...Alejandra Fraguada Ancient & Medieval Western Civilization Contributions of Greek Civilization to Western Civilization. Ancient Greeks made many influential contributions to western civilization such as in the areas of philosophy, art and architecture, math and science. These contributions, which are also the achievements of ancient Greece, include certain things in the areas of philosophy, art, architecture, math and science. The ancient Greeks were a remarkable civilization in that they have made all these contributions and achievements while simultaneously fighting two wars, the Peloponnesian wars and the Persian wars. Luckily for western civilization, Greece carried on through these hardships and managed to achieve one thing after another, ultimately contributing a vast amount to western civilization. In the area of philosophy, Greece had made many influential contributions to western civilization. Greek philosophers were great thinkers who were determined to seek truth to a certain subject or question no matter where it led them. Three of the most famous philosophers in Greek history include Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato. Socrates, who lived from around 470 to 399 B.C., believed that life was not worth living unless it was examined and the truth about life was sought out. He also believed that there had to be certain standards for justice and punishment. In order to solve problems in life, Socrates invented a method for solving these problems called Socratic...
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... October 27, 2013 Once it was impossible to understand the composition of the smallest basic cells, until the invention of microscopes. Even with the tools that exist it is not always possible to safely do in a field that deals with atoms, particles, radiation, and unstable compounds. The technology in the area of physical science makes it very important on how much is learned and studied in the fields of astronomy, chemistry, physics and even earth sciences. There have been many advances that allow for direct measurements in the field of physics, there are many obstacles and challenges to making direct observations in many circumstances. Physics is the study of energy, matter and the interaction between the two, which are impossible to observe with the naked eye. One common thing the field studies is energy creation to non-particles, all of the most recent discoveries in subatomic particles and the origins of the universe have all creative methods to study things that are extremely tiny. This would be the first major challenge to making direct measurements in physics. To avoid this problem, physicist usually studies these particles indirectly through things like associated radiation, energy, or the displacement of other atoms and/or compounds. Every measurement made on atoms or subatomic particles has caused indirect measurements (Kross). There are certain measurement tools whose invention has been very important through a large range of scientific fields. One example of...
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...Aristotle was perhaps the first in the Western tradition to look at mechanics in any sort of structured way. A philosopher, rather than physicist, Aristotle thought about the way objects interact with each other, particularly their motions. One of the ideas to come from Aristotle’s work is that objects “like” to remain at rest. This seems rather reasonable put a book on a table and it remains still, push it gently and it will move until you stop. This begs the question, though what happens when we throw ad object? Our hand stops pushing, but the object continues to move. Likewise when we roll a ball we release the ball and it continues to move. Aristotle’s answer was impetus. When an object is moved by another (your hand, for example, throwing a ball), it accrues impetus. When the mover stops acting upon the movee, the impetus it accrued whilst being acted upon is used to continue the motion. Under this model, we would expect objects to exhibit straight-line trajectories rather than the parabolic trajectories we see when we throw an object A second idea of Aristotle’s is that heavier objects fall faster than lighter objects. It does, at first glance, seem rather reasonable but it is, like the idea of impetus, quite easily shown incorrect. The Aristotleans didn’t bother to take observations or do experiments to support their beliefs and most of those that came after them were content to trust Aristotle. Thus for more than 100 years, our understanding of mechanics was fundamentally...
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...comprehend the composition of the most basic cells. The exact issues are the current issues in the field of physical science today, but it’s particularly true in the world of physics. While new technologies exist to measure phenomenon, it is not always safe to do so in the field that deals with radiation, unstable compounds, particles and atoms. As a result, the technology that we have in the field of physics, but across the board in the physical science field of astronomy, chemistry, physics and earth science. Challenges in Measurements Over the years there have been many adventures that allow for direct measurements within the field of physics, there are still many obstacles and challenges to making direct observations. Physics is the study of energy and matter and the interaction between-both of which are impossible to observe with the naked eye. The first major challenge in making direct measurement in physics is the size of the particles being studied. To solve this issue, physicists study these particles indirectly through things like associated radiation, their energy, or the displacement of other atoms. Almost all measurements that have been made on atoms or subatomic particles has been the result of indirect measurement. The second major obstacle to direct measurement in the field of physics is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. This principle states that it is important to measure both velocity and the location of a particle at exactly the same time, because...
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...students from abroad (new entrants: approximately 20%) • 13,000 employees (including hospital and medical school), including 420 professors • 115 programs of study from A as in Agricultural Science to Z as in Zoology are offered (73 bachelor / 22 master programs) Chair of Information Management Lecture on Big Data at Macquarie University 3 “The Göttingen Nobel Prize Wonder” Over 40 Nobel prize winners have lived, studied, and/or lived, studied or/and researched 41 Prize researched at the University of Göttingen, among them… at the University of Göttingen, among them… • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Max von Laue, Physics, 1914 Max von Laue, physics, 1914 Max Planck, physics, 1918 Max Planck, Physics, 1918 Werner Heisenberg, physics, 1932 Werner Heisenberg, Physics, 1932 Otto Hahn, chemistry 1944 Otto Hahn, Chemistry 1944 Max Born, physics, 1954 Max Born, Physics, 1954 Manfred Eigen, chemistry, 1967 Manfred Eigen, Chemistry, 1967 Erwin Neher, medicine, 1991 Erwin Neher, Medicine, 1991 Max Planck Werner Heisenberg • Stefan Hell, chemistry, 2014 (together with Eric Betzig and William E. Moerner) Manfred Eigen Erwin Neher Chair of Information Management Lutz M. Kolbe 4 Famous Graduates from Göttingen • Otto von Bismarck • Dieter Bohlen First German chancellor, state examination in law German pop...
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...Submitted by: Mina, Madelyn Ann C. IV- St. Cecilia Submitted to: Mr. Noel A. Hermano Submitted by: Mina, Madelyn Ann C. IV- St. Cecilia Submitted to: Mr. Noel A. Hermano Higgs Boson Higgs Boson What is Higgs Boson? What is Higgs Boson? Higgs Boson, the “God Particle” as coined by Leon Lederman back in 1993, is the particle that made up the Higgs Field. The Higgs Field is the energy field that permeated the entire universe, according to Dr. Peter Higgs. For example, our entire universe is covered with snowfield and we know that what makes up a snowfield is a snowflake. The same way it goes with the Higgs field; it is made up of Higgs Boson (Ellis, 2013). The Higgs Boson or the Higgs Particle is the very first elementary particle that does not spin at all; it has no electric charge, nor color charge. It was officially announced to the public last year (2012), 4th of the month of July at the European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland. Their discovery was confirmed as the Higgs boson on March 14 this year, bringing to an end to a 50-year search. The discovery of the Higgs Boson is very important because it is said to be the missing link in our understanding of the universe, known as the Standard Model. It has also led to Professor Higgs becoming the only person ever to have a fundamental particle named after him. (Wilson, 2013).It was regarded as the “God Particle” before but many physicists did not like the way it was called. Results to Results...
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...Universe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Universe (disambiguation). Part of a series on Physical cosmology • • • • Early universe[show] Expanding universe[show] Structure formation[show] Future of universe[show] Components[show] History[show] Experiments[show] Scientists[show] Social impact[show] Universe Big Bang Age of the universe Chronology of the universe • • Astronomy portal Category: Physical cosmology • • • V T E The Universe is commonly defined as the totality of existence,[1][2][3][4] including planets, stars, galaxies, the contents of intergalactic space, the smallest subatomic particles, and all matter and energy.[5][6] Similar terms include the cosmos, the world, reality, and nature. The observable universe is about 46 billion light years in radius.[7] Scientific observation of the Universe has led to inferences of its earlier stages. These observations suggest that the Universe has been governed by the same physical laws and constants throughout most of its extent and history. The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model that describes the early development of the Universe, which is calculated to have begun13.798 ± 0.037 billion years ago.[8][9] Observations of supernovae have shown that the Universe is expanding at an accelerating rate.[10] There are many competing theories about the ultimate fate of the universe. Physicists remain unsure about what, if anything, preceded the Big Bang. Many...
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...Professor Bodus Astronomy Matthew Ryan Scott December 6th, 2015 Black Holes: The Epic Mystery of Space Black Holes: The Epic Mystery of Space The one aspect of space that provides a sort of horror element to the universe, to me, has always been the Black Hole. There is a very deep mystery surrounding Black Holes, and that uncertainty is very scary. Last year, my wife and I sat down on a Friday night, with pizza, and began watching the amazing movie, Interstellar. The one aspect of that film that still resonates with me is the mystery of the nature of the inner workings of a Black Hole. On that note, today, I would like to dive deeper into the research of Astronomers to have a better understanding of these wonders of space. The reality of a Black Hole is that it is not actually empty space at all, but rather a large amount of matter squeezed into an extremely tiny space. If we look at the many theories surrounding the existence of Black Holes, then it is presumable that a Black Hole is the most powerful force in all of our known universe, and beyond. It is widely known around the world, that the majority of people are familiar with the term “Black Hole”, but the reality is that the majority of people know next to nothing about them. Black Holes are formed when a star basically runs out of the fuel to keep burning. A star will begin to collapse under the sheer force of its own gravity after it has ceased to continue burning off gases (Frost, www.quora.com). A good example...
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...comprise everything that exists and can exist: the entirety of space, time, matter, and energy as well as the physical laws and constants that describe them. The term was coined in 1895 by the American philosopher and psychologist William James.[1] The various universes within the multiverse are sometimes called parallel universes. The structure of the multiverse, the nature of each universe within it and the relationship between the various constituent universes, depend on the specific multiverse hypothesis considered. Multiverses have been hypothesized in cosmology, physics, astronomy, religion, philosophy, transpersonal psychology and fiction, particularly in science fiction and fantasy. In these contexts, parallel universes are also called "alternative universes", "quantum universes", "interpenetrating dimensions", "parallel dimensions", "parallel worlds", "alternative realities", "alternative timelines", and "dimensional planes," among others. Tegmark's classification Cosmologist Max Tegmark has provided a taxonomy of universes beyond the familiar observable universe. The levels according to Tegmark's classification are arranged such that subsequent levels can be understood to encompass and expand upon previous levels, and they are briefly described below. Level I: Beyond our cosmological horizon A generic prediction of chaotic inflation is an infinite ergodic universe, which, being infinite, must contain Hubble volumes realizing all initial conditions. Accordingly...
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... | | |distinguish between the scientists Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, and Harvey and their works | | |compare the political theories of Hobbes and Locke | | |explain how science and philosophy influenced one another during the Enlightenment | | |explain the term enlightened despot, using the model of Frederick II of Prussia | | |Click here for the course glossary | | |Click here for a Timeline of The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution | | |This lesson discusses European society between 1600 and 1800--an era marked by the power of ideas and rational | | |thinking. The term Scientific Revolution is used to describe the growing acceptance and influence of the scientific| | |method and the belief that reason and inquiry can explain and even change the world. The term Enlightenment is | | |perhaps a more accurate name for this period because it incorporates a variety of intellectual movements that today| | |we do not consider sciences: philosophy, theology, economics, history, and political theory. ...
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...Over 200 Free Online Educational Resources (v.2.0) Warning: Very long post. Please open in a new browser tab. Here is decades' worth of knowledge freely available online for those who love to learn. Links that fit under multiple categories are listed only once. What are your favorite sites to learn from? What sites would you add to this list? (View the original post for any future updates: http://goo.gl/8HLFw) CONTENTS: I. Top Picks II. Universities and Higher Education (updated to v.2.0 on 1/27/12) III. General Collections (updated to v.2.0 on 1/27/12) IV. How-to & DIY V. Studying with Peers VI. Online Books, eBooks, & Journals VII. Computers, Software, & Programming (updated to v.1.2 on 1/26/12) VIII. Science & Math (updated to v.2.0 on 1/27/12) IX. Logic, Words, & Memory X. Languages XI. Music (updated to v.1.2 on 1/26/12) XII. History XIII. Business, Economics, Finance, & Investing (updated to v.1.2 on 1/26/12) XIV. Food, Nutrition, & Cooking XV. Survival Tips XVI. Documentaries (updated to v.2.0 on 1/27/12) XVII. Other =========== I. TOP PICKS Khan Academy http://www.khanacademy.org/ Academic Earth - Online courses from the world's top scholars http://academicearth.org/ TED - Technology, Entertainment, & Design http://www.ted.com/ MIT Open CourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/ Stanford Engineering Everywhere http://see.stanford.edu/see/courses.aspx Open Yale Courses http://oyc...
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...in 546 BCE. He was of the Milesian school of thought and, while it is still debated among Pre-Socratic scholars, most assert that he was a student of Thales and agree that, at the very least, he was influenced by his theories. He is infamously known for writing a philosophical prose poem known as On Nature, of which only a fragment has been passed down. In that fragment Anaximander innovatively attributes the formation of a regulating system that governs our world, the cosmos. Furthermore, he put forth the radical idea that it is the indefinite (apeiron), in both the principle (archē) and element (stoicheion), from which are the things that are. In addition to such ingenuity, Anaximander also developed innovative ideas and theories in astronomy, biology, geography, and geometry. For Anaximander, the origination of the world could not be reduced to a single element or a collection of elements alone. Rather, one needed to understand that the origin was in both principle and element not definable in a definite sense or attribution. While this was a radical perspective in relation to the more determinate theories of others from the Milesian school, it does seem to have some derivation from older Greek mythology that posited the origin of all things from an originary Chaos—a formless state, void, gap. And thus precisely Anaximander’ theory does remain radical in part in its “formlessness” or “unknowability” given the overall Greek tradition of harmony, symmetry and form in all things...
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...Astronomy 2B03: Lecture 2: What’s Out There? * Objects in the universe come in a hierarchy of scales and sizes: * Planets * Stars * Galaxies * The universe as a whole * These scales are so different from one step to the next that they are incredibly hard to comprehend all at once – no “everyday” experience to refer them to * If the Earth were a basketball how big would the moon be? Tennis ball * How many Earths would fit into the Sun? ~ 1 million * How many Jupiter’s would fit inside the Sun? 900 * How many Moons would fit inside the Earth? 50 * If we say the distance from here to Toronto (71 km) represents the distance between the Earth and the Sun, how far are we from Pluto? From Hamilton to Mexico, or from Hamilton to Calgary * If we say the distance from here to Toronto represents the distance between the Earth and the Sun, how far is the Earth from the Moon? From here to the edge of campus (Sterling and Forsyth) * If we say the distance from here to Toronto represents the distance between the Earth and the Sun, how big is the Earth? 3 meters * If we say the distance from here to Toronto represents the distance between the Earth and the Sun, how far is the Sun from the next nearest Star? 1/10th the distance from the Sun to Earth Lecture 3: The Earth: * Our starting point and only home * Both land and water * The only planet to have liquid water at its surface * Atmosphere: dense...
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...Everythin ™ heory tring T S Learn: • The basic concepts of this controversial theory • How string theory builds on physics concepts • The different viewpoints in the field • String theory’s physical implications Andrew Zimmerman Jones Physics Guide, About.com with Daniel Robbins, PhD in Physics Get More and Do More at Dummies.com® Start with FREE Cheat Sheets Cheat Sheets include • Checklists • Charts • Common Instructions • And Other Good Stuff! To access the Cheat Sheet created specifically for this book, go to www.dummies.com/cheatsheet/stringtheory Get Smart at Dummies.com Dummies.com makes your life easier with 1,000s of answers on everything from removing wallpaper to using the latest version of Windows. Check out our • Videos • Illustrated Articles • Step-by-Step Instructions Plus, each month you can win valuable prizes by entering our Dummies.com sweepstakes. * Want a weekly dose of Dummies? Sign up for Newsletters on • Digital Photography • Microsoft Windows & Office • Personal Finance & Investing • Health & Wellness • Computing, iPods & Cell Phones • eBay • Internet • Food, Home & Garden Find out “HOW” at Dummies.com *Sweepstakes not currently available in all countries; visit Dummies.com for official rules. String Theory FOR DUMmIES ‰ by Andrew Zimmerman Jones with Daniel Robbins, PhD in Physics String Theory For Dummies® Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River St. Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright...
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...Computer science From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Computer science or computing science (abbreviated CS) is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems.[1][2] Computer scientists invent algorithmic processes that create, describe, and transform information and formulate suitable abstractions to model complex systems. Computer science has many sub-fields; some, such as computational complexity theory, study the fundamental properties of computational problems, while others, such as computer graphics, emphasize the computation of specific results. Still others focus on the challenges in implementing computations. For example, programming language theory studies approaches to describe computations, while computer programming applies specific programming languages to solve specific computational problems, and human-computer interaction focuses on the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to humans. The general public sometimes confuses computer science with careers that deal with computers (such as information technology), or think that it relates to their own experience of computers, which typically involves activities such as gaming, web-browsing, and word-processing. However, the focus of computer science is more on understanding the properties of the programs used to implement...
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