...The Effects of Forgiveness Therapy on Depression, Anxiety, and Posttraumatic Stress for Women After Spousal Emotional Abuse, written by Gayle Reed and Robert Enright (2006) reviews the extreme side effects that women in various abusive relationships experience. These adverse effects in many cases could furthermore, contribute to chronic psychological dysfunction. At the time the article was written, there was no dictated empirical evidence on therapeutic procedures needed to assist women that suffered from spousal emotional abuse: “Despite the frequent calls for efficacious therapies for these women, no empirically validated treatments have been clearly established” (Reed & Enright, 2006, para. 1). The concept of lacked empirical therapeutic measures for women suffering from emotional spousal abuse triggered further studies to implement solid treatment methods for these victims of emotional abuse. Emotional abuse can have just as much or even more adverse effects on women as actual physical abuse. There were two therapeutic treatments discussed in the article: forgiveness therapy (FT) and alternative treatment (AT). It was predicted that the usage of FT would actually benefit women whom suffered emotional spousal abuse in numerous ways opposed to those whom underwent alternative therapy. “individuals who participated in FT would demonstrate less depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptoms and more self-esteem, environmental mastery, and finding meaning in suffering...
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...AND PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY Behavior Modification and Person-Centered Therapy Grand Canyon University PSY 255 May 15, 2012 Behavior Modification and Person-Centered Therapy Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is a treatment that helps patients to understand the feelings and thought that influence his or her behavior. Cognitive behavior treatment can help outpatient client deal with his or her problems. Many approaches can be used for outpatient therapy, two such treatments are Behavior Modification and Person-Centered Therapy. Cognitive treatments are used to treat disorders like depression, addiction, and anxiety, with the right treatment patient can become capable at fulfilling his or her potential for growth. Carl Rogers, a humanistic American psychologist, developed the client-centered therapy. His ideas have been used all over the world. Rogers’s person-centered approach has been used in education, parenting, organizational development, recovery, and administration (Natiello, n.d.). Roger believed that humans “naturally strive to reach an optimal sense of satisfaction with our lives” (Burger, 2008, p. 292.). Roger believe that therapist’s job is to provide an atmosphere where the clients can change themselves, therapist are not there to change the client. He believes that each person can develop in a positive self-actualizing fashion unless in some way his or her progress is impeded (Burger, 2008). Person-centered therapy or client-centered therapy is an approach to...
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...Yulisa Sohan Psychology 1100-06 December 04, 2013 Professor Julie Pellman What is Psychology? Psychology is the study of the behavior of living organisms. The people that study the behaviors are called psychologists. There have been many studies done by these people to try and figure out why people or animal do the things they do. Psychology's four main goals are to describe what occurred, explain why it occurred, predict what event is likely to occur next, and to change to prevent unwanted outcomes. Psychologists study the process of thinking, learning, cognition, emotions, motivations, and personalities. An example of one study that has been done would be why a dog salivates to the sound of a bell and show. This behavior is due to a conditioned stimulus becoming a conditioned response. Another experiment done was with a baby and a white mouse to see if the baby would be scared if something happened while grabbing for the mouse. The main type of psychology is called clinical psychology. Clinical psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the assessment and treatment of mental illness, abnormal behavior and psychiatric problems. This field integrates the science of psychology with the treatment of complex human problems, making it an exciting career choice for people who are looking for a challenging and rewarding field. (Sherry, n.d., p. xx-xx) Clinical psychology includes both scientific research, focusing on the search for general principles, and clinical...
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...abnormality is “deviation from social norms” and under this definition a person’s thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal if it violates the unwritten rules about what is expected or acceptable behaviour in a particular social group. Behaviour may be incomprehensible to others or make others feel threatened or uncomfortable. For example, someone would be classified as being abnormal if they laughed at a funeral, as this is socially unacceptable. A weakness of this definition is that it lacks cultural relativity as social behaviour varies when different cultures are compared. For e.g. it’s common in south Europe to stand much closer to strangers than in the UK. As well as this voice pitch and volume, touching, directions of gaze and acceptable subjects for discussion have all been found to vary between cultures. This means what is considered deviant or abnormal varies considerably across cultures, thus weakening this definition. Another limitation of deviation from social norms is that it lacks time validity. This is because social norms change over time; behaviour that was once seen as abnormal may be acceptable and vice versa. For example, drink driving was once considered acceptable but is now seen as socially unacceptable whereas homosexuality has changed the other way. Until 1980 homosexuality was considered a psychological disorder but is considered acceptable today. This is a weakness because it means abnormality cannot be judged across eras. Another definition is...
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...abnormality is “deviation from social norms” and under this definition a person’s thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal if it violates the unwritten rules about what is expected or acceptable behaviour in a particular social group. Behaviour may be incomprehensible to others or make others feel threatened or uncomfortable. For example, someone would be classified as being abnormal if they laughed at a funeral, as this is socially unacceptable. A weakness of this definition is that it lacks cultural relativity as social behaviour varies when different cultures are compared. For e.g. it’s common in south Europe to stand much closer to strangers than in the UK. As well as this voice pitch and volume, touching, directions of gaze and acceptable subjects for discussion have all been found to vary between cultures. This means what is considered deviant or abnormal varies considerably across cultures, thus weakening this definition. Another limitation of deviation from social norms is that it lacks time validity. This is because social norms change over time; behaviour that was once seen as abnormal may be acceptable and vice versa. For example, drink driving was once considered acceptable but is now seen as socially unacceptable whereas homosexuality has changed the other way. Until 1980 homosexuality was considered a psychological disorder but is considered acceptable today. This is a weakness because it means abnormality cannot be judged across eras. Another definition is...
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...In addition, some children with disabilities who do not require special education (for example, a child with ADHD who is bright and is meeting academic expectations in school) may be eligible for services under other entitlements, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, or Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Up until fairly recently, the child needed to demonstrate a significant degree of delay or adverse effect from his or her disability in order to qualify for services at school. Now, schools recognize that it is sometimes beneficial to offer a student extra help in the form of preventative therapy or support within the mainstream classroom even before identifying the student as needing special education. However, parents are cautioned that services provided within the school setting tend to be limited in their scope. Only those therapy services needed to support the student’s educational needs are provided for under the legislation. Schools are not required to provide therapy services that might support the child’s participation at home or in the community (Understanding Motor Skills in Children with Dyspraxia, ADHD, Autism, and Other Learning Disabilities: A Guide to Improving Coordination, Pg....
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...effect on human functioning, and techniques to minimize stress. What is the biggest source of stress you have in your life? What is the most effective technique you have used to handle it? Sensation and Perception (graded) Sensation and perception are two different processes. Does sensory stimulus shape our perceptions? Do our perceptions misinterpret our sensations? How does that happen? Week 3 discussion Learning (graded) After you have read about the theories of learning, reflect on how you learned as a child? What methods did your parents use to teach you how to act? Was it through classical conditioning? What about operant conditioning and social learning theory? Which theory had the biggest impact? Why? Give an example and state how it has impacted the person you are today. Memory (graded) We...
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...Psychodynamic Counseling Lec 2: * Psychodynamic therapy (insight-oriented therapy) focuses unconscious processes in behavior * Goal is client’s self awareness and understanding influence of the past on the present * 4 schools of psychoanalytic theory * Freudian (Sigmund Freud) * Sexual and aggressive energies in the ID (unconscious) are controlled by Ego (bridge between ID and Reality) * Ego Psychology * Enhancing ego functions according to demands of reality * Object relations (Winnicott) * Human beings are shaped in relation to significant others * Struggle is to maintain relations with others while differentiating ourselves from them * Self Psychology (Heinz Kohut) * Self refers to perception of experiences * Brief therapy focuses on issue and therapist is active in keeping the discussion controlled Lec 3: Object Relations Theory: * Object: a person * Relations: interpersonal relationships (including past) * Object Relations: inner images of self and other * Holding Environment “Psychic space between mother and infant (between psychological and physical)” * Theory : “failure of mother to provide a holding environment results in false disorder” * Transitional Object “object chosen by the infant or a living object” * Object cannot be imposed by another person * Functions of transitional objects: * Prevention of catastrophic anxiety due to separation ...
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...Theory and the Nursing Process Kenneth L. Harris University of Phoenix Community and Family Nursing NSG 420 June 22, 2015 Kimberly Lewis RN, MSN-Ed Theory and the Nursing Process The theoretical basis for public and community nurses began in the nineteenth century with Florence Nightingale. Nightingale believed in the prevention and surveillance of diseases. She further believed that a disease was more prevalent in poor environments. She proved that good health was more prevalent with a good environment for instance providing adequate ventilation, clean water, warmth, light, and cleanliness during the Crimean War (Allender, Rector, & Warner, 2014). The public and community health nurse can affect change in behavior by providing education of the basic principles of the Nightingale theory. The theory brings to light the relationship between good health and a good environment ("Community Health Nursing," 2013). The educating migrant farm workers about the need for adequate ventilation in farm labor camps to help prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis. The community and public health nurse must develop a teaching strategy for the population in need of education. The educational theorist Malcolm Knowles proposed andragogy or the art of teaching adults. One of Knowles beliefs was that adults accumulate a reservoir of experiences to draw from and another is the adult must know why they need to learn something new (Roebuck, Morgan, MacDonald, Shumer, & McCune, 2015)...
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...Leadership and Mental Health Tracey Allen University of the Rockies A healthy organization is based on effective culture and cultural resources which play a role of glue and help managers and employees to communicate and create positive climate and morale. Coming to know the unique culture of organizations evokes the personal meaning, experience, and perception of organizational life in the minds of employees. Some of the main traits of healthy organizational culture are openness, environment of accountability and personal responsibility, risk-taking, fierce commitment, effective communication, positive interpersonal relations, integrity and consistency, collaboration, integration, and holistic thinking, etc. The role of a leader is to ensure healthy organizational culture, control mental health of employees and promote a healthy culture. Gaining access to organizational experiences and relations helps managers and supervisors better understand individual and collective motives that govern their behavior and enables managers to distinguish healthy and unhealthy behavior patterns inside the organization. Organizational culture can be defined as relations, vertically, between manager and subordinates and, horizontally, among organizational employees in s group. As the aims, goals, processes, and characteristics of each organization and its members vary, the principle of healthy culture implies that the best...
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...PSYC 101 Final Exam Question 1 Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/psyc-101-final-exam/ 1. Which of these is true of brain development? Dendrite branching accelerates during infancy Myelination takes place during infancy There is an increase in synaptic connections during childhood All of the above are true 2 points Question 2 1. A(n) _____ is any agent that causes a birth defect. androgen teratogen proestrogen estrogen 2 points Question 3 1. According to Piaget, assimilation occurs when individuals _____. adjust their schemas to new information incorporate new information into existing schemas are deprived of parental warmth and sensitivity are insecurely attached to their caregivers 2 points Question 4 1. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development? Conception, zygote, embryonic period, fetal period Conception, embryonic period, zygote, fetal period Conception, fetal period, embryonic period, zygote Conception, fetal period, zygote, embryonic period 2 points Question 5 1. Which theory of aging has focused on the role of chronic stress in reducing immune system functioning? Erikson's theory of socioemotional development Free-radical theory Cellular-clock theory Hormonal stress theory 2 points Question 6 1. Which researcher tracked individuals who had experienced bereavement, and looked at their patterns...
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...When patients with debilitative diseases are treated, they are usually seen in either an outpatient or a residential setting. If children are seen in on an outpatient basis, it is because they can function in their daily lives at home and at school. However, if they cannot function in this manner, they are required to get into a residential program that, depending on the severity of the condition of the child can either become an outpatient setting where the patient can once again live at home, or can become a permanent residential situation. Art as therapy is a strong tool that is used in these programs to help with the treatment process. Art therapists have devised some more playful opportunities that patients respond better to rather verbal therapy. If various methods of art therapy are used, patients can become more communicative and understanding of their situation, and therefore can better treat themselves. In outpatient treatment, adolescent patients can continue to live their daily lives at home and attend regular school while going into treatment in an outpatient clinic. These types of patients usually have some sort of...
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...Vancouver, BC, Canada VT 1Z4 Received 8 October 2002; accepted 4 March 2004. Available online 20 February 2004. Abstract Stress management (SM) is a widely used term with a seemingly obvious meaning. The research literature contains many studies evaluating its effectiveness, but it is not clear how many different forms of SM exist and how efficacious they are for which target problem. One hundred and fifty-three studies on SM were analyzed to determine consensus in definitions and therapy protocols. Results showed that a typical delivery format exists (mostly group form, 8–10 sessions in length and multitechnique), but the number of techniques used was very large, techniques were inconsistently labeled are often poorly described. It is concluded that in outcome research, the term "stress management" is operationally defined with such variability that comparisons of SM outcome studies are not meaningful at this time. Author Keywords: Stress management; Arousal reduction; Coping; Therapy outcome [pic] Article Outline • Introduction • Methods • Results • Typical components of SM interventions • Imagery, relaxation and meditation • Cognitive–behavioral approaches • Systemic approaches • Discussion • Acknowledgements • References [pic] Introduction This paper questions whether or not stress management (SM) researchers agree on what SM is, what the necessary treatment ingredients are and whether or not comparisons of different studies using SM...
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...Stress is simply a reaction to stimulus that disturbs our physical and mental equilibrium. In psychology stress is a feeling of strain and pressure. Small amounts of stress maybe desired, beneficial, and even healthy. Positive stress improves athletic performance. It also plays a factor in motivation, adaptation, and reaction to the environment. Excessive amounts of stress, however, may lead to bodily harm. Stress will increase the rest of strokes, heart attacks, ulcers, dwarfism, and mental illnesses such depression. People can counter the effects of stress by changing their lifestyle such as diet, excise, meditation, and social support. Stress is the combination of psychological, physiological, and behavioral reactions that people have in response to events that threaten or challenge them. Stress can be good or bad. Sometimes, stress is helpful, providing people with the extra energy or alertness they need. Stress could give a runner the edge he or she needs to persevere in a marathon, for example. This good kind of stress is called eustress. Unfortunately, stress is often not helpful and can even be harmful when not managed effectively. Stress could make a salesperson buckle under the pressure while trying to make a sales pitch at an important business meeting, for example. Moreover, stress can increase the risk of developing health problems, such as cardiovascular disease and anxiety disorders. This bad kind of stress is called distress, the kind of stress that people usually...
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...Stress management Abstract Stress management (SM) is a widely used term with a seemingly obvious meaning. The research literature contains many studies evaluating its effectiveness, but it is not clear how many different forms of SM exist and how efficacious they are for which target problem. One hundred and fifty-three studies on SM were analyzed to determine consensus in definitions and therapy protocols. Results showed that a typical delivery format exists (mostly group form, 8–10 sessions in length and multitechnique), but the number of techniques used was very large, techniques were inconsistently labeled are often poorly described. It is concluded that in outcome research, the term "stress management" is operationally defined with such variability that comparisons of SM outcome studies are not meaningful at this time. Author Keywords: Stress management; Arousal reduction; Coping; Therapy outcome [pic] [pic] Introduction This paper questions whether or not stress management (SM) researchers agree on what SM is, what the necessary treatment ingredients are and whether or not comparisons of different studies using SM are possible and meaningful. Previous experience with the conduct of controlled studies of SM for health outcomes [1 and 2] and the desire to continue this line of research motivated us to begin examining the efficacy of SM with the possible goal of conducting a meta-analytic review. A minimal, yet pivotal, requirement for considering meta-analysis...
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