...Development During the British Industrial Revolution | | | | 11/2/2015 | Industrial Revolution: The Transition The Industrial Revolution was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban (History, 2015). It took place from the 18th to 19th century. The first industrial revolution began in Britain, and the innovations in this region spread to other nations who also began transitioning from agricultural to industrial. The industrial revolution led to expansion on trade, increased standard of living, and the growth of cities and many of these improvements were the result of technological improvements. Economic Development The Industrial Revolution was a time for tremendous economic development. The western economy was transformed by the Industrial Revolution. New iron, steam-powered ships, along with other technological advances, made international trade cheaper, safer, and more efficient. The Factory System was perfected with the assembly line. Products moved along a conveyor belt, with each worker contributing labor along the way to create a finished product. The work came to the workers, saving time. Industrialization destroyed workers’ independence. Workers relied entirely upon their employers for wages with which they bought everything they needed. Technological Advances Technological advances played a large role in the expansion of the western economy during the Industrial Revolution. The transition...
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...Discuss the claim that the middle classes gained most from the Industrial Revolution in Europe. Refer to at least two o f the following countries: Britain, France or Germany. The Industrial Revolution had a major impact on the structure of society in Europe. As in all major changes, there were winners and losers. This essay will examine the effect of the Industrial Revolution on the position of the middle class. The difference in income was significant even within what was considered middle-class as the concept of middle class was so vast. The middle class compromised of professionals, merchants, craftsmen, overseers, factory managers, lawyers, doctors and alike in the nineteenth century. The Industrial Revolution brought with it a general rise in living conditions throughout Europe. This was possibly one of the greatest of the benefits the middle classes enjoyed from the Industrial Revolution. Demand rose and new industries emerged stimulating the economy, resulting in more jobs being available and more wealth in general. The economical boost of the Industrial Revolution mainly benefitted the middle classes. The middle class generally amassed more wealth and attained more buying power; this had a straight effect on their livelihood and can be seen especially in housing. For example in London many middle-class families could afford to buy their own terraced home with two or three bedrooms. The housing enjoyed by the middle class was luxurious as opposed to the one...
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...ANNOTATED SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR HISTORICAL INTERPRETATIONS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN Gerard M Koot History Department University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Allen, Robert C., The British Industrial Revolution in a Global Perspective, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Pp. viii, 331. Allen’s book is an excellent example of the persuasiveness of the new economic history. It is solidly rooted in statistical data and uses sophisticated methods of economic analysis but its analysis is presented in plain English. He argues that the first industrial revolution occurred in northwestern Europe because its high wages during the early modern period encouraged technological innovation. Although high wages were initially a consequence of the demographic disaster of the Black Death, they were reinforced during the early modern period by the economic success of the region around the North Sea, first, in European trade and manufacturing, especially in wresting the textile industry from the Italians, and then in world trade. According to Allen, the first industrial revolution took place in Britain instead of the Low Countries primarily because of Britain’s abundant and cheap coal resources, combined with the central government’s ability to use mercantilist policies and naval power to reap the greatest benefits from an expanding European and world trade. Once it had taken the lead from the Dutch, and defeated the French, Britain used its comparative advantage...
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...Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles influenced social politics during the 19th century by writing about the change brought about by the Industrial Revolution in a series of books. Together, they developed a theory for explaining social change and political revolution (Richards & Saba, no date). Marxism gave identity to political revolutions, early revolutions were started by capitalists against feudalism and later, during the Industrial Revolution, the working class against capitalists. The philosophy of Marxism is materialism in science and logic and provided theoretical and practical advances in traditional thinking. Not only did Marxism change political thinking, it also changed the style in which artists of the time could express themselves....
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...always worked together on contractual jobs. The artisans worked with journeymen and apprentice to ensure that they served the masters well. However, the nineteenth century led to increased industrial revolution that tended to bring an end to traditional forms of production to the modern factories. The artisanal work was hard work, but a lot was lost through the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution led to decrease in labor costs significantly causing the decline in the artisanal system. It was seen and thought to be a framework to embrace innovation and to leave the traditional methods. The workers were adversely affected by the revolutionized industry as the male-dominated trades were streamed down to the children and women. Labor movements were experienced in most parts of the cities leading to leaps of population and wealth. It is during this period that the artisans, as well as other skilled laborers, were paid higher than all the unskilled workers. The artisans owned modest homes with servant quarters. The proficiency of the artisans led to them being considered marketable assets especially due to their tools. The older regimes offered a platform for the artisans to become eventually masters in their field of expertise and this was considered a threat to the revolution. As such, the American system decided to maintain the artisan system although certain restrictions were put to hinder their advancements. The merchant capitalists, who were masters to the artisans...
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...always worked together on contractual jobs. The artisans worked with journeymen and apprentice to ensure that they served the masters well. However, the nineteenth century led to increased industrial revolution that tended to bring an end to traditional forms of production to the modern factories. The artisanal work was hard work, but a lot was lost through the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution led to decrease in labor costs significantly causing the decline in the artisanal system. It was seen and thought to be a framework to embrace innovation and to leave the traditional methods. The workers were adversely affected by the revolutionized industry as the male-dominated trades were streamed down to the children and women. Labor movements were experienced in most parts of the cities leading to leaps of population and wealth. It is during this period that the artisans, as well as other skilled laborers, were paid higher than all the unskilled workers. The artisans owned modest homes with servant quarters. The proficiency of the artisans led to them being considered marketable assets especially due to their tools. The older regimes offered a platform for the artisans to become eventually masters in their field of expertise and this was considered a threat to the revolution. As such, the American system decided to maintain the artisan system although certain restrictions were put to hinder their advancements. The merchant capitalists, who were masters to the artisans...
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...Economic, Social, and Political Change Worksheet Agricultural Revolution Respond to each of the following questions in two to three sentences: 1. What are the three most important factors contributing to the agricultural revolution in Europe? The agricultural revolution took place courtesy of three key factors. These factors include warmer temperatures, the three-field system and better farming equipment. In which, contributed to the evolution of European living during medieval time. They increase the use and understanding of the traditional farming ways and techniques and put them towards more of a commercial use. They increase more land into production use and gathered more workers verses using more machines 2. How did the agricultural revolution change European society? Provide an example. The new way brought more productive way of farming in Europe reduced the need of manual laboring workers. This eliminated many jobs on farm lands, yet created coil mining jobs to help power the machines used on the farm also the techniques of farming approved on a larger scale. People were able to afford food at lessor price. This also gave them an option to be able to purchase things outside of food. Creating additional jobs for rural manufacturers to create more consumer goods. Industrial Revolution Respond to each of the following questions in two to three sentences: 1. What are the three most important factors contributing to the industrial revolution in Europe? The three...
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...The profound economic change that occurred in the early 1900’s was largely influenced and formed by the industrial revolution, in particular the second wave that occurred in the late 1800’s. The revolution as a whole resulted in the change from economies based on agriculture and farming, to industry based profits. This second wave of the revolution not only refined and improved the prior inventions of iron and coal, but brought with it new highly developed technologies such as steel, electricity, oil and chemicals that lead to the creation of new industries that had not existed prior. The introduction of large scale steel and iron production, as well as advanced railway systems and the opening of the Suez Canal, allowed countries to export vast amounts of resources easily, therefore boosting economies. The introduction of electricity into society during this time also had a profound impact on the economic situation of many countries and individuals by allowing possible work hours to be increased dramatically. In 1914, Britain, Germany, France and the US owned 72% of the world’s manufacturing output, having a profound impact on the economies of the countries but also creating a climate of competition between the strong industrial powers. To a certain extent, this economic change throughout the world had a significant impact, and acted as a catalyst for increasing social and political change. Political change was evident during the early 20th century given that dynastic rulers...
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...Industrialization of American Society The Industrial Revolution precipitated the world's second great increase in economic productivity. The first occurred 15,000-20,000 years ago during the Neolithic Revolution, when small communities became less nomadic and began to base their existence on animal husbandry and agriculture. The Industrial Revolution, which began in the mid-1700s and lasted into the mid-1800s, was similarly a revolutionary experience. It increased material wealth, extended life, and was a powerful force for social change. It undermined the centuries-old class structure in Europe and reorganized the economic and philosophical worldview of the West. Preindustrial Europe was static and based upon privilege. The most powerful social group was the aristocracy. Its power came from the ownership of the means of production; this consisted of possessing the land and the mills that transformed the crops into material that could be processed into food. The class that labored to produce the agricultural wealth was the peasantry. They were at the bottom of society, and their lives were dictated by both the seasons and the direction of the landowner. They worked the noble's land and used his mills to process their grain. The lord also had the right to impose a tax demanding a certain number of days' labor from the peasants. The construction and repair of roads, dams, windmills, and canals were completed as a result of this tax. Directly above the peasants were the artisans...
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...University of Phoenix Material Economic, Social, and Political Change Worksheet Agricultural Revolution Respond to each of the following questions in two to three sentences: 1. What are the three most important factors contributing to the agricultural revolution in Europe? They increase the use and understanding of the traditional farming ways and techniques and put them towards more of a commercial use. They increase more land into production use and gathered more workers verses using more machines. 2. How did the agricultural revolution change European society? Provide an example. The techniques of farming approved on a larger scale. People were able to afford food at lessor price. This also gave them an option to be able to purchase things outside of food. Creating additional jobs for rural manufacturers to create more consumer goods. Industrial Revolution Respond to each of the following questions in two to three sentences: 1. What are the three most important factors contributing to the industrial revolution in Europe? The most important factors contributing to the industrial revolution in Europe were financing capital-intensive industries, backing the railroads, and favoring the establishment of factories. The invention of hand tools, the use of steam in place of animal and human muscle and the acceptance and adoption of the factory system were all factors and changes in the revolution. 3. Describe working conditions in factories and mines...
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...THE FRENCH REVOLUTION The French Revolution, which erupted in 1789 marked a turning point inthe history of human struggle for freedom and equality. It put an end tothe age of feudalism and ushered in a new order of society. An outline of this revolution will explain to you the kind of turmoil that occurred inEurope. This revolution brought about far reaching changes in not onlyFrench society but in societies throughout Europe. Even countries in othercontinents such as, India, were influenced by the ideas generated duringthis revolution. Ideas like liberty, fraternity and equality, which now form a part of the preamble to the Constitution of India, owe their origin to theFrench Revolution. It changed the political structure of European societyand replaced the age of feudalism by heralding the arrival of democracy.There were many significant themes, which arose due to the impact of thisRevolution, which have been the focus of interest of the early sociologists.These significant themes included the transformation of property, the socialdisorder, caused by the change in the political structure and its impact onthe economic structure. A new class of power holders emerged - thebourgeoisie. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The Industrial Revolution began around 1760 A.D. in England. It broughtabout great changes in the social and economic life of the people first inEngland, then in the other countries of Europe and later in other continents.In Europe, especially England...
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...Category North South West Midwest Political The political problems in the North during the second Industrial revolution were the classes separations between the factories owners and factories workers both and the other political problem was that the immigrants were voting. This made many people upset. Because of the ban of the black codes and the passing of13th, 14th, and 15th amendments there was a great tension between Southerners and former slaves which led to diversity. It had fewer political problems because it was not near as populated as the north and the people who moved west were more concentrated on making a living from the natural resources. There were a lot of farmers politically active in the Midwest. Social The biggest social problem in the north was that the population grew extremely high and it became extremely crowded. Even households were crowded with more than one family per house. Because of the Southerners hatred towards the African American's, it caused many social discrimination problems. There was a social conflict that the Chinese were willing to work for less money which appealed more to owners of factories and farms. This frustrated the people in the west. Since so many immigrants settled in the Midwest it caused a lot of problems between the immigrants and the...
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...AP Modern European History 3 February 2015 Affects of Industrialization The Industrial Revolution was a time that transformed England into a powerhouse, which dominated Europe by advancing technology to expand profits and businesses. Economies once based on manual labor, later became overpowered by machine manufacture. England’s incredible inventors of the time made technological advancements in agriculture, transportation, and more. The incredible Industrial Revolution marked a turning point in history, which changed England economically, socially, and politically. During the late 18th century and early 19th century new farming methods produced a vast amount of food, medical advancements lowered the death rates, and by 1850 the population reached an unbelievable 30 million people. Not to mention, Great Britain had the most advanced system of banking the world had ever seen at this time. These qualities helped England develop an incredible textile industry that would challenge the world. The textile industry was beginning to rise due to the fact that the demand for cotton was at its peak; this led to entrepreneurs creating new methods of spinning and weaving cotton: such as Hargreaves’s Spinning Jenny and Cartwright’s power loom. Not only was England dominating in spinning and weaving cotton, but also James Watt patented the first steam engine in 1769, which quickly replaced waterpower in textile factories and led to England’s iron economy. Watt’s famous Steam Engine...
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...the Industrial Revolutions in Britain MGMT 1030 Schulich School of Business The Three Industrial Revolutions-General Features 1)First Industrial Revolution (1760s to 1840s) ➢ Led by Britain, with the United States, France, and Germany following several decades later ➢ Marked by increases in agricultural productivity, the development of new transportation methods such as canals, the rise of urban society, and the growth of the factory system ➢ Typical new products were steam engines and factory-produced items such as cotton textiles and ironware 2)Second Industrial Revolution (1840s to 1940s) ➢ Led by the United States, Britain, and Germany ➢ Marked by communication and transportation revolutions, the development of the telegraph, railroads, and the internal combustion engine, and the development of the modern corporate structure ➢ Typical new products were steel, chemicals, and a wide array of consumer goods such as automobiles and home appliances 3)Third Industrial Revolution (1950s to present) ➢ Led by the United States and Japan ➢ Marked by the rise of the service economy, international financial and trade transactions, and the introduction of the computer ➢ Typical new products were consumer electronics and a wide array of pharmaceuticals The Pre-Market Economy to 1700 1)Economic Society in the European Middle Ages A)The Manorial System ➢ Breakdown of political structures...
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...Assignment 1.2: Research Paper Industrialization after the Civil War Shana Dukes History 105 Professor Tracey M. Biagas February 3. 2014 Introduction Industrialization after the Civil War was a period where Industrial city were being built, there were jobs for people and the political aspect was having corruption. In this paper the main points in this paper discussed the major aspects of the Industrialization Revolution, such as groups that were affected by the Industrial society, and the affects the life of the average working American. While the Industrial Revolution was a great turning point in the history of mankind, it led humanity to great technological advancements, middle and lower class, African American rights, woman equal rights, and many others. Three Aspects of the Industrial Revolution Three major aspects of the Industrial Revolution during 1865 to 1920 influenced society, economy, and politics. Society was a major aspect of Industrialization because companies were being built, railways was distributing goods to different states (Arrington, 2013). Also, a lot of people were moving from the South and farm areas to the Northern urban areas. Iron and steel had become more vital to the Industrialization of America, and the United States was becoming more Industrialized and less agricultural (Gilder Lehrman Institute, 2009). The society worked in factories to earn money; they also worked at steel plants, and other jobs. Society played a major aspect...
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