...Plessy v. Ferguson was one of the most significant cases of the Civil Rights Movement because of its negative results. Homer Plessy, in support of the Citizens' Committee to Test the Separate Car Act, challenged the state law by sitting in a whites-only train car though he was one-eighth black. The committee planned to challenge segregation in court in hopes that the Supreme Court would deem the law unconstitutional. Plessy’s lawyers said that his rights were violated due to the Fourteenth Amendment, which gave equal rights to male citizens of all races. However, the Supreme Court had previously ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment only applied to federal law, not state law. The Supreme Court eventually decided against Plessy ruling that the 14th Amendment didn't apply to state law and that segregation did not take away black people's rights because the facilities were separate but equal....
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...Civil rights: Jim crow laws: * Laws denying BAM access to facilities- ed, health, transport Voting rights 15th amendment: * B legal right to vote- S found ways around- grandfather clause and lit tests KKK: Targets black showing disrespect- lynching Challenging seg in S: Plessy V Ferguson: * Seg unlawful- all should be guaranteed legal rights- 14th amendment * Louisiana- illegal- arrested for sitting W only of train * Took case to SC- judges- seg lawful if had access to equally good * Provided legal foundation for seg Conditions in N: little legally enforced seg * Bs moved to industrial cities- economic boom- pay better- 500,000 moved * Better organised: Randolph organised 1st B union- easier for B to vote * Still lived in undesirable neighborhoods- eco depriv and ghettoisation Effects of WW2 on BAM : turning point B soldier in Europe: * Radicalized them- appalled fighting for country- treated liked 2nd class citizens * Put in diff canteens, transported to battlefield sep from W- employed as cooks and cleaners- denied right to fight- less training + poor equip World war race war: double V sign- fighting overseas and racism at home Black heroes: boosted self esteem- Woodrow Crocket- 1st B pilot in US air force Eco changes: * S- $4.5 bill factories war goods * B unable to get jobs due to racism- Randolph appalled- threat to lead march unless industries changed * Roosevelt issued exec order- FEPC- industries not discrim...
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... Introduction The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was revolutionary piece of legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination against African-Americans and women, including forms of segregation. The Civil Rights Act also terminated all unequal applications in regards to voter registration requirements and all forms of segregation in schools, in the workplace and any facilities that offered services to the general public. The American people before the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was treated differently and was segregated. The blacks had to sit in the back of the bus, eat outside of restaurants if they were not in their own section of town. In schools blacks had their own water fountains, bathrooms, lockers, etc. Blacks in some areas had to get up as early as 5:00 a.m. to get the bus to get to school. The purpose of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is to enforce the Constitutional rights to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States to provide injuctive relief against discrimination in public accomodations to authorize the attorney general to institute suits to protect Constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to extend Commission on Civil Rights, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish equal employment opportunities. The Civil Rights Act is the nation’s premier civil rights legislation. The act...
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...Burghardt Du Bois was an American civil rights activist, he was a leader, Pan-Africanist, sociologist, educator, historian, writer, editor, poet, and scholar. He became a naturalized citizen of Ghana in 1963 at the age of 95. http://www.naacp.org/pages/naacp-history-w.e.b.-dubois Booker T. Washington-Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5, 1856 – November 14, 1915) was an American educator, author, orator, and advisor to presidents of the United States. Between 1890 and 1915, Washington was the dominant leader in the African-American community. - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_T._Washington Malcom X- Malcolm X, born Malcolm Little and later also known as el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz, was an African-American Muslim minister and human rights activist.- https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=malcolm+x Civil Rights Act Of 1964- The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Pub.L. 88–352, 78 Stat. 241, enacted July 2, 1964) is a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964 Brown Vs Board Of Education- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483, was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education Plessy Vs Ferguson- Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, was...
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...former Confederate states after the Civil War. 2. Amnesty- the act of granting a pardon to a large group of people. 3. Pocket veto- indirectly vetoing a bill by letting a session of Congress expire without signing the bill. 4. Freedmen’s Bureau- bureau established by congress as a solution to the refugee crisis. 5. Black codes- laws passed in the South just after the civil war aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers. 6. Carpetbagger- name given to many Northerners who moved to the South after the civil war and supported the Republicans. 7. Scalawag- name given to southerners who supported Republican Reconstruction of the South. 8. Klu Klux Klan Act- In 1870 and 1871, Congress passes three enforcement acts to combat violence in the south. The third act (KKK act) outlawed the activities of the Klan. 2. Civil Rights Act of 1866- grants citizenship to all persons born in the United States except for Native Americans. Fourteenth Amendment- grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and declared that no state could deprive any person of life, liberty, or property “without due process of law”; no state could deny any person “equal protection of the laws.” 3. Military Reconstruction- the government sent military leaders to the south to rebuild the government. 4. Fifteenth Amendment- declared that the right to vote “shall not be denied on account...
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...and Colored Only) signs; which are found today in museums, old photographs, and documentaries. Now since an African American has been elected President of the United States, a person could say segregation seems as old-fashioned and distant as watching an old black and white television. Although, the major challenge is to explain the reasons for the legacy of segregation, discrimination, and isolation to attain equality and civil rights, that African Americans worked to end. The best way to describe the shape of the United States in the second half of the 19th century, “according to eminent historian Robert Wiebe, the answer was isolated island communities,” (Bowles, 2011, Section 1.1, Para 1). Wiebe used the symbol of the island because cities were very much separated and isolated from each other and had a weak system of communication between them. The time came, after the divisiveness and devastation of the Civil War, when the nation searched for order economically, politically, geographically, and racially. Although, emancipation came during the Civil War, nearly 4 million freed slaves struggled to make a home for themselves as citizens during a period known as Reconstruction, which lasted from 1865 to 1877. “Though Reconstruction was unable to end the social, economic, and political isolation of the modern black community, it was important for reunifying the country and establishing the first constitutional steps toward...
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...robbed them of the rights granted by the 14th and 15th Amendments. Under the "separate but equal" doctrine of the Supreme Court's 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision, black citizens were denied the right to vote, to attend white schools, to be buried in white cemeteries, etc. Those who objected were liable to be lynched. The era of Jim Crow provoked men such as, Charles Houston to fight back for those who were unable. Charles Hamilton Houston, "the man who killed Jim Crow”, grew up during the Jim Crow Era and devoted his entire life trying to destroy it. Houston came from a privileged background in regards to blacks. He finished top of his class in high school preparing him for a prosperous college career. Unfortunately, before Houston had the chance to attend college, he served in a segregated regiment during World War I. During this time Houston wrote about the hate he constantly faced from his fellow countrymen due to his race and promised himself he would study law to fix the lack of justice, changing the situation for his people. In 1920, he entered Harvard law school where he became the first black editor of the Harvard Law Review. Later, Houston would become dean of Howard University Law School and chief counsel to the NAACP. He also presented a number of supporting cases leading up to Brown v. Board of Education. Houston strategically targeted segregated education as the key to undermining the entire Jim Crow system because he could relate it to the rights granted by the...
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...University of Phoenix Material Appendix E Part I Define the following terms: |Term |Definition | |Racial formation |Looking at a race as a socially constructed identity, where the content and importance of racial | | |categories is determined by social, economic, and political forces. | |Segregation |The separation of humans into racial groups in daily life. An example would be seperate schools for| | |African Americans seperate from European Americans. | |De jure segregation |Segregation that existed because of local laws that mandated the segregation. | |Pluralism |Used to denote a diversity of views, and stands in opposition to one single approach or method of | | |interpretation | |Assimilation |The process whereby a minority group gradually adapts to the customs and attitudes of the | | |prevailing culture and customs. | Part II Answer the following questions in 150 to 350 words each: ...
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...of the Civil War Through the 1970s History 1312 The University of Texas at Arlington December 16, 2011 Improving Social Justice for Minorities and Women From the End of the Civil War Through the 1970s I. At the end of the Civil War in 1865, most African American slaves held a renewed hope that with President Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 would come economic opportunity and social mobility. There was the expectation that they would have political representation and the assurance of at least the beginning of attaining equality1. After the end of the war in 1865, there were enough states to ratify the 13th Amendment which outlawed slavery. However, it did not provide any equal rights or citizenship. As time passed and minorities began to assert themselves into American society, social justice movements that were led by blacks and whites alike began to become more commonplace. However, the struggle to become fully recognized as equal members of American society has been a battle that was fought through the 1970s—and in some measure, continues today. Like minorities, women have struggled with inequality and social injustice. However, their decision to fight for equality began before the start of the Civil War. The Seneca Falls Convention in New York was held in July of 1848, and can be referred to as the starting point of feminism. The inspiration for the first ever women’s rights convention...
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...The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s shows a strong parallel to the years of Apartheid in South Africa. In both cases, Blacks in the United States and Blacks in South Africa were being discriminated against simply because of the color of their skin. In the last decade of the nineteenth century in the United States, racially discriminatory laws and racial violence aimed at African Americans and other minority groups began to flourish and expand. Elected, appointed, or hired government authorities began to require or permit discrimination. There were a number of acts that were permitted that discriminated against African Americans. Segregation was upheld by the United States Supreme Court in the case of, Plessy v. Ferguson. In 1896, legally mandated by Southern states and nationwide at the local level of government, voter suppression or disfranchisement in the southern states, denial of economic opportunity or resources nationwide, and private acts of violence and mass racial violence aimed at African Americans, were unhindered or encouraged by government authorities. Although racial discrimination was present nationwide, the combination of law, public and private acts of discrimination, marginal economic opportunity, and violence directed toward African Americans in the southern states became known as Jim Crow laws or acts. Peaceful protests against the discrimination of African Americans voting rights were demonstrated in Selma, Alabama in 1965 and led by Martin Luther...
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...Civil Rights Act of 1964 Michael Cain ELA2603 - Administrative and Personnel Law Professor Zara Sette August 17, 2012 Abstract The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the nation's benchmark civil rights legislation, and it continues to resonate in America. The basic tenants of this legislation prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin and other protected classes as amended. Passage of the Act ended the application of "Jim Crow" laws, which had been upheld by the Supreme Court in the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson, in which the Court held that racial segregation purported to be "separate but equal" was constitutional. The Civil Rights Act was eventually expanded by Congress to strengthen enforcement of these fundamental civil rights (United States Senate - Committee of the Judiciary). In the 1960s, Americans who knew only the potential of "equal protection of the laws" expected the nations political leaders and the courts to fulfill the promise and guarantee of the 14th Amendment. In response, all three branches of the federal government, as well as the public at large, debated a fundamental constitutional question: Does the Constitution's prohibition of denying equal protection always ban the use of racial, ethnic, or gender criteria in an attempt to bring social justice and social benefits (National Archives, 2012)? The simple answer is no. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 In 1964 Congress passed Public Law 88-352 (78 Stat. 241). The...
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...The Politicization of Civil Rights Moshe Pols-101 To most people, the Civil Rights Movement means equality for blacks and whites. However, over the years, the Civil Rights movement has been a politicized movement for the push of candidates and parties on all sides. They played a role with the southern states seceding from the USA, and the Civil War. Many people don't know that for a long time in fact blacks did play important roles through many important times, and weren't just mere slaves, as most think today. The reason for such a political polarization on the issue, for a wide multitude of reasons. This paper will sort through the beginning of America to more modern times to show how different political parties and policies shaped the civil rights movement and made it take almost 200 years for equality to start taking a foothold from the founding of America. Many seem to think America was founded only by white men wearing wigs. I found looking through history books over years, and looking at paintings of many of the important founders, and in turn the black founders. I will only point out a few and their accomplishments as they are so numerous: Peter Salem, a black hero at the battle of bunker hill, and saved scores of american lives that day. Reverend Jonas Clark and Prince Estabrook were both important in the Battle of Lexington, with the “shot heard around the world”. He called his congregation to the mixed church, and then rallied his black and white patriots...
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...Women of the Civil Rights Movement: The role of women in the Civil Rights Movement In The American Journal of Legal History, Bernie D. Jones reviews the work of Legacies of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Grofman (2000), and describes the ends to the means. The 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act indisputably were effectual for altering the framework of the questionable American life, for the most part in the southern states. As a consequence, both the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were accountable for the stoppage of vast opposition to the civil rights movement and the fitting fusion into the American Society by African Americans. By way of the Acts, public facilities that avidly participated in segregation became outlawed. Throughout the nation, as a result of the enforcement of the Acts, the former, not so easily attainable education opportunities and employment prospects that consistently had been refused, now, awarded African Americans impressively large supporting political control. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 pioneered immeasurably. Women were given distinctive safeguarding subject to employment discrimination law. Emphatically, invigorating the women’s movement, consequently, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 served movements of other ethnic civil rights. (p. xvi) VOICE OF OMISSION No other group in America has so had their identity socialized out of existence as have black women. We are rarely...
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...applied as correctly it was intended to, reasonable and just. Every law has its purpose, and there are many laws for every situation. This also applies to business. There are many laws addressed for the business environment and for every situation in it. The purpose of this laws in business, are intended to ensure that all business related issues and situations are running properly, without affecting their businesses and customers, and/or any consequences in between. In the case of companies, laws are addressed for them to comply correctly and properly with the function and purpose of their business, employees and customers. There are also in the business environment, the labor area, laws that are intended to protect the employees and their right as workers. And there are also many laws addressed to protect and ensure the best interest for the customers. But in business and more importantly addressed to companies, there are laws that prevents them to dominated markets too aggressively and/or completely, or controlling it at all. These laws are mostly as monopoly’s laws, which are addressed directly to prevent any monopoly action or state from any company. These normally are intended for bigger or larger companies, that are seen to be growing in and aggressive way or that their action on the market are seen as an apparently monopoly action, for example, when a company buy, acquires or merge with another company, giving a significance growth and dominance over the market. These action...
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... There are times when employees must take time off such as for the birth of a newborn, care of a newborn, adoption of a child etc,. Under The Family Medical Leave Act the employer is required to give an employee their exact job or a similar job as they had prior to leave. The pay and benefits are also required to be the same. Age discrimination is when an applicant or employee is treated differently because of their age. The Age Discrimination Act prohibits discrimination against persons over the age of forty and restricts mandatory retirement requirements, except where age is a bona fide occupational qualification. (Mathis, 2008) This law prohibits discrimination in any facet of employment, such as hiring, firing and pay. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. (Mathis, 2008) The purpose of this act is to require employers to consider only job-related criteria when making employment...
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