...California Institute of Technology Physics 77 Vacuum Techniques and Thin Film Deposition Experiment 3 (October 2001) 1 Introduction Much of modern experimental physics is done under vacuum. Design and construction of vacuum apparatus is one of the most useful ”bread and butter” skills an experimentalist in condensed matter, atomic, or optical physics can have, and the subject of vacuum engineering is a vast one. This lab serves as an introduction to basic vacuum techniques and thin film growth, another often essential skill for condensed matter physicists. This lab is an optional prerequisite for Experiment 10, Condensed Matter Physics at Cryogenic Temperatures, for which you can grow your own samples for Weak Localization measurements if you choose. 2 Pressure and gas flow In vacuum work, pressures are almost always measured in millimeters of mercury, or torr. One torr is just the pressure necessary to support a column of mercury with a height of one millimeter. The conversion to units more familiar to readers of physics textbooks is 1atmosphere = 101kPa = 760torr There are two pressure regimes of interest to the scientist working with vacuum systems, and gases behave differently in each regime. The first, the viscous flow regime, describes the case where gas flows as a fluid, where the mean free path of the gas molecules is much smaller than the dimensions of the apparatus. The second, the molecular flow regime, describes the high-vacuum case, where the mean...
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...GE-184 – Electronic Definitions 1. Resistor – A component in an electrical circuit that puts a set or rated resistance against the current in the circuit. (1) 2. Current – The amount of electrical charge flowing through a circuit measured in amperes. (4) 3. Voltage – The amount of force or pressure behind the current in a circuit measured in volts. (4) 4. Electric Charge – Negatively charged electrons surrounding and positively charged proton electrons cause an electric charge. The forces between them is defined in Coulomb’s Law. (4) 5. Capacitor – A component in an electrical circuit that stores potential energy in a circuit and changes the polarity of the power on the opposite side as the source. (1) 6. Switch – A component in an electrical circuit that opens, closes, or changes to allow current to flow when it’s closed and current to stop when it’s opened. (2) 7. Inductor – A component in an electrical circuit that stores potential energy in its magnetic field caused by an energized wire. The magnetic field opposes changes in current flow when the voltage through the coil is changed. (2) 8. Transformer – A component in an electrical circuit that can increase voltage to higher amount (step-up transformer) or lower the voltage (step-down transformer) coming out the other side. (2) 9. Direct Current – A DC voltage is a current of electricity that can only flow in one direction. (5) 10. Alternating Current – An AC...
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...began to work with sample illumination and made use of light that interfered with the sample, rather than the light being absorbed and reflected.[3] Transmitted light microscopy is heavily favored to observe biological sample and in Figure 1, we can see how light is transmitted through the sample and into an eyepiece, instead of being reflected off the surface.[4] Figure 1 Unstained (left) and stained (right) biological sample. In 1953, this technique saw a crucial jump in development and began exploring phase contrast techniques.[5] Bright-field and dark-field techniques also allowed for contrast between specimen and background for better identification of sample characteristics, but they did could not show all aspects of a specimen.[6] By 1955, polarized light and differential interference microscopy also became additions to the transmitted light family. These techniques use similar yet more advanced fundamentals – they will be discussed further in the proceeding section.[2] Theory Similar in...
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...GENESON GONZALES CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY MATTER MATTER MASS- the measure of the amount of matter WEIGHT- the composition of the mass of the body and gravity VOLUME- amount of space occupied by an object STATES OF MATTER STATES OF MATTER State- physical condition of a matter Phase- refers to TEMPERATURE that change in state SOLID- particles are tightly pack, vibrating in a fixed position -have definite shape and volume LIQUID- has definite volume but have indefinite shape -tightly pack but far enough apart to slide over one another GAS- very far apart -have indefinite shape and volume PLASMA BEC (Bose-Einstein Condensate) ACID, BASE and SALT ACID, BASE and SALT pH- power of HYDROGEN in water Measurement: 0-6 ACID 7 SALT or NEUTRAL 8-14 BASE ACID- a substance that breaks into (H+) ION in an water WEAK: * Citric * Ethanoic * Carbonic * Acetic * Phosphoric * Nitrous STRONG: * Hydrochloric * Sulphuric * Nitric * Hydrodic BASE- a substance that breaks into (OH- (HYDROYYL) ION in water WEAK: * Potassium Carbonate * Sodium Carbonate * Ammonium STRONG: * Hydroxide Sodium * Phosphate Barium * Hydroxide Calcium * Hydroxide * Sodium ACID+BASE= SALT (NEUTRALIZATION) INDICATOR- a compound that will change color in the presence of an acid or base ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENT- natural indicator PERIODIC TABLE ATOM ATOM ATOM- building block of matter 1,000 ELEMENTS= 1,000...
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...Laboratory Report Guidelines Ryerson University Department of Physics Writing a strong lab report is a skill that often takes significant practice. Strong reports are: • structured in a clear and organized fashion. • as concise as possible, and yet sufficiently detailed that it does not omit any of the information required to fully communicate your work and results. Ideally, a lab report leaves any reader confident in the validity of the results, and with enough information that they could repeat the experiment. The evaluation of your report will be based on your ability to understand the goal of the experiment, your understanding of the applicable physical principles, your ability to perform the experiment attentively, and your ability to clearly communicate its results in a logical and coherent fashion. Report contents: 1. Title Page 2. Objective...
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...RESEARCH METHODOLOGY S. Ra jasekar School of Physics, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli – 620 024, Tamilnadu, India∗ P. Philominathan Department of Physics, Sri AVVM Pushpam College, Poondi, Thanjavur – 613 503, Tamilnadu, India V. Chinnathambi Department of Physics, AKGS Arts College, Srivaikundam – 628 619, Tamilnadu, India In this manuscript various components of research are listed and briefly discussed. The topics considered in this write-up cover a part of the research methodology paper of Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) course and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) course. The manuscript is intended for students and research scholars of science subjects such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, statistics, biology and computer science. Various stages of research are discussed in detail. Special care has been taken to motivate the young researchers to take up challenging problems. Ten assignment works are given. For the benefit of young researchers a short interview with three eminent scientists is included at the end of the manuscript. I. WHAT IS RESEARCH? Research is a logical and systematic search for new and useful information on a particular topic. It is an investigation of finding solutions...
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...influential in Christine’s life as evidenced in her later work as an advocate for women’s rights. As a child, she attended lectures for women’s rights with her mother. Christine’s early education stared at Wesleyan Academy in Wilbraham, Massachusetts, where she prepared for college just like the male students. She graduated in 1865 and was voted valedictorian of her class. In 1866, Christine pursued her education at Vassar, one of the few new colleges that granted women access (Goodwin, 2008). Vassar is in Poughkeepsie, New York. While attending Vassar, she studied mathematics and science. Maria Mitchell, a female astronomy professor was an inspiration to Christine and encouraged her to pursue her interest. Christine was interest in physics but women were not allowed access to laboratories so she chose another subject of interest to her,...
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...Objective The purpose for this experiment was to gain a better understanding of the two types of errors that occur in the processes of taking measurements. Also, it explains how the uncertainty level in direct measurements was found, and how the indirect measurements were calculated as well. To do that, dimensions and the mass of the metal block was measured, which were used to calculate the volume and density of the object as well as the margin of error. Theory In this lab, there were direct and indirection measurements involved, and several calculations were required in order to calculate the related variables. In part A of this lab, apparent and actual height of the wooden block was recorded with a meter stick. The meter stick has an accuracy of ±0.05 cm and no other calculations were needed. [1] Parallax is the change in the apparent position of an object when the position of the observed changes. It is also a common error in scientific experiments. One must be aware of its existence at all time so that it can be avoided and as a result the true value of the reading is obtained. Due to parallax, the position of the observed block appears to change as well, making the height of the block appear to be different for each measurement. In part B of this lab, measurements were recorded indirectly. A meter stick was used to measure the length of the metal block, with an accuracy of ±0.05 mm. Then the width and height was measured with a caliper with an accuracy...
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...Cooperative Problem Solving in Physics A User’s Manual Why? What? How? STEP 1 Recognize the Problem What's going on? STEP 2 Describe the problem in terms of the field What does this have to do with ...... ? STEP 3 Plan a solution How do I get out of this? STEP 4 Execute the plan Let's get an answer STEP 5 Evaluate the solution Can this be true? Kenneth Heller Patricia Heller University of Minnesota With support from the National Science Foundation, University of Minnesota, and U.S. Department of Education © Kenneth & Patricia Heller, 2010 Acknowledgments In reaching this stage in this work, we gratefully acknowledge the support of the University of Minnesota, the U.S. Department of Education FIPSE program, and the National Science Foundation. This work would not have existed without the close cooperation of the University of Minnesota School of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Curriculum and Instruction. We have incorporated the suggestions of many faculty members from both Physics and Education at the University of Minnesota and other institutions that have communicated with us at workshops, meetings, and by e-mail. This work has depended on the efforts and feedback of many graduate student teaching assistants in the School of Physics and Astronomy over the years. Much of this development is directly based on the research of the graduate students in the University of Minnesota Physics Education Program: Jennifer...
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...The concept of „S.O.S. Notebook “is producing A5 sized notebooks with formulas and rules of different subjects for high school students. There would be 10 different kinds of notebooks with different subjects like physics, mathematics, chemistry, Danish, German, English, literature, biology, history and geography. Notebooks would also contain games (Sudoku, crosswords, and drawings), advertisements from student organizations and companies, information about events and other relevant information for students. Finance of the notebooks would come from advertisements that the notebooks consist and the Notebooks will be handed to students for free to use. Background information Name: „S.O.S. Notebook“ Website: SOSnotebook.com Established: 17.03.2014 Phone: +45 91267497 E-mail: ottoppimine@gmail.com The Executive Board members: Equity: 61000 DKK Owners, their share of the capital: The company's field of activity: Education The company's area of operation: Denmark Executive summary This business plan provides an overview of our business concept about educational studying tool named „ S.O.S. Notebook“. There would be 10 different kinds of notebooks with different subjects like physics, mathematics, chemistry, Danish, German, English, literature, biology, history and geography. Notebooks would also include games (Sudoku, crosswords), advertisements from student organizations and companies, information about events and other relevant information for...
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...Questions; 1. When looking at the spacing of the dots. I notice at the beginning stages the dots are nearly connected and close but as the time increase the dots begin to separate which creates more spacing between the dots. As the space increase between the dots,the displacement(metres) increases as well. This tells us that the object under accelerated motion is covering the grounds in each time segment equally. 2. I feel that we use the line of best fit in order to avoid the errors that can occur while we are graphing. When we add our data to the table, we may have made a few mistakes which can change our analysis drastically so when we use the line of best fit we can see if our data is going in the pattern trend that we have planned out. If the line of best fit is avoiding some points that means our plan could be wrong or that we have a data that’s different...
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...Pulse Generation Abstract: The word “attosecond” (1 as = 10-18 sec) entered the vocabulary of physics when sub-femtosecond pulses of UV/XUV light were established. High harmonic generation (HHG) is currently the only experimentally proven method for generating attosecond pulses. Attosecond science has opened the door to real-time observation and time-domain control of atomic-scale electron dynamics. In this work, we review the essentials of the generation of attosecond pulses and we mention the applications of attosecond science in the control of electronic motion. 1. Introduction The need for finer time resolution and the quest for higher peak power explain the continuous trend towards shorter laser pulses since the invention of the laser. The historical progress of ultra-short technology is summarized in Figure 1. The first pulse lasers had duration of several hundreds of microseconds. The invention of Q-switching (Hellwarth, 1961) reduced the pulse length to 10 ns (four orders of magnitude decrease). The invention of laser mode locking (DiDomenico, 1964; Hargrove et al., 1964; Siegman, 1970) accompanied by broad gain laser media (Shank and Ippen 1974) further reduced the duration to less than 1 ps (another four orders of magnitude decrease). The ring cavity with intra-cavity prism compensation of the group velocity dispersion produced pulses of 6 fs (Fork et al, 1987), causing a further three-order reduction. After that date the progress was marginal...
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...SPECIAL FEATURE: E XTREME P HYSICS www.iop.org/journals/physed The physics of Colonel Kittinger’s longest lonely leap A W Robinson1,3 and C G Patrick2 Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, 116 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada 2 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada E-mail: andrew.robinson@usask.ca 1 Abstract We present a case study of the physical principles necessary to model the high altitude parachute jump made by Colonel Joseph Kittinger, USAF, in 1960, in order to determine the maximum speed attained and to calculate whether this speed was sufficient to exceed the speed of sound at that altitude. There is considerable discrepancy in the value of the maximum speed attained— 614 miles per hour (mph) or 714 mph—in material available over the internet. Using a very simple physical model we are able to conclude that the lower figure is correct and that it is likely that Colonel Kittinger did not ‘break the sound barrier’ during his descent. The wealth of audio-visual material and animations available makes this a particularly attractive case study to instruct students in elementary kinematics, approximation and physical modelling. Introduction On 16 August 1960, Captain (later Colonel) Joseph Kittinger, USAF, jumped from the helium filled balloon Excelsior III, at an altitude of 31 600 m (102 800 ft). His parachute jump remains the highest altitude...
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...and Development Private Limited. HaritaBhargava haritabhargava@ymail.com Abstract-. India gives its greatest contribution toward Intellectual property in form of SANHKYA YOGA. We know very new name of INDIA by BHARAT IT gives us necessary clue. BHA = LIGHT + KNOWLEDGERATA = DEVOTED So BHARAT means DEVOTED to LIGHT & KNOWLEDGE. The model for which modern science search is already available in SANKHYA YOGA. Sankhya yoga like INTELLECTUALPROPERTY is unparallel in the world. Sankhya is a philosophical doctrine which counts the categories which constitute this world. Computer science gives it the name “DIGITAL DECADE”. Cosmology presents it in name of “UNCERTANITY PRINCIPLE” IT is being researched in the form of Quantum (wave & particle) in physics department. In future, it will be known as Medical compiler. [R4] Terms and condition : INNOVATION – RESPECT IT Under the WTO provision of TRIPS I. INTRODUCTION Article 8.1 - That agreement is to be put into effect by member countries through implementing laws. The provision of the agreement is addressed to member countries. It does not directly modify the legal sanction of private parties, who cannot claim rights based on the agreement until they are translated into national law. Article 9.2 - The concept of fair use seeks to balance granting authors sufficient incentives to create new works against the interest of the public and future authors to have access & to to use of the work Article 10 – The agreement introduces multilateral...
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...and Development Private Limited. HaritaBhargava haritabhargava@ymail.com Abstract-. India gives its greatest contribution toward Intellectual property in form of SANHKYA YOGA. We know very new name of INDIA by BHARAT IT gives us necessary clue. BHA = LIGHT + KNOWLEDGERATA = DEVOTED So BHARAT means DEVOTED to LIGHT & KNOWLEDGE. The model for which modern science search is already available in SANKHYA YOGA. Sankhya yoga like INTELLECTUALPROPERTY is unparallel in the world. Sankhya is a philosophical doctrine which counts the categories which constitute this world. Computer science gives it the name “DIGITAL DECADE”. Cosmology presents it in name of “UNCERTANITY PRINCIPLE” IT is being researched in the form of Quantum (wave & particle) in physics department. In future, it will be known as Medical compiler. [R4] Terms and condition : INNOVATION – RESPECT IT Under the WTO provision of TRIPS I. INTRODUCTION Article 8.1 - That agreement is to be put into effect by member countries through implementing laws. The provision of the agreement is addressed to member countries. It does not directly modify the legal sanction of private parties, who cannot claim rights based on the agreement until they are translated into national law. Article 9.2 - The concept of fair use seeks to balance granting authors sufficient incentives to create new works against the interest of the public and future authors to have access & to to use of the work Article 10 – The agreement introduces multilateral...
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