survey (See appendix – A) was created for the length of ten days time with the website “Survey Monkey”, and obtained 64 responses. In hoping to obtain a more focused response pattern and simplicity, university students were the chosen group to attempt this survey. Before entering the survey, interviewees were asked to indicate their sex and age. Male composed 41 of the responses and 23 of them were by female, with the age distribution of the 64 from 19 years old to 24 years old. They were asked to name 10 pairs of salient personality descriptors in the order of importance, with two examples provided. - The Results As for the results, there were no dominant descriptors occupying any of the top 3 spots of the pairs, but despite the large number of descriptors obtained, a total of 640 pairs, there were also a noticeable overlap of data. There were around over 8 pairs of descriptors receiving over 30 counts (See Appendix – B), while the pair Nice v. Rude reached 54 counts, 84% of the participants believe that Nice and Rude is at least top ten of the most important descriptors in personality. Calm v. Moody, Harding Working v. Lazy and Happy v. Unhappy were pairs...
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...Individual Differences Individual differences Approach FACT: No two individuals are born the same. This Approach aims to assess the differences that exist between people. WHY? Individual differences Approach Understand People - Classify People - Individual differences Approach Personality Intelligence Values and Beliefs Individual differences Approach Personality Definition Defined as an individual differences in feeling, mood, attitude, thinking, and behaving FACT: Personality forms generalized pattern Explaining Personality Trait Perspective of Personality Biological Perspective of Personality Cognitive Perspective of Personality Trait Perspective of Personality Personality is a set of traits Thinking, Behaviour or Feeling enduring over time (don’t change Quickly) Funny adventurous Talkative Introvert Extrovert Trait Perspective of Personality Enduring over time Disposition (Acting in a particular way in certain situation) Trait 1 Trait 2 Trait 3 Trait 4 Trait 5 Personality Generalized pattern Trait Perspective of Personality FACT: All people have same traits but with different degree -FACT: There Are 3 Types of Trait Cardinal Trait Secondary Trait Central Trait Trait Perspective of Personality Trait Types Cardinal Trait Dominant Trait Secondary Trait Trait Exhibited in a certain Situation Central Trait Characterize an individual’s daily interaction Trait...
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...ESSAY “Biological theories of major personality traits have been highly speculative with at least as much disconfirming evidence as confirming” The first who attempt to describe personality traits was the ancient Greek philosopher- Aristotle, he identified three personality traits such as, modesty, bravery and vanity. He was followed by Hippocrates who provided the idea that physical illness it is caused by the balance of bodily fluids; such as blood, black bile, phlegm and yellow bile. He argued that if a person had an excess of black bile than that person would have a melancholic temperament; underlined by the feeling of depressed mood. Those with phlegmatic temperament were described by being very calm and those with sanguine temperament were confident ant optimistic. Another great philosopher who wrote about personality traits was the German Immanuel Kant, who argued the fact that there are four types of personality and those personality traits were underlined by how active the person was and his individual's feelings. These philosophers were focusing about types of personality and not the personality traits. Trait theorists are aiming to find the basic structure of personality and to produce reliable ways of measuring personality differences. Gordon Alport identified 18000 words of which 4500 described personality traits. Alport conceptualised human nature as normally being rational creative, active and self-reliant...
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...explain personality. Dispositional theories explain the relationship between personality and attributes. The most well known dispositional theories are factor, tract and Allport’s Psychology of individual theory (Paul, 2009). This chapter will discuss the differences between dispositional and evolutionary or biological personality theories, the strengths or both and how the Big Five personality test is used in the study of personality. The differences between dispositional and biological theories The assumptions of dispositional theories vary from those of other theorists because they provide the basis of study for personality. On the other hand, biological or evolutionary theories believe that personality development is mainly governed by biological maturation in an individual. Environmental factors which may also influence an individual personality are viewed as part of evolutionary theories (Peterson, 2013). Biological oriented personality theories argue that specific environmental factors are not necessary for a species development but the factors are viewed as a provider of opportunities for biological development. Environmental factors in biological theories are required for an individual personality functional and adaptive development. Dispositional theories bring together several thoughts about human personality. The basis of these theories is that human nature is a combination of both genetics and heritage and they have permanent effects on how an individual present...
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...Price 8/7/2014 Jeremy Whaley Team Leadership One of manager’s main characteristics of successfully managing people is achieving the ability to join individuals with various personalities together and forming him and her in to a team of hardworking individuals. As a part of the company’s new strategic plan management is adding a new department to enter a particular market segment. To successful manage the new market division and efficiently accomplish organizational goals, a successful leader must develop a leadership approach for each team member based on the theories of leadership and each member’s individual personalities. As a new manager, this paper will consist of a strategic plan that will lead the team in meeting organizational goals and expectations successfully as a team as well as evaluating each team member, including management. The paper will also assess the position in regard to urgency and culture, and determine the leadership approaches, based on the team, and the situation as well as highlight the principle applied from various leadership theories. Evaluating Personality Traits The first step in the plan is to analyzing each team member’s, including myself, on the 16-Type Personality test. The 16 personality types described with Myers-Brigg Type Indicator (MBTI). Extroversion verses Introversion, Sensing verses Intuition, Thinking verses Feeling, and Perceiving verses Judging (Cherry, 2013). The test will...
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...© 2012 American Psychiatric Association. All Rights Reserved. See Terms & Conditions of Use for more information. DSM-IV and DSM-5 Criteria for the Personality Disorders General Criteria for a Personality Disorder DSM-IV General Criteria for a Personality Disorder DSM-5 Criteria - Revised June 2011 The essential features of a personality disorder are impairments in personality (self and interpersonal) functioning and the presence of pathological personality traits. To diagnose a personality disorder, the following criteria must be met: A. An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior the deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture. This pattern is manifested in two (or more) of the following areas: 1. Cognition (i.e., ways of perceiving and interpreting self, other people and events) 2. Affectivity (i.e., the range, intensity, liability, and appropriateness of emotional response) 3. Interpersonal functioning 4. Impulse control B. The enduring pattern is inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations. C. The enduring pattern leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. D. The pattern is stable and of long duration, and its onset can be traced back at least to adolescence or early adulthood. E. The enduring pattern is not better accounted for as a manifestation or consequence of another mental disorder. F. The enduring pattern is not...
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...Running Head: PERSONALITY TRAITS Personality Traits Big 5 Traits Following are big 5 traits of personality: Extraversion: Extraversion score is low then the personality of individual is reserved, aloof and retiring. If this score is high, the individuals are fun loving, sociable and talkative. So, if people are high in this score, it might help to win the confidence of customers for business deals that is good for their performance scores during performance appraisals. Neuroticism: If the score is low of this trait, the individuals are self satisfied, secure and calm. If this score is high, the individuals are insecure, nervous and worrying. For example, people with low score might help the individuals to attain the career goals effectively. Agreeableness: If the score of this trait is low, the individuals are uncooperative, ruthless and suspicious. If the score is high, the individuals are helpful, trusting and soft hearted. People with high score of agreeableness might attain cooperation of their subordinates in achieving performance goals due to their goodwill in the organization (Ewen, 1998). Conscientiousness: Individuals with low score of this trait are unreliable, careless and lazy. In contrast, individuals with high score are reliable, hard working and organized. So, high score individuals might help them to improve their performance through their hard work. For example, an individual with high score can complete...
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...Introduction to Human Personality What is a person’s personality like? Is it because of their personality that they behave the way they do and react to situations the way they do? Researchers have seek to answer whether or not people have a choice in building up their own personalities as well as why people have such varying traits in their personalities. Until recently, psychologists, theorists, philosophers very little progress in answering some of the most basic questions in human personality. The renowned psychologist, Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) began by listening to the thought process of his patients so that he could determine the cause of the patient’s symptoms. Through this simple method, it eventually led to a more scientific method that allowed him to formulate hypothesis and verify them against clinical experience, in which led him to evolve the first modern theory of human personality. Some theorists have tried to develop comprehensive theories about personality, while some simply focused on the variety of aspects that of human personality. Although there are various views of human personality, there is a belief that human personality is regarded as a pattern of “relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior” (page 1) Personality Personality traits are unique to each individual and are a main contributing factor in an individual’s behavior, the stability and consistency...
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...Personality Essay BUS 322 Professor Hassan Yemer April 19, 2013 Big 5 Traits Personality is defined as a dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, motivations, and behaviors in various situations. (http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Personality_psychology.html) Many contemporary personality psychologists believe that there are five basic dimensions of personality, often referred to as the "Big 5" personality traits. These Big 5 traits of personality are: extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness. Each trait can contribute positively or negatively on an individual’s work performance. I will describe each personality trait and how it can contribute positively on an individual’s work performance. Extraversion is characterized by sociability, assertiveness, emotional expressiveness and excitability. People who are high in this trait are often described as being outgoing and talkative, while those low in this trait are described as quiet and reserved. (http://psychology.about.com/b/2011/06/17/extraversion-psychology-definition-of-the-week.htm) So, if people are high in this trait, it might help to win the confidence of customers for business deals. Obviously this has a positive effect on both the company and the individual and will most likely...
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...Introduction Personality is defined as the consistent pattern of emotions, thoughts and behaviours that define a particular individual as well as the psychological mechanisms that bring about such aforementioned tendencies (McShane, Olekalns, & Travaglione, 2013). It also refers to individual reactions and interactions with others hence, it is an inner psychological feature as Hiriyappa (2012) describes. This predisposition explains behaviours and attitudes of employees hence a core determinant in organization behaviour as Kumar, Bakhshia and Rani (2009) explain. Personality results from an amalgamation of nature and nurture factors. In the latter, innate qualities such as brain and hereditary factors, determine personality forms. In the former, brain stimulation aspects that define personality occur through genetic transmission (Parikh & Gupta, 2010). In the latter, genetic and molecular structures found in chromosomes, determine individual personality. Nurturing factors that determine personality are sourced from personal experience, behaviour and empiricism. Physical factors regarding a person’s appearance define one’s personality when interacting with others (Jennifer & Gareth, 2008). The culture of societies determines its members’ personalities particularly on aspects of interaction, cooperation and coordination in relationships. Religious and cultural factors also shape up personalities. This is because norms, regulations and convictions determine individual ideologies...
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...Personality Paper Joy L. Hamby PSY/405 August 14, 2013 Laraine Frajio Personality Paper Thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are characteristic patterns that make a person unique. A person’s personality is what sets them apart from the rest of the world. The uniqueness that each person possesses is called personality. Although individuals may possess similar qualities no two people can share the same personality (McLeod, 2007). The term personality was originated by the Latin word persona. A persona was in reference to a theatrical mask worn by stage performers to disguise their identities. The study of individual differences among human beings is called personality psychology. Psychologists strive for the construction of logical interpretations of individuals and their major psychological processes. The theoretical approaches when studying personality include biological theories, behavioral theories, trait theories, psychodynamic theories, and humanistic theories. The term personality is not easy to define because it a composition of so many influential aspects. One’s personal morals, values and beliefs are a combination of factors that shape and mold one’s personality. There are multiple factors that influence personality a few of these includes genetics, family, friends, close intimate relationship and social interactions....
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...Personality John Bryant PSY/405 July 20, 2012 Dr. Carmel Munroe Personality Human beings are born inherently with his or her individual personality. In the following essay the author of this essay will examine personality in detail. First I intend to define personality where I will give some characteristics of personality and inform the reader what personality is. Secondly the author of this essay will examine the theoretical approaches in the study of personality and give some examples of schools of thought based on personality. Last the author of this essay will analyze influential factors that influence human personality development and compare nature versus nurture and what affect if any that has on personality. The aforementioned topics will be researched to create an understanding of human personality. An individual’s personality is made up by multiple factors that inclusively become one’s personality. Some of the characteristics of an individual’s personality are the individual’s patterns of thoughts, feelings, and certain behaviors that the individual exhibits. To understand personality one has to factor in key traits within a person and understand that personality is organized and consistent. Humans express their individual personality in different situations and tend to have stable responses to the situation. An individual’s personality tends to stay constant throughout his or her entire life with few to no changes occurring throughout. Personality is solely...
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...Dispositional Personality Theories People are different, not just physically, but psychologically, also. As researchers use dispositional personality theories, they often include the trait and factor theory, as well as the psychology of the individual theory. In order to study the theories, it is necessary to recognize the differences and the similarities. Gordon Allport’s individual traits are separated into three categories – central, secondary, and cardinal. These categories render analysis as necessary for understanding. These traits, as well as others described by Hans Eysenck and Robert Cattell, reveal a certain consistency of comprehension of the dimensions of feelings, thoughts, and related behaviors. We are convicted by these theories in that the ever-expanding basis of traits generates a broader understanding. Allport said in his work, Becoming: Basic Considerations for a Psychology of Personality, “The scientist, by the very nature of his commitment, creates more and more questions, never fewer. Indeed the measure of our intellectual maturity, one philosopher suggests, is our capacity to feel less and less satisfied with our answers to better problems” (Allport, 1955, p. 67). With this statement, we recognize the foundations of long-established, stable behaviors that are identified through careful and thorough accumulation of data and the subsequent analyses. Because of the efforts of these researchers, there is an ability now to see the strengths and unique patterns...
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...Cultural Influences on Personality and Bicultural Identity by Veronica Benet-Martínez Name Institution Date Abstract There has been increasing numbers of bicultural individuals in many nations, among them the United States showing that bicultural identity is extremely an important aspect for research. This paper recognizes and summarizes the literature on bicultural identity of different individuals. Second, the paper analyses how the Cultural influences on personality and bicultural identity theory addresses real-world problems and the solutions it suggests for such problems. The essential characteristics of the theory as well as the continued relevance are also evaluated for the purpose of analyzing the validity of the theory as well as its accuracy. Bicultural identity integration is determined by such factors like personality, social environment, political, economic and historical context. The current status of an individual’s cultural group may influence the range of that individual’s bicultural identity integration. Keywords: Bicultural identity, biculturalism, culture, personality, psychology. Cultural Influences on Personality and Bicultural Identity by Veronica Benet-Martínez Personality psychology is generally a branch of psychology which is involved with the student of personality and how it varies among different individuals. Personality is a set of characteristics that a person possesses and that have the ability to uniquely influence the person’senvironment...
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...understandings. Radical constructivism views the person as a closed system, one in which a person’s internal psychological structure determines experiential reality. One’s structure is only sensitive to specific kinds of stimulation from the external world. People do not experience the world as it is, but rather experience it only in the ways their internal structure allows. On the other hand, social constructionism deemphasizes individual knowledge construction and instead stresses that human understandings spring from ongoing relationships. Through discussion and interaction with each other, people negotiate and reach consensus about what is real and true. Discourses, defined as ways of talking about reality, shape human experience. As people use discourses in novel ways over time, shared constructions of reality evolve. Whether individually or socially focused, constructivist theories stress human involvement in knowledge construction, maintaining that people can only know the world indirectly via their constructions. SEE ALSO Constructivism; Personality; Psychoanalytic Theory;...
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