...“Women with friends who have breastfed successfully are more likely to choose to breastfeed. On the other hand, negative attitudes of family and friends can pose a barrier to breastfeeding.” (USDHHS, 2011) Fathers can also play a major role in influences whether a mother will breastfeed, fathers may object to breastfeeding because “what their role would be in feeding, whether they would be able to bond with their infant if they were personally unable to feed the baby, and how the mother would be able to accomplish household responsibilities if she breastfed” (Moore, Anderson & Bergman, 2007; Dodgson, Duckett, Garwick & Graham, 2002; Dennis, 2002; Scott & Binns, 1999). Women may have lactation problems and pain during breastfeeding and that would influence whether they would continue to breastfeed. Women have “frequently cited problems with breastfeeding such as sore nipples, engorged breasts, mastitis, leaking milk, pain, and failure to latch on by the infant” ( Moore et al., 2007; Lei, Fein, Chen & Grummer-Strawn...
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...for intake of whole-grains Definitions of the Dietary Reference Intakes Information included on a food label Nutrient fortification vs. enrichment of food Know how to calculated % total kcals from fat, carb, protein: e.g., for a 2000-kcal diet with 25% kcals from fat, how many grams fat are consumed? Types of food label health claims allowed by FDA Vegetarian diets – health benefits; nutrients of concern Ch 17 Nutrition care & assessment Calculation of BMI Major responsibilities for patient nutrition care assumed by MD, RD, RN Define/describe Medical Nutrition Therapy Biochemical indicators of nutrition status Methods of food intake assessment Understand “functional assessment” Ch 14 Pregnancy, Lactation Dietary Guidelines 2010 specific to women capable of becoming pregnant and pregnant women Define, describe pica Describe the concept of critical periods in...
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...Nutritional Needs Theresa Cooper SCI/220 (BSDF1ICOY4) 10/6/2015 University of Phoenix Nutritional Needs Nutrition is the major intrauterine environmental factor that alters expression of the fetal genome and may have lifelong consequences. This phenomenon, termed “fetal programming,” has led to the recent theory of “fetal origins of adult disease.” Namely, alterations in fetal nutrition and endocrine status may result in developmental adaptations that permanently change the structure, physiology, and metabolism of the offspring, thereby predisposing individuals to metabolic, endocrine, and cardiovascular diseases in adult life. Animal studies show that both maternal undernutrition and over nutrition reduce placental-fetal blood flows and stunt fetal growth. Impaired placental syntheses of nitric oxide (a major vasodilator and angiogenesis factor) and polyamines (key regulators of DNA and protein synthesis) may provide a unified explanation for intrauterine growth retardation in response to the 2 extremes of nutritional problems with the same pregnancy outcome. There is growing evidence that maternal nutritional status can alter the epigenetic state (stable alterations of gene expression through DNA methylation and histone modifications) of the fetal genome. This may provide a molecular mechanism for the impact of maternal nutrition on both fetal programming and genomic imprinting. Promoting optimal nutrition will not only ensure optimal fetal development, but will also...
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...Pineal gland: surrounded by optic nerve Makes melatoninresponsible for sleep patterns relaxing sleeping state. Does NOT put you to sleep produced from an amino acid: tryptophan inhibits LH & FSH = affects reproduction (pinealocytes: actual cells that produce melatonin) *light decreases melatonin Adrenal glands: sits on top of the kidneys (right and left) Adrenal cortex: 1) zona glomerulosa – mineral corticoids Affected by: a)ACTH b)minerals – salts *adosterone: regulates sodium (Na2+) 2) zona fasciculata – glucocorticoids Affected by: a)ACTH b)amounts of glucose *cortisol 3) zona reticularis – gonadotropic hormones Affected by: a)ACTH b)sex hormones *DHEA-estrogen *DHEA-sulfate Adrenal Medulla: Neuroendocrine cells – chromatin cells 1)epinephrine (better than ) 2)norepinephrine *stimulation of the medulla is through the sympathetic neurons Skin: UV light starts the production of vitamin D synthesis Chlosterol cholealciterol liver kidneys UV converts to converts to calcidiol calcitrol (vitamin D) Kidneys: *calcidiol calcitrol (Vit. D) *85% erythropoietin *ytogenic glands produce cells *rennin- angiotensionogen angiotensin I -angiotensionogen leaves kidneys goes to the lungs angiotensin II functional...
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..."Why is Sex Fun? is the best book on the subject I've read. This lively exploration of our sexual heritage offers fascinating reading for anyone curious about why lovers do what they do." -Diane Ackerman, author of A Natural History of the Senses "I am so jealous of Jared Diamond, for he writes with such an elegant simplicity! Here, he takes a loot at the endlessly fascinating topic of human sexuality His convincing arguments should persuade xm that there are very special reasons why we evolved to use sex for recreation as well as for procreatim whereas most other mammals are denied that pleasure.... It is a great little book, by one of the worlds foremost biological philosophers." -ROGER Shohl Professor of Physiology Monash University Australia "Once again Jared Diamond provides us with answers to questions we may never have stopped to ask, but wish we had. In this long essay Diamond explains that recreational sex, while not unique to humans, is a rare behavior in the animal world. Above all, we learn, sexual activity divorced fron procreation is not only part of what it is to be human, but the very crux of our evolutionary success." -Bettyaxn Kevles. author of Naked to the Bonn Medical Imaging in the Twentieth Centnty The Science Masters Series is a global publishing vonture consisting of original science books written by leading scientists and published by a worldwide team of twenty-six publishers assembled by John Brockman. The series was conceived by Anthony Cheetham of Orion...
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...NORTH CAROLINA CENTRAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF NURSING 4003 Modified Nursing Care Plan You must submit the clinical tool with the care plan Student Name : Crystal Stephenson Date: October 27, 2012 ------------------------------------------------- Patient Summary: J.M. is a 25 year old Caucasian female G1 T1 A0L1 who began Stage 1 of labor 10/21/12 at 2300. She presented at Wake Med 10/22/12 at 1655 with SROM and contractions. She received treatment for GBS after testing positive. She delivered a baby girl weighing 6lbs 6oz 10/22/12 at 2057 with the assistance of a vacuum. Baby’s AGARs were 8/9. Client received an epidural during labor. Her estimated blood loss was 400 ml. She received a 3rd degree laceration to her perineal area during labor and has not been able to void since even when she has had the urge to. An indwelling foley was placed 10/23/12 at 1230 to relieve urinary retention and bladder distension. 600 ml of urine was collected 10/23/12 at 1800. She was prescribed Dermoplast 20% to use while providing peri care to relieve the discomfort and swelling of her perineal area. Client is currently breast feeding. She received education about different feeding positions and has demonstrated a good latch with the baby in the football hold. Client is allergic to Macrobid and experiences hives and itching when exposed...
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...onset if a multifactorial component exists? Question 2= Genetic screening has become widely available to the public including prenatal screening of the fetus in utero to screening adults for genetic disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and breast cancer. Share your thoughts on the legal, ethical, and social implications that may be related to genetic screening. How would you educate your patient that is considering having genetic screening? Week 2: Question 1= Choose an FDA-approved prescription medication and discuss the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the medication, including any differences that would be expected based on the patient's age, a condition of pregnancy, or lactation. Address any adverse effects the medication may have based on age, pregnancy, or lactation. Question 2= Active acquired immunity can be achieved through the use of childhood immunizations. Many parents voice concerns regarding the safety of vaccinations. What is your opinion on the current use of vaccinations? How would you educate parents regarding the safety and effectiveness of vaccinations? Defend your answers with evidence-based research. Week 3: Question 1= Share a case study of an electrolyte imbalance from your practice or from the...
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...FEMALE AROUSAL DISORDER In recent years more then ever women are being studied for problems with sexual disorders and dysfunction’s "Sexual disorders and dysfunction's refer to difficulties individuals experience in their sexual functioning." (O’Donohue, Geer) In the past when sexual problems were studied amongst women the focus was on the orgasmic phase, with such problems as Vaginismus, Dyspareunia and Anorgasmia, rather than on the arousal phase. Even in 1970 when Masters and Johnson published their famous book Human Sexual Inadequacy, they omitted form their finding associated with arousal disorder in women for reasons unknown. However many contemporary sex researchers, reason that arousal problems with women were more difficult to diagnose. Therefore in the past women's sexual problems were associated with inability to reach orgasm. This however would change in 1978, with publication of Frank, Anderson and Rubinstein's finding on arousal problems amongst women. According to the American Psychiatric Association, 1983 (DSM-III-R), for female sexual arousal disorders to exist two aspects must be present. Persistent or recurrent failure to attain or maintain the lubrication and the swelling response of sexual excitement until completion and second persistent or recurrent lack of subjective sense of sexual excitement and pleasure in female during sexual activity. "Until recently, researchers believed that most...
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...Thoroughbred Mating Plan Introduction With £200,000 I would purchase 2 mares and pay for the covering of one of these mares from a reputable stallion. The progeny of which I intend to sell at Tattersall sales FINISH THIS SECTION Task 1 (750) The carefully selected mares for the mating programme are ‘Falcon in Flight’ (Falcon) and ‘Palomita’, both mares sold at the December Tattersalls mare sales. Falcon was lot 43 and sold for £3,000, she was consigned by Darley and property of Rabbah Bloodstock Limited and before sales she was covered by Arabian Gleam and believed in foal. She has won 1 race of her total 4, it is however her breeding lines that are desirable and the reasoning for her selection. Progeny of Shamardal and Marine City means she is genetically more desirable than other mares, with Carnegie as her Dam Sire who won 7 of his 13 races and placed in 2 others. Shamardal is a very successful stallion currently 8th in the table of leading flat race sires (in accordance to wins) on the Racing Post website, he also possesses a 2.23 average earnings index (AEI) score. Falcon is inbred 4x5 by Northern Dancer, 4x5 by Riverman and 5x5 by Petingo, inbreeding increases the chance of a desired trait being expressed therefore the racing performance success of these stallions will be inherited by Falcon. If she does not race as hoped she still possessed the desired genetics to be crossed with another equally genetically strong stallion. On the purchase of Falcon...
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...The effect of temperature stress on dairy cows J. Praks When environmental temperatures move out of the thermoneutral zone (or comfort zone) dairy cattle begin to experience either heat stress or cold stress. Either stress requires the cow to increase the amount of energy used to maintain the body temperature and there is less energy available to produce milk. Thermoneutral zone is the range of environmental temperatures where normal body temperature is maintained and heat production is at the basal level. The ranges of thermoneutral zone are from lower critical temperature (LCT) to upper critical temperature (UCT). LCT is the environmental temperature at which an animal needs to increase metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature. UCT is the environmental temperature at which the animal increases heat production as a consequence of a rise in body temperature resulting for inadequate evaporative heat loss (Yousef, 1985). Thermoneutral zone depends on the age, breed, feed intake, diet composition, previous state of temperature acclimatization, production, housing and stall conditions, tissue (fat, skin) insulation and external (coat) insulation, and the behaviour of the animal. UCT is given as 25-26 ºC , LCT as a range from -16 to -37 ºC for dairy cows (Berman et al., 1985; Hamada, 1971). LCT for newborn calves is 10 ºC in dry and draught-free environment. LCT decreases to 0 ºC by the time the calf is 1 month old. Temperature-humidity index (THI) could be...
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...MIDW113 – Jodie Sparke S00163149_assess2 b). Postnatal case study – Gina is a 34 year old G2 P2 woman, day 2 post caesarean section. You enter her room to find her teary and upset; she tells you she had planned on having a natural birth in a midwifery led model of care. However, she experienced an emergency caesarean section after her baby showed signs of fetal distress. Describe and discuss the role and responsibilities of the midwife in providing pre and post-operative care to a woman in Gina’s position. You are expected to demonstrate, plan and evaluate safe, holistic, woman centred evidence-based midwifery care. This paper considers a postnatal case study of Gina, a day two post-operative, 34 year old Gravida 2 Para 2 woman. She experienced an Emergency Caesarean Section (ECS) resulting from fetal distress. This essay will investigate why birth can become an emergency and the evidence-based indications involved in decision making. It will explore the roles and responsibilities of a midwife in both the pre and post-operative support of a woman; based on a safe, woman centred and holistic approach to maternal care. It will discuss the emotional effects an ECS can have on a woman and her family as a crucial aspect in this case. An integral part of the preparation for birth is a birth plan. This allows the woman to detail how she would like her labour/birth to progress. It often includes the expectation of a natural vaginal birth. However, due to a variety of physiological...
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...PAEDIATRICS - NUTRITION NUTRITIONAL VULNERABILITY OF INFANTS Reasons for Vulnerability * Low Nutritional Stores: * Newborn infants (particularly preterm) have poor stores of fat and protein * The smaller the child, the less the calories reserve and shorter period of withstanding starvation * High Nutritional Demands for Growth: * Nourishment required is greatest in infancy due to rapid growth * At 4 months, 30% of infant’s energy intake used for growth * By 1 year, this falls to 5% and then by 3 years 2% * Risk of growth failure from restricted energy intake greater in first 6 months of life * Rapid Neuronal Development: * Brain grows rapidly during last trimester of pregnancy and first 2 years of life * At birth, brain accounts for 2/3 of basal metabolic rate * Process appears sensitive to undernutrition * Even modest energy deprivation increases risk of poor neurodevelopment outcome * Acute Illness or Surgery: * Catecholamine secretion increases after brief anabolic phase causing increased requirements due to increased metabolic rate * Nitrogen losses from urine / burns / severe sepsis * Only be corrected after several weeks due to replacement of previously lost tissue * Catch-up growth only if energy intake is as high as 150-200 kcal/kg/ day Long-term Outcome of Early Nutritional Deficiency * Linear Growth of Populations: ...
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...JASMIN CAS TABLE OF CONTENTS Task 1- 1.1 | The male reproductive system | | 1.1 | The female reproductive system | | 1.2 | The function of Testosterone, Oestrogen, Progesterone | | 1.3 | The human menstrual cycle | | Task 2 – 2.1 | The diagram of the journey of the sperm cell for fertilization | | 2.1 | The diagram of the journey of egg cell for fertilization | | 2.2 | The process of fertilization and implantation | | 2.3 | Diagram of the early stages of a developing embryo | | 2.4 | The importance of the placenta | | 2.5 | The role of the following hormone during birth and lactation | | | Reference | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Sexual Reproduction Like all living things, humans have to reproduce to ensure the survival of the species. Reproduction is the role of the reproductive system. The female reproductive system lies mainly inside the body, whereas much of the male system is outside the body. Each reproductive system produce special cells, the sex cells called gametes (sperms and eggs). From these gametes, the typical traits of the parents are conveyed to their brood. The genes are the one that stored the hereditary information on the chromosomes inside the nucleus of a sex cell. The gametes are haploid cells produced by sexually...
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...LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Human Anatomy and Physiology Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty...
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...CORE SYLLABUS for National Eligibility-Cum-Entrance Test (NEET) for Admission to MBBS/BDS Courses The Medical Council of India (MCI) recommended the following syllabus for National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test for admission to MBBS/BDS courses across the country (NEET-UG) after review of various State syllabi as well as those prepared by CBSE, NCERT and COBSE. This is to establish a uniformity across the country keeping in view the relevance of different areas in Medical Education. PHYSICS S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. CLASS XI Physical world and measurement Kinematics Laws of Motion Work, Energy and Power Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body Gravitation Properties of Bulk Matter Thermodynamics Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory Oscillations and Waves CLASS XII Electrostatics Current Electricity Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents Electromagnetic Waves Optics Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation Atoms and Nuclei Electronic Devices CHEMISTRY S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. CLASS XI Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Structure of Atom Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure States of Matter: Gases and Liquids Thermodynamics Equilibrium Redox Reactions Hydrogen s-Block Element (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals) Some p-Block Elements Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques Hydrocarbons...
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